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PubMed1987

'Metamorphosis': computer-assisted rotational analysis and interspatial distribution of nuclear structures from serial ultrathin sections.

'Metamorphosis' is a group of computer programs designed to permit rapid three-dimensional analysis and generation of models of nuclei cells from digitized data. Infinite exterior views are possible using the rotation program and the user has the added ability to enter the object and peer out. This permits analysis of structural associations from any perspective. Since many chromosome associations cannot be abstracted without a computer, using rotation and cluster analysis reveals obscure relationships. This concept becomes important when proposing theories involving interactions between two or more objects. The program is written in BASICA and designed for use on IBM-compatible personal computers equipped with a digitizer. Three-dimensional transformations are accomplished via matrix manipulation which permits rapid generation of new images.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

A dietary education program for hypercholesterolemic children and their parents.

A parent-child autotutorial dietary education program for 4- to 10-year-old, hypercholesterolemic children and their families was developed and pilot tested. The 10-lesson program, designed for weekly use at home, uses a "talking-book" approach (audiotapes with accompanying picture booklet) for the child. Parents are provided with information on ways to make recommended dietary changes, along with hands-on activities to do with the children. To help match the instructional approach to the wide developmental range within the children's age span, materials are divided into three program levels that use different story characters and concept presentations. During program development, evaluation by two children (and their parents) for each of the program levels guided the design and refinement of the lessons. A pilot test among 22 hypercholesterolemic children (whose treatment was limited to diet modification) revealed that children within the 4- to 10-year age range liked the "talking-book" approach and identified positively with the story characters. Parents indicated that their materials were clear and helpful. Between the baseline and 3-month follow-up visits, the children exhibited a significant increase in knowledge of heart healthy foods, a decrease in total fat consumption that approached significance, and a significant decrease in plasma low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol values.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Computerized pediatric telephone triage and advice programs at children's hospitals: operating and financial characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the operating characteristics, financial performance, and perceived value of computerized children's hospital-based telephone triage and advice (TTA) programs. DESIGN: A written survey of all 32 children's hospital-based TTA programs in the United States that used the same proprietary pediatric TTA software product for at least 6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The expense, revenues, and perceived value of children's hospital-based TTA programs. RESULTS: Of 30 programs (94%) responding, 27 (90%) were eligible for the study and reported on their experience with nearly 1.3 million TTA calls over a 12-month period. Programs provided pediatric TTA services for 1560 physicians, serving an average of 82 physicians (range, 10-340 physicians) and answering 38880 calls (range, 8500-140000 calls) annually. The mean call duration was 11.3 minutes and the estimated mean total expense per call was $12.45. Of programs charging fees for TTA services, 16 (59%) used a per-call fee and 7 (26%) used a monthly service fee. All respondents indicated that fees did not cover all associated costs. Telephone triage and advice programs, when examined on a stand-alone basis, were all operating with annual deficits (mean, $447000; median, $325000; range, $74000-$1.3 million), supported by the sponsoring children's hospitals and their companion programs. Using a 3-point Likert scale, the TTA program managers rated the value of the TTA program very highly as a mechanism for marketing to physicians (2.85) and increasing physician (2.92) and patient (2.80) satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Children's hospital-based TTA programs operate at substantial financial deficits. Ongoing support of these programs may derive from the perception that they are a valuable mechanism for marketing and increase patient and physician satisfaction. Children's hospitals should develop strategies to ensure the long-term financial viability of TTA programs or they may have to discontinue these services.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1989

Experience with mandatory continuing education in a teaching hospital.

Mandatory continuing education (MCE) has the potential to create unwilling learners who, if given a choice, may not participate in continuing education programs. Participants of two MCE programs conducted at a large teaching hospital responded to a survey assessing their perception of and attitudes toward MCE and their perceptions of program effectiveness. Results of the study indicated that mandating the programs did have adverse effects on participants' perceived outcomes and on the likelihood of their voluntarily attending future programs. Descriptions of the two programs, design and results of the study, and suggestions on how to approach mandatory programming are presented.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

Computer-assisted evaluation of polydisperse two-dimensional gel patterns of polysaccharide-protein conjugate preparations with regard to size and net charge.

Native Hemophilus influenzae polysaccharide-protein conjugate particles were analyzed by a two-dimensional agarose electrophoresis procedure. In view of their preparation by random chemical crosslinking, the conjugates necessarily exhibit a polydisperse two-dimensional gel pattern which varies depending on the conditions of the particular preparation. The polydisperse patterns were interpreted with regard to the size and surface net charge density of the conjugate on the basis of the extended Ogston model. Data processing was performed by a new program, designated ZWEIDI.DO, written in the language of M-LAB (modeling laboratory). The program computes particle and gel fiber specific parameters from the positions of standards and unknown(s) on the two-dimensional gel using a simultaneous linear least-square curve fitting routine. Based on these calculations, the program serves to compute a nomogram of iso-size and iso-free-mobility profiles. Superimposing these profiles on the gel patterns, the size and free mobility range of the polydisperse conjugate mixtures is obtained. Potentially, the procedure could serve as a tool for quality control in the production of conjugates as vaccines and for the physical characterization of polydisperse subcellular particles and vesicles.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1993

The use of vaginal ultrasound for monitoring endometrial preparation in a donor oocyte program.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether vaginal sonographic measurements can be used to monitor the endometrial preparation of recipients in a donor egg program. DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. SETTING: University hospital-based IVF and donor egg program. PATIENTS: Twelve women without ovarian function. INTERVENTIONS: [1] In a control cycle, patients received 4 or 8 mg of oral E2 and vaginal ultrasound (US) daily until endometrial thickness > or = 6 mm with a triple-line pattern (favorable endometrium) was seen. Progesterone (P) in oil, 100 mg/d, was then added. [2] An endometrial biopsy was performed on day 7 of P therapy. [3] In a treatment cycle, US monitoring of endometrial development during estrogen (E) administration was used; and ET was performed on the 3rd day of P therapy. RESULTS: In the control cycle, 8 mg/d or 4 mg/d of micronized E2 resulted in favorable endometrium development in all patients in a mean time of 5 and 7 days, respectively. After P treatment, only 1 of 12 endometrial biopsies was in phase. In the treatment cycles, the overall clinical pregnancy rate (PR) was 42%. In those patients with a favorable endometrium in the E replacement phase, before addition of P, the PR was 62.5%. All of the pregnant patients but only 42.8% of the nonpregnant patients had a favorable endometrium on US before the addition of P. CONCLUSION: An endometrium that is favorable for implantation can result from the use of a simple fixed dose of E2, with higher doses achieving favorable endometrial development in shorter time. Vaginal sonography of endometrial development before P administration is more accurate than endometrial biopsy in predicting a successful donor egg cycle. Endometrial preparation in donor oocyte programs can be simplified by the use of vaginal US monitoring.

Endometrium↗
PubMed1997

A computer program to aid in visual concept development in dentistry.

Beginning dental students normally receive their first exposure to the study of tooth forms (morphology) through a dental anatomy laboratory course in which they are required to reproduce tooth morphology, usually with wax. The fabrication of a tooth in wax requires proper visual recognition skills and fine eye-hand coordination. Many students struggle with one or both of these. A computer program, designed to teach recognition concepts, was delivered to three groups of beginning freshman dental students in conjunction with their dental anatomy laboratory course while a group of their classmates served as the controls. This study investigated (1) instructional design and interface improvement and (2) the best method to implement the computer program. Experimental and control groups all received normal daily critiques of their course project work. After completion of the computer program, all groups were tested with a recognition-based examination as well as with a practical examination, requiring the reproduction of a tooth in wax. All experimental groups scored better than the control group on both examinations. Results indicated that computer-based instruction may be a useful means to foster visual concept development. An expanded program, using better graphics, animation and movies is currently under development.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2000

Treatment of childhood anxiety: developmental aspects.

This review focuses on research on the cognitive-behavioral treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. Early forms of therapy for childhood anxiety were borrowed from adult treatment models. More recently, there has been a recognition of the need to design treatment from a child-based perspective. Consequently, several cognitive-behavioral programs designed specifically for children and youth have been both developed and evaluated. The importance of parental involvement has also been recognised in these treatment innovations. However, a number of developmental factors have yet to be given adequate consideration in both the research and practice of childhood anxiety treatment. The article highlights some of these factors including issues of individual, family and cultural variation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Increasing general practitioner skills with patients with serious mental illness.

This report describes a clinical training program designed to increase general practitioner involvement with a public mental health service. The program involved one half-day clinical session per week and one two-hour formal training seminar per month, over a six-month period. Prior to training, participants demonstrated major clinical and theoretical skill deficits when assessing patients with serious mental illnesses. While specific knowledge of psychiatry increased by the end of the training program, little change in clinical interview skills was evident. Current initiatives to enhance general practitioner involvement in mental health care may be hampered if these skill deficits are not directly addressed in relevant shared care programs.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1977

Sequence data handling by computer.

The speed of the new DNA sequencing techniques has created a need for computer programs to handle the data produced. This paper describes simple programs designed specifically for use by people with little or no computer experience. The programs are for use on small computers and provide facilities for storage, editing and analysis of both DNA and amino acid sequences. A magnetic tape containing these programs is available on request.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Early-retirement incentive programs for medical school faculty.

The Association of American Medical Colleges surveyed the principal business officers of all 126 accredited U.S. medical schools in late 1991 in order to learn about their retirement benefit programs for faculty and whether early-retirement incentive programs were being used. A total of 115 of the schools provided usable responses, which the author reports for all schools, public schools, and private schools. For all schools, defined-contribution plans (based on employer's and employee's contributions plus investment earnings) were the preferred type of retirement benefit program (77%, or 89, of the responding schools). Defined-benefit plans (based on a formula that uses variables of age at retirement, years of service, and salary) were available at 37% (43) of the schools. Early-retirement incentive programs had been used by 70% of the responding schools in the five-year period 1987-1991. Sixteen schools provided descriptions of their formal early-retirement programs, which are summarized. The author observes that, although nearly three-fourths of the responding schools are familiar with the use of the incentive programs, these programs have resulted in few actual early retirements. He discusses why this may be true and compares the pros and cons of formal and ad hoc programs. He concludes that no single program can be considered best; each institution must work with its faculty to design programs to meet institutional goals and faculty interests.

Faculty, Medical↗
PubMed1986

Satisfaction with hospital emergency department as a function of patient triage.

For most people, waiting is inherently dissatisfying and emergency department patients are no exception. Most patients and people accompanying the patient find the treatment waiting time in emergency medical care facilities to be a source of great dissatisfaction. The dissatisfaction is compounded in many cases by the anxiety of all associated with the patient and the discomfort or pain the patient feels. Consequently it was not surprising to find in this investigation that waiting time for treatment and treatment cost were major causes of consumer dissatisfaction. Satisfaction of emergency department patients decreased as the medical need became less urgent. This finding should be of considerable concern to hospital administrators. With the trend toward new forms of health care delivery systems such as "emergicenters" and the increase in the number of physicians per capita, the emergency department will no longer be the most attractive or the only alternative available to the patients who have a nonemergency medical need. For emergency departments to remain profitable, it will be more important than ever before to meet the needs and expectations of their current and potential users. This can be accomplished by a program designed to reduce cost and waiting time and improve communication, and by other programs to educate the user so that the user's expectations more closely conform with what is actually needed or can be economically provided.

Anxiety↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is attribution retraining necessary? Use of self-regulation procedures for enhancing the reading comprehension strategies of children with learning disabilities.

The present study investigates the need to include explicit attribution retraining in a program designed to teach reading comprehension strategies to children with learning disabilities (LD). The program had two versions: (a) self-regulation procedures and (b) self-regulation procedures plus explicit attributional retraining. Sixty children with LD were assigned to two training groups (with and without attributional retraining) and a control group. Twenty normally achieving students served as an additional control group. The effects were assessed via attribution measures and cognitive and metacognitive reading comprehension tests. Results indicated that children from both training groups improved on measures of cognitive strategies, but their gains were very low on metacognitive measures. In addition, regardless of training condition, students from both groups showed equally good attribution profiles.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1980

Public health social work: a training model.

Despite the disparate historical evolution, public image, and traditional approached to problem solving characteristic of the social work profession and the field of public health, the potential for professional collaboration has never been greater. Indeed, the comprehensive management of social-health problems demands an interdisciplinary educational program designed to train upcoming professionals. The 4-year old, joint MSW-MPH program at the University of Minnesota provides a setting in which the public health social work student develops the philosophies, values, and skills of both social work and public health, and applies them to appropriate social-health settings. The purpose of this paper is to describe the Minnesota model and examine its implications for faculty and community professionals interested in developing similar training programs.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1988

Developing workplace health promotion programs through university and corporate collaboration. A review of the Corporate Health Promotion Research Program.

The unique collaboration of the UCSF School of Medicine with community and national leaders in corporate health promotion has, in less than three years, made the Corporate Health Promotion Research Program a valuable resource to participating corporations. We are able to offer them sound consultation on health promotion programs, based on state-of-the-art research, at minimal cost to the employer or employees. In addition, we are educating employers about quality programs and the process and need for evaluation, in an effort to generate sound findings on the effects of corporate health promotion programs. Corporations are beginning to see that instead of being reactive and spending great sums of money only after employees become ill, it makes good sense to institute programs designed to prevent employees from becoming ill in the first place. With such programs, corporations not only improve the health of their employees (a worthy objective in its own right), but they contribute to containing medical costs at the same time--a clear "win-win" situation for all concerned. In short, corporations are finding that an ongoing, active interest in the health of their employees has a direct bearing on their own long-range health as a business. With this in mind, we feel that medical benefit plans of the future will be comprised of three elements: medical care plus cost-containment plus health promotion programs. With this order of complexity, no one company or professional organization has all the answers--and that should be acknowledged from the outset.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Data Collection↗
PubMed1986

A microcomputer system for the practising cardiac surgeon.

The authors present a computer program designed for the practising cardiac surgeon who wishes to computerize patient data. The program is efficient, versatile and can be adapted to individual needs. It can be used with any IBM PC-compatible machine and requires little knowledge of computer science. More than 250 items on 30 000 patients can be stored and all this information analysed simultaneously. The program can chart a patient's profile and tabulate the information of the entire registry. It can generate lists of patients with their surgeons, cardiologists, diagnoses, operations and dates of intervention. It can also be used for mailing purposes.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1970

Coordination of regional libraries with Regional Medical Program projects.

The Medical Library Assistance Act authorized the Regional Medical Library Program to improve information services in health fields, as well as other programs designed to help the health worker. Both the RMLP and the Regional Medical Program are based on regional cooperation to enhance the value of available resources, and to enable health workers away from main centers to use them. Services which Regional Medical Libraries must supply are described. As this program develops, more than conventional library services will be provided. Regional Medical Programs stress the continuing education of health-related personnel, and their need for health information; libraries are necessarily involved in such programs. The regions of the RMP are smaller than those of the RMLP, and the smaller regional focus may be an advantage. Specific examples of the coordination of library services and library-oriented programs are given.

Information Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The EPIGRAM computer program for analyzing mortality and population data sets.

EPIGRAM is a computer program designed to improve access to State-level underlying cause mortality data. The program produces results for population, deaths, death rate, age-adjusted death rate, years of potential life lost (YPLL), YPLL rate, and confidence intervals. Results can be compared variously among age groups, counties, causes of death, races, regions, and years. The program's menu-driven interface facilitates the selection or modification of analysis parameters. Current selections are retained so the user can modify one parameter at a time. Based on the parameters that the user selects, the program produces a series of tables, one for each instance of a particular parameter. Each output table has columns for male, female, and both sexes combined, and an indefinite number of user-defined rows for age groups, causes of death, counties, races, regions, or years. EPIGRAM has major advantages over other methods for analyzing mortality and population data. The program uses relatively small amounts of memory and disk space, executes rapidly, is flexible, can be used by inexperienced computer users, provides online help screens and tutorials, and runs under DOS or UNIX without modification. The program currently is used to analyze mortality and population data for Texas. Although it is not currently available for distribution, support is being sought for its evaluation and possible implementation in State health departments to analyze data for other States, or other data sets, such as hospital discharge data or cancer incidence data.

Cause of Death↗