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Results for “Predictive testing”

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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

[A six-day subrenal capsule assay for predictive testing of primary human tumors].

We carried out a total of 36 in vivo chemosensitivity tests in 33 cases of human malignant tumor using the subrenal capsule assay, developed by A.E. Bogden et al. Of the 36 assays, 31 were evaluable. The chemosensitivity of each tumor varied individually. UFT, 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin-C and adriamycin were administered to gastrointestinal cancer patients regularly, but our SRC-assay showed a high sensitivity rate for UFT and 5-fluorouracil but a low sensitivity rate for mitomycin-C and adriamycin. Nine patients had clinically evaluable lesions and a correlation between the assay results and clinical response existed in 6 cases. The true positive rate was 50% (3/6), the true negative rate 100% (3/3), and the overall predictive accuracy 66% (6/9). This study suggested that 6-day SRC assay is useful for selecting effective anti-tumor agents for the treatment of cancer patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Anti-CCP antibody test predicts the disease course during 3 years in early rheumatoid arthritis (the Swedish TIRA project).

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity of antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) in recent onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at diagnosis and 3 years later, and to evaluate anti-CCP antibody as a predictor of the disease course during 3 years. METHODS: 242 patients with recent onset (< or =1 year) RA were followed up regularly during 3 years after inclusion in the Swedish multicentre study "TIRA" 1996-98. Anti-CCP antibodies were analysed by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Rheumatoid factors (RFs) were analysed by latex agglutination and two isotype-specific (IgM and IgA) EIAs. Disease activity was assessed by plasma CRP, ESR, 28 joint disease activity score, and the physician's global assessment of disease activity. Functional ability was evaluated by the Health Assessment Questionnaire. RESULTS: Overall, the diagnostic sensitivity of anti-CCP antibodies was 64% and the proportion of positive tests increased with the number of fulfilled classification criteria according to the American College of Rheumatology. The anti-CCP antibody results correlated with RF, but were better than RF as predictor of a more aggressive disease course. After 3 years 5/97 patients had changed anti-CCP status: 2 from negative to positive and 3 from positive to negative. The mean level of anti-CCP antibodies declined by 131 U/ml during the 3 year follow up (95% CI 34 to 228 U/ml). CONCLUSION: The anti-CCP antibody assay has a similar diagnostic sensitivity to that of RF in early RA, but is better as a predictor of the disease course over 3 years. Although the mean serum level declines, anti-CCP antibody positivity remains essentially unaltered 3 years after diagnosis and start of antirheumatic treatment.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed2004

Testing predictions of the interactive activation model in recovery from aphasia after treatment.

This paper presents preliminary results of pre- and post-treatment error analysis from an aphasic patient with anomia. The Interactive Activation (IA) model of word production (Dell, Schwartz, Martin, Saffran, & Gagnon, 1997) is utilized to make predictions about the anticipated changes on a picture naming task and to explain emerging patterns. Error patterns are viewed in light of two putative mechanisms within the IA network, connection strength, and rate of decay. The results suggest that while these mechanisms can successfully account for the magnitude and order of specific errors (e.g., predominance of semantic paraphasias and nonwords followed by formal paraphasias under the conditions of weak connections), the treatment may have influenced the occurrence/absence of some error types.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

CYP1A2 activity as measured by a caffeine test predicts clozapine and active metabolite steady-state concentrationin patients with schizophrenia.

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug and displays efficacy in 30% to 60% of patients with schizophrenia who do not respond to traditional antipsychotics. A clozapine concentration greater than 1,150 nmol/L increases the probability of antipsychotic efficacy. However, plasma clozapine concentration can vary more than 45-fold during long-term treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of CYP1A2 to variability in steady-state concentration of clozapine and its active metabolite norclozapine. Patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were prospectively monitored during clozapine treatment (N = 18). The in vivo CYP1A2 activity was measured using the caffeine metabolic ratio (CMR) in overnight urine. Trough plasma samples were drawn after at least 5 days of treatment with a constant regimen of clozapine. A significant negative association was found between the CMR and the dose-corrected clozapine (r(s) = -0.87,p < 0.01) and norclozapine (r(s) = -0.76,p < 0.01) concentrations. Nonsmokers displayed a higher clozapine (3.2-fold) and norclozapine (2.3-fold) concentration than smokers (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was marked person-to-person variation in CYP1A2 activity during multiple-dose clozapine treatment (coefficient of variation = 60%). Age, weight, serum creatinine, and grapefruit juice consumption did not significantly contribute to variability in clozapine and norclozapine concentration (p > 0.05). In conclusion, CYP1A2 is one of the important contributors to disposition of clozapine during multiple-dose treatment. Although further in vitro experiments are necessary, the precise metabolic pathways catalyzed by CYP1A2 seem to be subsequent to the formation of norclozapine, hitherto less recognized quantitatively important alternate disposition routes, or both. From a clinical perspective, an environmentally induced or constitutively high CYP1A2 expression can lead to a decrease in steady-state concentration of clozapine as well as its active metabolite norclozapine. Thus, interindividual variability in CYP1A2 activity may potentially explain treatment resistance to clozapine in some patients. CYP1A2 phenotyping with a simple caffeine test may contribute to individualization of clozapine dosage and differentiate between treat ment noncompliance and high CYP1A2 activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Five years experience of predictive testing for myotonic dystrophy using linked DNA markers.

We report on a 5 year experience in providing presymptomatic and prenatal molecular diagnostic services for myotonic dystrophy, using closely linked markers, representing 235 completed results in 161 families. Only 10 analyses (4.3%) proved uninformative, but a further 5 requests (1.9%) could not be reported because of uncertainty in clinical status. Seven of 81 (8.6%) patients considered to be at low risk on clinical grounds were found to be at high risk of carrying the gene. The importance of interpreting molecular results in conjunction with clinical findings is emphasised by the illustrative examples provided. Careful clinical examination and appropriate investigation remain a cornerstone of diagnosis in myotonic dystrophy and are crucial if errors in assigning genotype status by molecular means are to be minimised.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The genomic era and perceptions of psychotic disorders: genetic risk estimation, associations with reproductive decisions and views about predictive testing.

As a result of publicity surrounding genetic advances, increasing public awareness of a genetic role in major mental illness may be contributing to a "geneticization" of these illnesses. Geneticization could lead to oversimplified ideas about genetic risk, producing significant social consequences. We sought to investigate perceptions of genetic risk, associated effects on reproductive decisions and attitudes towards genetic testing amongst unaffected relatives of individuals with psychosis. A web-based survey design was used, which all visitors to a psychosis support/information website had the option to complete. Responders were representative of website visitors, and the study design facilitated collection of a large dataset, although the response rate was low. Over-estimating risk was associated with reproductive decisions favoring fewer children, and more positive attitudes towards genetic testing. Facilitating accurate risk perception through genetic counseling could significantly impact reproductive decisions, and the appropriate use of genetic tests in the future.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

A predictive test for the selection of cancer chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of human cancer.

The use of animals for the screening of chemotherapeutic agents effective against cancer is not always satisfactory. In addition to the problems of cost, space, and care, the results obtained by animal screening do not always parallel those obtained by the clinical use of the agents. With the advent of more refined in vitro technics which can be applied directly to the patient's own tumor tissue, additional information may permit a more critical evaluation of the laboratory findings. The critical index of sensitivity probably lies in the combined evaluation of biochemical analysis and observed morphological damage. From this investigation it would appear that tissue culture of human tumors may serve as a valuable adjunctive method for the screening of chemicals in order to find drugs valuable in the treatment of cancer in man and to serve as a method in the selection of the most effective therapeutic agent for a given tumor in a given patient.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1989

Linkage of PGK1 to X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (IMD4) allows predictive testing in families with no surviving male.

We present a linkage map of DNA probes around the X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (IMD4) locus at Xq11-13. DXS159 and PGK1 show no cross-overs with the disease locus (Lod 3.01 at theta = 0.00). The order of loci is DXS1-DXS106-(DXS159-PGK1-IMD4)-DXS72 -DXYS1. Members of families whose carrier status has been established by X-inactivation patterns were included in the analysis. As the probe (pSPT/PGK), which is used for investigation of X-inactivation patterns, has been shown to be linked to the disease itself, it is possible to assign phase in mothers of sporadic cases who have been shown to be carriers, even when they have no surviving male offspring.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed2006

Sources of variability in spotted owl population growth rate: testing predictions using long-term mark-recapture data.

For long-lived iteroparous vertebrates that annually produce few young, life history theory predicts that reproductive output (R) and juvenile survival should influence temporal variation in population growth rate (lambda) more than adult survival does. We examined this general prediction using 15 years of mark-recapture data from a population of California spotted owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis). We found that survival of individuals > or =1 year old (phi) exhibited much less temporal variability (CV = 0.04), where CV is coefficient of variation, than R (CV = 0.83) and that R was strongly influenced by environmental stochasticity. Although lambda was most sensitive (ê; log-transformed sensitivity) to phi (ê = 0.77), and much less sensitive to either R (ê = 0.12) or juvenile survival (survival rate of owls from fledging to 1 year old; ê = 0.12), we estimated that R contributed as much as phi to the observed annual variability in lambda. The contribution of juvenile survival to variability in lambda was proportional to its ê. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that natural selection may have favored the evolution of longevity in spotted owls as a strategy to increase the probability of experiencing favorable years for reproduction. Our finding that annual weather patterns that most affected R (temperature and precipitation during incubation) and phi (conditions during winter related to the Southern Oscillation Index) were equally good at explaining temporal variability in lambda supports the conclusion that R and phi were equally responsible for variability in lambda. Although currently accepted conservation measures for spotted owl populations attempt to enhance survival, our results indicated that conservation measures that target R may be as successful, as long as actions do not reduce phi.

Animals↗