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Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

A portrait of district nursing: its contribution to primary health care.

This paper explores the role and contribution of district nursing within primary health care. Examples of how this service is organised within different health care systems are used to discuss the context-dependent nature and challenges of the work. By drawing on UK policy change, health priorities and recent research into district nursing, the paper concludes that, in attempting to deal with the challenges of health care in the 21st century, the significance and potential of district nursing services are frequently overlooked. It is recommended that a research strategy for district nursing should build on the profession's comprehensive understanding of the needs of families and communities and should aim to provide evidence for practice that will further improve patient and client outcomes.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed2002

A portrait of clinical psychology.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an introduction to the profession of clinical psychology. We provide a definition and overview of the core features of the profession, followed by a description of entry requirements and education. We go on to describe the dominant models which have driven the training and practice of clinical psychologists through the latter half of the 20th century to the present day. We conclude with a look to the future of the profession and a brief consideration of opportunities and threats. Throughout we have attempted to pick out aspects of the profession that are relevant or of interest, irrespective of national differences in professional training and practice, or variations in the development of clinical psychology in particular nation states. When generalisations would be too broad to be useful or are otherwise difficult, we have provided specific information about the profession as it has developed in the UK or USA. The references should provide a rich source of further information for the interested reader.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Portrait of social work.

Social work is concerned with enhancing the well-being of people within their social contexts. It is a broad profession with diverse practices. These range from a focus on the personal distress of individuals to the collective arrangements and social processes that influence the well-being of groups and communities. The unique contribution of social work to the caring professions is its broad contextualised approach to addressing human needs. Yet this breadth of scope also provides fertile ground for competing discourses within the profession. This paper provides an overview of the 'highly contested' nature of social work's goals, theories and methods of practice.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Portrait of occupational therapy.

The profession of occupational therapy promotes individuals to achieve health and wellness through engagement in meaningful occupations of daily living. This occupation-focused profession plays a critical role in health care in a multitude of settings with a wide range of clients. The paper highlights a global overview of the philosophies of occupational therapy, the current international practices in occupational therapy, the education of therapists, and the roles of law and professional societies that govern the practice of occupational therapy.

Education, Continuing↗
PubMed2004

A portrait of the discipline of general practice/family medicine.

General practice/family medicine is the essential basis of health systems that are both clinically-effective and cost-effective. This paper describes the nature of General Practice and its role within health systems internationally, providing some comparisons between the UK National Health Service and other health systems worldwide. It has particular regard to current organisation and practice, education and training.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2006

The matrilineal ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: portrait of a recent founder event.

Both the extent and location of the maternal ancestral deme from which the Ashkenazi Jewry arose remain obscure. Here, using complete sequences of the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), we show that close to one-half of Ashkenazi Jews, estimated at 8,000,000 people, can be traced back to only 4 women carrying distinct mtDNAs that are virtually absent in other populations, with the important exception of low frequencies among non-Ashkenazi Jews. We conclude that four founding mtDNAs, likely of Near Eastern ancestry, underwent major expansion(s) in Europe within the past millennium.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

A portrait of the geographic dissemination of the Clostridium difficile North American pulsed-field type 1 strain and the epidemiology of C. difficile-associated disease in Québec.

BACKGROUND: An increase in the incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Québec and the United States has been associated with a hypervirulent strain referred to as North American pulsed-field type 1 (NAP1)/027. METHODS: In 2005, a prospective study was conducted in 88 Québec hospitals, and 478 consecutive nosocomial isolates of C. difficile were obtained. The isolates were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and detection of binary toxin genes and tcdC gene deletion. Data on patient age and occurrence of complications were collected. RESULTS: PFGE typing of 478 isolates of C. difficile yielded 61 PFGE profiles. Pulsovars A (57%), B (10%), and B1 (8%) were predominant. The PFGE profile of pulsovar A was identical to that of strain NAP1. It showed 67% relatedness with 15 other PFGE patterns, among which 11 had both binary toxin genes and a partial tcdC deletion but different antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Pulsovars B and B1 were identical to strain NAP2/ribotype 001. In hospitals showing a predominant clonal A or B-B1 PFGE pattern, incidence of C. difficile-associated disease was 2 and 1.3 times higher, respectively, than in hospitals without any predominant clonal PFGE pattern. Severe disease was twice as frequent among patients with strains possessing binary toxin genes and tcdC deletion than among patients with strains lacking these virulence factors. CONCLUSIONS: This study helped to quantify the impact of strain NAP1 on the incidence and severity of C. difficile-associated disease in Québec in 2005. The identification of the geographic dissemination of this predominant strain may help to focus regional infection-control efforts.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1995

Mitochondrial portraits of human populations using median networks.

Analysis of variation in the hypervariable region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has emerged as an important tool for studying human evolution and migration. However, attempts to reconstruct optimal intraspecific mtDNA phylogenies frequently fail because parallel mutation events partly obscure the true evolutionary pathways. This makes it inadvisable to present a single phylogenetic tree at the expense of neglecting equally acceptable ones. As an alternative, we propose a novel network approach for portraying mtDNA relationships. For small sample sizes (< approximately 50), an unmodified median network contains all most parsimonious trees, displays graphically the full information content of the sequence data, and can easily be generated by hand. For larger sample sizes, we reduce the complexity of the network by identifying parallelisms. This reduction procedure is guided by a compatibility argument and an additional source of phylogenetic information: the frequencies of the mitochondrial haplotypes. As a spin-off, our approach can also assist in identifying sequencing errors, which manifest themselves in implausible network substructures. We illustrate the advantages of our approach with several examples from existing data sets.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1997

Mitochondrial and nuclear genes present conflicting portraits of human origins.

Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences reveal an abundance of polymorphic sites in which the frequencies of the segregating bases are very different. A typical polymorphism involves one base at low frequency and the other base at high frequency. In contrast, nuclear gene data sets tend to show an excess of polymorphisms in which both segregating bases are at intermediate frequencies. A new statistical test of this difference finds significant differences between mtDNA and nuclear gene data sets reported in the literature. However, differences in the polymorphism patterns could be caused by different sample origins for the different data sets. To examine the mtDNA-nuclear difference more closely, DNA sequences were generated from a portion of the X-linked pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit (PDHA1) locus and from a portion of mitochondrial control region I (CRI) from each of eight individuals, four from sub-Saharan Africa. The two genes revealed a significant difference in the site frequency distribution of polymorphic sites. PDHA1 revealed an excess of intermediate-frequency polymorphisms, while CRI showed an excess of sites with the low-high frequency pattern. The discrepancy suggests that mitochondrial variation has been shaped by natural selection, and may not be ideal for some questions on human origins.

Cell Nucleus↗