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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Nutritional myopathy in ducklings: a growth rate-dependent symptom of "tissue peroxidosis' due to a net nutritional shortage of vitamin E plus selenium in skeletal muscle.

Although low dietary vitamin E is an absolute prerequisite for the occurrence of nutritional myopathy in ducklings, it was found that the myopathy can be prevented if the vitamin E depletion does not start before 2 weeks of age and if the dietary selenium content is not too low (greater than 74 ppb). Under these circumstances growth remained normal and the animals stayed alive during the experimental period of 14 weeks, despite low levels of vitamin E in serum, liver, and muscle. The weekly growth rate of the nondeficient duckling, as derived from the growth curve, is extremely high during the first 2 weeks of age with a distinct peak during the 2nd week followed by a steep fall during the 3rd week. In vitamin E-deficient ducklings tissue vitamin E dilution curves were calculated by mathematic transformation of the growth curve. Th results suggest that a critical net nutritional shortage of vitamin E plus selenium in skeletal muscle causes myopathy in ducklings. It is proposed that nutritional myopathy should be considered as a symptom of "tissue peroxidosis' and not as a symptom of vitamin E deficiency per se.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Pathology of liver granulomas in turkeys.

Liver granulomas from five- and seven-week-old turkeys were studied by light and electron microscopy and by bacterial culture. Granulomas of five-week-old poults were composed of a caseous, necrotic center surrounded by consecutive zones of heterophils, giant cells, macrophages, and finally by lymphocytes. Tissue Gram and modified Dieterle stains demonstrated numerous gram-positive, filamentous bacteria in necrotic centers with radial extension of the bacteria to the zone of giant cells. Electron microscopic examination revealed septate, filamentous bacteria within an electron-dense milieu between heterophils, macrophages, and giant cells. An anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus and a staphylococcus were isolated from most granulomas examined. In broth, the bacillus formed long filaments or chains morphologically similar to those in tissue sections. The bacillus was identified tentatively as Eubacterium tortuosum. The staphylococcus had cultural reactions typical for Staphylococcus epidermidis. Intravenous inoculation of three-week-old poults with a mixture of E. tortuosum and S. epidermidis produced granulomas in liver and spleen and multiple mucosal ulcers in the duodenum and colon.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Peripheral neuropathy associated with dietary riboflavin deficiency in the chicken. I. Light microscopic study.

Chickens fed a riboflavin-deficient diet from hatching had leg weakness and paralysis as early as 12 days of age. Signs worsened through day 16; after 35 days, recovery was evident. Sciatic nerves from affected chickens were enlarged. Significant microscopic lesions were confined to peripheral nerves and included tissue separation (suggesting interstitial edema), Schwann cell swelling, perivascular leukocytic infiltration, and segmental demyelination accompanied by accumulation of osmiophilic debris in Schwann cell cytoplasm. Axon degeneration was present, but was not a primary lesion. Acid phosphatase enzyme activity of Schwann cells was increased in affected nerves. These results demonstrate that dietary riboflavin deficiency causes a demyelinating peripheral neuropathy in young, rapidly growing chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effects of Escherichia coli and its endotoxin on amyloidogenesis in ducks.

To compare the effects of two inocula on the induction of amyloidosis in normal and thymectomized ducks, 180 normal and 50 thymectomized ducks were injected intravenously weekly for up to 16 weeks with either crude endotoxin or crude whole cell extract of a virulent strain of Escherichia coli (O78), and another 60 ducks were injected with normal saline as study control. During the first 5 weekly injections, the initial doses of inducing agents were the smallest and then adjusted upward to the maximum study doses (1 or 2 mg/bird of crude endotoxin and 15-18 x 10(8) bacteria/bird of crude whole cell extract), which were then maintained over the course of the study. The incidence of amyloid deposition were: 50.00% (25/50) for thymectomized ducks that received 1 mg/bird/week of crude endotoxin, 61.67% (37/60) for intact ducks that received 15 x 10(8)-18 x 10(8) bacteria (crude whole cell extract)/bird/week, 53.33% (32/60) for intact ducks received 2 mg/bird/week of crude endotoxin, and 63.33% (38/60) for intact ducks received 1 mg/bird/week of crude endotoxin. The results suggest that crude whole cell extract and crude endotoxin induced amyloidosis in ducks at similar rates and that, in ducks, thymectomy has no appreciable effect on the occurrence of amyloidosis.

Amyloidosis↗
PubMed1996

Intimal lipid accretion and elevated serum cholesterol in Marek's disease virus-inoculated chickens.

In our previous studies of the early pathogenesis of the Marek's disease virus (MDV)-associated model of atherosclerosis, the brachiocephalic arteries and ascending aortas of MDV-inoculated chickens failed to develop lipid accretion and intimal/medial proliferation consistent with atherosclerotic lesions, as described in the original reports of this model. The role of cholesterol supplementation in the formation of MDV-associated atherosclerotic lesions was reexamined. At 3 days of age, 40 chicks were inoculated with the CU-2 strain of MDV. Another 40 chicks were sham inoculated. At 15 weeks postinfection, half of the sham- and MDV-inoculated birds received 2% cholesterol supplementation in the diet for the rest of the experimental period. At 30 weeks postinfection, the aortas and brachiocephalic arteries were evaluated. Several observations were different from the original description of the model. None of the chickens among the four experimental groups developed atherosclerotic lesions, regardless of MDV inoculation or cholesterol supplementation. However, intimal thickening and marked oil red O-positive foam cell accumulation were observed in all 11 MDV-inoculated, cholesterol-supplemented chickens. None of the nine MDV-inoculated, unsupplemented chickens manifested arterial lipid accumulation, despite the presence of an intimal cellular infiltrate. Also in contrast to the original model description, both cholesterol-supplemented and unsupplemented MDV-inoculated chickens manifested significant increases in serum cholesterol in comparison with the respective sham-inoculated groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

An isolator for avian disease research.

An isolator is described, fabricated in glass-reinforced plastic, suitable for housing 25-30 chicks to 6 weeks of age, or for fewer older birds, for use in experiments involving infectious agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A hereditary nervous disorder in Fayoumi chickens.

A hereditary nervous disorder in Fayoumi chickens is described. Affected chickens developed seizure symptoms characterized by sudden crouching to the ground with neck rigidly flexed. The duration of the seizure varied from case to case, usually lasting for 15 to 30 s. The seizure was triggered by unexpected loud noise, sudden movement, bright light and other audiovisual stimuli. The main histopathological lesions consisted of degeneration of small arteries, with cellular infiltration in the cerebrum of all chickens examined and demyelination and/or loss of nerve fibres with oedema and Schwann cell proliferation in the cervical spinal nerves of most birds. Genetic analysis revealed that the condition was heritable and apparently controlled by an autosomal recessive gene.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Kinetic analysis of T cells and antibody production in chickens infected with Marek's disease virus.

In chickens inoculated with a Marek's disease (MD) vaccine and subsequently with virulent MD virus (MDV), CD4+ T cell population was drastically decreased following a transient increase at 21 days after hatching (16 days after MDV infection). To elucidate the immune response after the decrease of CD4+ T cell population, the antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was examined in these chickens. Chickens challenged with a virulent MDV after MD vaccination produced lower titers, of anti-SRBC antibody than untreated control chickens. Antibody production against SRBC was also lowered in vaccinated chickens or chickens challenged with a virulent MDV.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

First isolation and characterization of very virulent Marek's disease virus in Taiwan.

Isolation of very virulent Marek's disease virus (vvMDV) was carried out by inoculating blood and spleen samples of Marek's disease (MD) chickens onto chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures and into the peritoneal cavity of one-day-old chicks. Seven isolates of MDV were isolated in this experiment. By the results of cytopathic effect and fluorescent antibody tests, the 7 isolates were divided into 3 serotypes: serotype 1 of strains LTB-1, -2, -3, LTS-1, and -2; serotype 2 of strain LTB-4; and serotype 3 of strain LTB-5. Strain LTB-1 was used to inoculate experimental chickens of both layers and broilers. Early phase mortality and markedly atrophied lymphoid organs were observed during 0-2nd week post-inoculation (PI) and at 5th week PI, respectively, but were not found in uninoculated chickens. In addition, experimental chickens vaccinated with (HVT) vaccine at 1 day old and challenged with strain LTB-1 at 10th day post-vaccination, revealed early phase death before 2nd week post-challenged (PC), and lymphomatous lesions before 10th week PC. From these results of this in vivo experiment, strain LTB-1 showed the same pathogenicity as that of vvMDV, and this is the first report of vvMDV being isolated and identified in Taiwan.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Influence of inoculation site of combined oil-adjuvanted vaccine on the antibody response in chickens.

Inactivated oil-adjuvanted vaccines for ND, IB, and IC serotypes A and C (OILVAX NB2AC) have been marketed from 1993. In the outdoors, various inoculation sites have been used in chickens because to make the inoculation procedure easier. We examined whether differences would be obtained in the antibody response according to the inoculation sites; the subcutaneous inoculation into the back of the neck for OILVAX use, and the thigh, lower thigh, breast and shoulder muscle for the possible application of the inoculation outdoors. The clear order was not found in the NDV-HI titer, IBV-SN titer against Nerima or TM-86 among the inoculation sites used during the examination period. The IC serotypes A and C HI titers did vary among the inoculation sites; the subcutaneous inoculation produced the highest antibody titer, and high antibody titers were observed in the order of lower thigh muscle > or = thigh muscle > breast muscle > or = shoulder muscle inoculation.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2004

Histopathological characteristics of spindle-cell proliferative disease in broiler chickens and its experimental reproduction in specific pathogen-free chickens.

The livers and spleens of 45 broiler chickens (33 to 79 days old) suspected of Marek's disease (MD) at meat inspection were collected and examined histopathologically. Macroscopically, they were enlarged from two to three times, and multiple, small, white areas of plaque or infrequent, large, white nodules were observed in most cases. Only 9 birds (20%) were diagnosed with MD based on the histological examination, while the other 35 birds (78%) had tumor-like proliferative lesions in the Glisson's sheath of the liver and in the white pulp and around the sheathed arteries of the spleen, which differs from the pattern seen in MD. The proliferating cells were mainly spindle-shaped or pleomorphic, and were variable in size with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. The disease giving rise to the present lesions was diagnosed tentatively as spindle-cell proliferative disease. Total 50 1-day-old specific pathogen-free chicks by serial passage were inoculated intramuscularly with 0.1 ml of a 10% homogenate of the affected livers or spleens. Microscopically, one inoculated bird, necropsied at 6 weeks of age, had spindle-cell proliferative lesions in the spleen similar to the lesions of naturally occurring spindle-cell proliferative disease. Some birds had tumorous lesions, including renal adenoma, leiomyosarcoma and myxosarcoma. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction performed using primers specific for subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV) produced specific amplifications of subgroup J ALV genes in 4 of 5 field cases examined.

Animals↗