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PubMed1975

[The role of microsocial and psychological factors in the development of stable psychological changes in children].

The author conducted a clinical study of 305 children with epilepsy, the results of which were correlated with stable psychic changes, microsocial, psychological factors and identical heredity. It was established that pathological personality traits in the parents, a situation of conflicts in the family and a wrong rearing were significantly higher in mentally changed epileptic children. An identical hereditary loading does not form significant correlations with stable mental changes. The conclusion is being made that an unfavourable situation may exert a certain impact on the formation of a character in children with eilepsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Infantile spasms in children with Down's syndrome].

Two hundred eighty six infants with Down syndrome have been studied. Infantile spasms have been identified in nine of them, in which background, EEG pattern and its evolution, modalities of treatment and its effects, neuroimaging and development course have been revised. None of these patients had either familiar or personal pathological antecedents. The pattern in the first EEG made was hypsarrhytmic in all cases except one which showed a multifocal paroxystical activity, with intermittent and bilateral bursts of spike-waves. The treatment first used was ACTH in four cases, valproate in three cases and phenobarbital in two cases (one of these associated with nitrazepam). The ACTH treatment was effective in seven infants, either was the first or the second choice. An infant in whom the first treatment with ACTH was not successful, responded to the association with valproate+clonazepam. One patient treated initially with phenobarbital+nitrazepam, having no response to different prescriptions, responded finally to the association of carbamacepin+vigabatrin. The first treatment with valproate or phenobarbital had no effect in all patients. The EEG pattern improved in all cases just after the treatment response. Normal tracing was found for a period of two months to three years. Cranial TC was performed to three infants showing one of them a discrete ventricular dilatation and periventricular calcifications that suggested tuberous sclerosis. It is important to point out that, although the good effect of therapy and EEG pattern normalization, the development is below what had been expected in children with Down syndrome. Behavioral problems have been found in seven (77.7%) of these children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1995

Munchausen's syndrome and other factitious disorders.

Factitious disorders including Munchausen's syndrome are likely encountered by all clinicians during their career. Neurologic presentations are common, especially with Munchausen's syndrome by proxy. An appropriate index of suspicion and nonjudgemental confrontation and psychiatric consultation facilitate a successful clinical approach. Redefining the factitious illness as psychiatric with continued involvement of a primary physician and family support are also keys to successful management. Underlying psychiatric syndromes need to be assiduously evaluated and steadfastly treated. Prognosis is best for patients who do not meet criteria for Munchausen's syndrome or who have psychosocial supports and less severe personality pathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Aspects of genealogy of the use of force on children].

The quality of the parent-child relationship and the contents of the concept of childhood cannot be separated from the general social situation. The understanding of the child world and its perception of as equivalent to the world of adults is associated as an integral part with humanization and spiritual advances of civilization and depends on the economic standard of society and our ability to understand the spiritual heritage of our civilization. There exists still a deeply rooted mechanism where many families under conditions of stress (social, economic etc.) ventilate their tension and aggressiveness on the child. Battering and abuse of children (except for pathological personality of the parent) is an atavistic remnant of the perception of childhood as a period of incompetence of the individual. The basic manifestations shifted, however, from the transparent and socially tolerated victim of the child to the present--latent and hidden refined "victim" which tortures the child in particular from the mental and emotional aspect. Today we no longer sacrifice the child but much more frequently his childhood. Because of his physical weakness and mental lability even today children are still considered a suitable object for ventilating aggression, temptation to abuse power. In addition to refuting any abuse, battering and neglect of children it must be admitted that this "socially unacceptable behaviour" is encountered less than formerly. An important role is also played by the economic and cultural standard of society. Similarly as certain economic prerequisites are necessary for democracy, economic conditions play an important part in an emancipated concept of childhood and empathic upbringing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Attitude↗
PubMed1993

Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy.

A dual taxonomy is presented to reconcile 2 incongruous facts about antisocial behavior: (a) It shows impressive continuity over age, but (b) its prevalence changes dramatically over age, increasing almost 10-fold temporarily during adolescence. This article suggests that delinquency conceals 2 distinct categories of individuals, each with a unique natural history and etiology: A small group engages in antisocial behavior of 1 sort or another at every life stage, whereas a larger group is antisocial only during adolescence. According to the theory of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior, children's neuropsychological problems interact cumulatively with their criminogenic environments across development, culminating in a pathological personality. According to the theory of adolescence-limited antisocial behavior, a contemporary maturity gap encourages teens to mimic antisocial behavior in ways that are normative and adjustive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Relationship between the dynamics of mental disorders in patients with primary hypogonadism and surgical intervention (testicular transplantation)].

Clinico-catamnestical, experimental-psychological and EEG studies were made of 60 patients with primary hypogonadism. Variants of protracted pathological reactions to the disease and pathological personality development are described. The studies indicate an intercorrelation of the dynamics of mental disorders and the character of the main disease. Recommendations as to the prophylaxis and treatment of mental disorders in different stages of surgical treatment are given. Some deontological problems of transplantation are discussed as well.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Intermittent alcoholic behavior].

Intermittent alcohol disorders are defined by the paroxystic aspect of alcohol consumption followed by periods of time without alcohol ingestion. The most typical form of intermittent alcoholism is dispomania. During the acute episode of dipsomania, the patient presents an extreme craving for alcohol and a complete loss of control. The alcohol consumption usually leads to severe overdoses and coma. The cases of pure dipsomania are relatively rare in daily practice. Most often, intermittent forms of alcohol abuse or dependence are observed in patients who present, between the acute ingestions of alcohol, a chronic consumption. Intermittent ingestions of alcohol can also be present among subjects presenting a pathological personality (antisocial personality) and a past or present dependence syndrome to heroine. These patients use alcohol like a drug in order to get a modification of the conscience, a high, a sedation or a trip.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1998

[Volvulus of the gallbladder].

The gallbladder volvulus is a very rare but extremely dangerous event. Described for the first time by Wendel in 1898, it affects more frequently the female sex, particularly in old age. The clinical case of a patient affected by this pathology, personally observed, is presented and the initial symptoms, diagnostic procedures and surgical intervention are described in detail. The anatomical and physiological backgrounds that permit the gallbladder to twist on its axis are analysed and finally the importance of an early diagnosis to avoid the complications of a bilious peritonitis is underlined. In any case the definite diagnosis is made more frequently during surgical intervention. An early intervention allows a rapid resolution of the clinical picture preventing the perforation of the viscus into the peritoneal cavity and the complication of a bilious peritonitis besides the spreading of the biliary stones into the abdominal cavity.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Impulsivity, personality disorders and pathological gambling severity.

AIMS: The present study seeks to replicate and expand findings from earlier studies that pathological gamblers manifest elevated traits of impulsivity. Secondly, the study aims to elucidate the relationship between impulsivity, indices reflecting severity of pathological gambling and other measures of psychopathology and personality dysfunction. DESIGN: Case series. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-two consecutive gamblers, seeking treatment for problem gambling. SETTING: Impulse Disorders Research Unit, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia. MEASUREMENTS: Semi-structured interview designed to obtain demographic information and gambling history, the South Oaks gambling Screen, the Eysenck Impulsivity Scale, the Personality Disorder Questionnaire-Revised, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. FINDINGS: Results show elevated traits of impulsivity among clinic samples of pathological gamblers compared to normative data and show that impulsivity is related to the severity of gambling behaviour as measured by the South Oaks Gambling Questionnaire. A principal component analysis of the Eysenck Impulsivity Scale and the personality Disorder Questionnaire-Revised, demonstrated that the concept of the "antisocial-impulivist" identified to Blaszczynski, Steel & McConaghy (1997) is not only characterized by impulsivity and antisocial personality disorder but also by high loadings from other cluster B and cluster C personality disorders. CONCLUSION. This research supports the role of the construct of impulsivity in mediating the severity of gambling behaviour and associated behavioural and psychological disturbance among pathological gamblers presenting for treatment. Impulsivity is best understood as part of a general personality disorder structure characterized primarily by DSM-III-R Axis II cluster B and some cluster C personality disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Participation and separation: reference criteria for the study of the genesis of the moral personality and its pathology].

In order to illustrate the hypothesis according to which there might exist a corresponding link between, on the one hand, a vectorial participant or separating, dynamics generating the ego's moral personality, and on the other hand, the dynamics of a relation to the proper law of a society in its cultural and religious tradition, we have firstly analysed the nature and the function of symbol as a common denominator to each of these two dynamics. This has led us to establish similar points within the "Verleugnung", i.e. the expression of the psychic phenomenon of denying reality, and within the expression of the social phenomenon of belief. These similar points then bear witness to a mode of inscription of the law in the individual psychology as well as in the collective unconsciousness and its legal expression. By applying this pattern to the analytic theory of the different identification process levels and of the gradual constitution of the superego, we finally find out how a lack or an absence of concord between these two dynamics (individual and social) reflect the optimal circumstances of occurrence of a pathology of the moral personality, according to a psychiatric nosography.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A century of pathology at Yale: personal reflections.

This history is largely about the players on the stage of the Yale Pathology Department acting out their roles as observed by the author in over a half century as a member of the department and as associate dean of the medical school.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2006

Diabetes is related to cerebral infarction but not to AD pathology in older persons.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the potential relation of diabetes to common neuropathologic causes of dementia, cerebral infarction and Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology. METHODS: Subjects were 233 older Catholic clergy in the Religious Orders Study, who underwent detailed annual evaluations, including neuropsychological testing, and brain autopsy at time of death (mean age 86 years, 45% men). Diabetes was identified by annual direct medication inspection and history. Cognitive function proximate to death was summarized into five cognitive domains, based on 19 neuropsychological tests. Macroscopic cerebral infarctions were recorded from 1 cm coronal slabs. Neuritic plaques, diffuse plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles were counted in Bielschowsky silver-stained sections and summarized to yield composite measures of neuritic plaques, diffuse plaques, tangles, and overall AD pathology. We also used immunohistochemistry with antibodies to amyloid-beta and PHF-tau to obtain quantitative measures of amyloid burden and neurofibrillary tangle density. Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses were used to examine the relation of diabetes to cerebral infarctions and AD pathology, controlling for age, sex, and education. RESULTS: AD pathology was related to all five cognitive domains (p < 0.01) and infarctions were related to perceptual speed (p < 0.001). Diabetes (present in 15% subjects) was associated with an increased odds of infarction (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.16, 5.24). Diabetes was not related to global AD pathology score, or to specific measures of neuritic plaques, diffuse plaques or tangles, or to amyloid burden or tangle density. CONCLUSION: We found a relation between diabetes and cerebral infarction but not between diabetes and Alzheimer disease pathology in older persons.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder in Axis I disorders.

This paper presents available information on the comorbidity of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) and pathological narcissism with major mental illness. A review of empirical studies reporting on the prevalence of NPD in Axis I disorders, and of theoretical and clinical literature on narcissistic pathology in major mental illness, forms the basis for an analysis of this interface. The results show that prevalence rates of NPD in Axis I disorders rarely exceed those found in the general psychiatric or personality disorder populations (i.e., less than 22%). NPD was found at high rates in individuals with a substance use disorder (12-38%) or bipolar disorder (4-47%); it was present at very low rates or absent in persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Higher prevalence rates were reported in the studies that used the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory I or II than in those that employed the Structured interview for DSM-III Personality Disorders or the Structured Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders--Revised. There is no evidence implicating a significant relationship between NPD and any specific Axis I disorder. A comparison of theoretical and clinical studies with empirical ones reveals major differences in the views regarding the presence and significance of NPD in Axis I disorders. However, the results highlight trends of interacting comorbidity between NPD and substance use disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, and anorexia nervosa.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1985

[Role of personality reactions in the pathology of character formation in infantile cerebral palsy (clinico-psychological study)].

In a clinico-dynamic and experimental-psychological study (using methods of examining interpersonal relations and frustration tolerance), the authors investigated 40 children and adolescent suffering from infantile cerebral paralysis responsible for a psychogenic pathological formation of the personality of the deficient type. Inhibitory and excitable variants of the latter are identified. Differential therapeutic-pedagogical and psychotherapeutic measures for the above group of patients are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Microsporidia and the Society for Invertebrate Pathology [corrected]: a personal point of view.

In this overview, I trace the history of the study of microsporidia, with special emphasis on the collegial relationships that developed at the international level and were fostered by the establishment of the Society for Insect Pathology, which later became the Society for Invertebrate Pathology. Study of these organisms of invertebrates in the early days seemed to be mere curiosities, but it soon became clear that they were major disease-causing agents in insects, and later even in vertebrates, especially humans with compromised immune systems. Though microsporidia have not proven effective as pesticides, they do play a role in the regulation of insect populations, especially insects such as the gypsy moth, grasshoppers, and occasionally mosquitoes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comorbidity on disorders with loss of impulse-control: pathological gambling, addictions and personality disorders.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the comorbidity of pathological gamblers, mainly in disorders with loss of impulse-control as addictions and personality disorders (PD). Also, to discuss addictive and impulsive characteristics of pathological gambling (PG), and their implications in prognosis and treatment. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cross-sectional study on 162 patients with PG admitted for treatment in a specific residential unit. The SCID-I and II were used for the addiction and the PD diagnosis. For the diagnosis and evaluation of PG the SOGS, AGQ III and the Gambling Severity Index were also used. RESULTS: The 61.1 % of the patients presented some PD, where the cluster B ones (impulsive group) were more frequent, followed by C and A ones. 63.3% of patients had had in their lives substance dependence criteria, where alcohol dependence was the most prevalent. The presence of PD is related to the gravity of the addiction by the dependence to more than one substance (chi2=7.15; p<0.008). DISCUSSION: TP and substance-related disorders (SRD) are frequent comorbidities of the PG. Their co-presentation could mean worse prognosis of this patients. The PG as impulsive disorder could help to the understanding of the etiopathogenia of this disorder, but also of the prognosis. This hypothesis will add to the addictive one other treatment approaches that should be included in future studies of PG.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed2003

Can personality traits predict pathological responses to audiovisual stimulation?

The "Pockemon shock" is the most famous accident in the history of the broadcasting industry in Japan. Based on the experiences of this unfortunate accident from famous animation program "Pocket Monster", this study focused on the psychology and psychosomatics of the patients. A head-mounted display was used as the three-dimensional image presentation device and "Descent", a free software shooting game, was used as the software. Ten healthy adult male volunteers were used in this experiment after obtaining their informed consent. The oxygen metabolic change in the anterior lobe of the brain was measured by near infrared spectroscopy and recorded on an electrocardiogram. The mental scaling tendency of the object was analyzed using the type A behavior pattern and the hostility scaling. The Cook and Medley hostility (HO) scale from the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) was also used in this experiment. From this scaling methodology, the paranoid scale, cynicism scale, lie scale, social support quality and social support quantity were calculated. All measured time series data were kept in the normal range, and no fatal arrhythmia or epilepsy were observed during experiments. In some cases, the brain oxygen metabolism may completely differ for the objects of Type A and Type B behavior patterns. On the whole, correlation did not become significant in type A scaling and hostility scaling. In a comparison of the percent changes of the HF in HRV with lie scaling, significant negative correlation was observed. The social support quantity was calculated from Cook and Medley, and significant negative correlations were observed with percent changes of LF/HF in HRV. The lie scale and social support quantity are opposite scaling. The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system have an opposite function also. Therefore, our results showed an interesting phenomenon, when considering the relationship between the autonomic function and the pathophysiological reaction to the audiovisual stimulations. As for the photo sensitive epilepsy, it was reported to be only 5-10% for all patients. Therefore, 90% or more of the cause could not be determined in patients who started a morbid response. The results in this study suggest that the autonomic function was connected to the mental tendency of the objects. By examining such directivity, it is expected that subjects, which show morbid reaction to an audiovisual stimulation, can be screened beforehand.

Acoustic Stimulation↗