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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Effect of parental donor sex on rejection in pediatric renal transplantation: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study.

Using the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS) database, we performed a retrospective cohort study of 1,552 pediatric renal transplant patients who had received a graft from a biological parent to determine if parental donor sex influences the development of rejection. There were 102/675 (15.1%) graft failures in paternal grafts compared to 144/877 (16.4%) graft failures in maternal grafts. Overall graft survival (p=0.48) and time to first rejection (p>0.9) were not different in patients receiving paternal versus maternal grafts. The overall frequency of graft loss to rejection was also not different. However, maternal donation was associated with a significantly longer time to first rejection in patients less than one year of age at the time of transplantation (p=0.01). Time to first rejection was not different between maternal and paternal grafts in older recipients. In summary, the present study did not demonstrate a difference in graft survival between maternal and paternal donations, but the youngest patients may experience a longer time to first rejection with maternal donation. The number of young patients is small, however, and further data are necessary to confirm this observation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Smoking interventions delivered by pediatric dentists: special recommendations for pediatric cancer patients.

Child and adolescent cancer patients who use tobacco present challenging management problems for the pediatric dentist. An approach to counseling patients about their oral health risks secondary to their cancer treatment, which can be adversely impacted by tobacco use, is discussed. Strategies for conducting dental examinations with pediatric cancer patients with attention to potential tobacco-related complications are also provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Growth hormone use in pediatric growth hormone deficiency and other pediatric growth disorders.

The diagnosis and management of growth disorders in children, particularly disorders that respond to therapy with growth hormone (GH), raise challenging clinical and economic issues. Several such issues are presented in the following article in which Dr. Ron Rosenfeld examines the evaluation and diagnosis of the child with short stature; Dr. David B. Allen discusses the anabolic and metabolic indications for GH treatment in children; Dr. Margaret H. MacGillivray reviews GH dosing, height outcomes, and follow up; and Dr. Craig Alter presents the payer's perspective on the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric GH deficiency. In addressing the use of GH in other pediatric populations, Dr. Paul Saenger focuses on Turner syndrome, Dr. Henry Anhalt on chronic renal insufficiency of childhood, and Dr. Ray Hintz on idiopathic short stature. Dr. Harvey P. Katz presents one managed care organization's policy and implementation plan that is used to guide decisions regarding coverage for GH treatment.

Body Height↗
PubMed2001

Pediatric interventional cardiology: the cardiologist's role and relationship with pediatric cardiothoracic surgery.

The advances in pediatric interventional cardiac catheterization have changed the therapeutic strategy for many patients with CHD. The procedure of choice for valvar stenosis, recoarctation, collateral vessel occlusion, and branch PA stenosis has moved from the operating room to the catheterization laboratory. Effective and safe transcatheter interventions now exist for closure of ASDs, VSDs, and PDAs and are considered viable alternatives to surgical closure. Other interventional catheterization procedures are currently being investigated to complement the surgical management of patients with complex anatomy, including covered stents for repair of aortic aneurysms, covered stents to complete the Fontan circulation in patients after a modified Glenn shunt, multiple stent designs for all vascular stenoses, percutaneous PA band, and transcatheter resurrection of the pulmonary valve in patients with severe pulmonary regurgitation. The rapid advances in the technology used in the catheterization laboratory will serve to improve the care we provide for our patients and extend the range of interventions performed outside of the operating room. Pediatric cardiologists and congenital heart surgeons must understand each other's interventional techniques and how they can be used in a coordinated fashion. This may involve staged therapy with transcatheter intervention before surgery, transcatheter interventions in the operating room, or modifications of surgical techniques to facilitate future interventional catheterization completion of a staged repair of complex disease. This interaction is essential for the optimal management of our patients with both straightforward lesions and complex anatomy.

Balloon Occlusion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America pediatric orthopaedic functional health questionnaire: an analysis of normals.

Several questionnaires have been developed in an attempt to measure real-life functional levels of pediatric orthopaedic patients. One in particular was developed by the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) in 1994. This POSNA instrument yields four functional assessment scores, a global function score, and a happiness score (each having a possible range from 0 to 100). In this study, the POSNA questionnaire was administered to the parents of 57 normal children and 27 normal adolescents to determine how normal respondents can be expected to score. Means, standard deviations, and other statistics were derived for the functional scores. It was concluded that normal children should respond quite high on all the scores, possibly 100. These results allow us to understand that a child scoring in the low 80s or less is functioning at a different level than the normal child.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of 9-cis-retinoic acid (ALRT1057) in pediatric patients with refractory cancer: a joint Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, and Children's Cancer Group study.

PURPOSE: To determine the maximum tolerated dose and describe the toxicities of 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA, ALRT1057) administered p.o. tid in pediatric patients with refractory cancer and to study the pharmacokinetics of 9cRA and determine whether systemic drug exposure changes with chronic dosing. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Children with refractory cancer (stratified by age, < or =12 and >12 years) were treated with p.o. 9cRA for 28 consecutive days. The starting dose was 50 mg/m(2)/day divided into 3 doses with planned escalations to 65, 85, and 110 mg/m(2)/day. Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on days 1 and 29 of the first cycle. RESULTS: Of the 37 patients entered, 18 patients < or =12 years of age and 11 patients >12 years of age were evaluable for toxicity. In patients >12 years of age, dose-limiting headache occurred in 2/2 patients at the 110 mg/m(2)/day dose level; 1/8 patients at 85 mg/m(2)/day developed dose-limiting pseudotumor cerebri. In patients < or =12 years of age, 3/5 patients at the starting dose level of 50 mg/m(2)/day developed dose-limiting pseudotumor cerebri; and 0/6 patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity at 35 mg/m(2)/day. Reversible non-dose-limiting hepatotoxicity was observed in 15 patients across all of the dose levels. There was considerable interpatient variability in 9cRA plasma concentrations. Peak plasma concentrations of 9cRA occurred at a median of 1.5 h after a p.o. dose, and the harmonic-mean terminal half-life was 43 min. By day 29 of 9cRA administration, the plasma 9cRA area under the curve declined by an average of 65% from day 1 values. CONCLUSIONS: The dose-limiting toxicity of 9cRA in pediatric patients was neurotoxicity, primarily pseudotumor cerebri. Younger children tolerate significantly lower doses of 9cRA than older children. Similar to all-trans-retinoic acid, the pharmacokinetics of 9cRA demonstrated a wide degree of interpatient variability and decreased over time when administered on a daily basis. The recommended Phase II dose of 9cRA in patients < or =12 and >12 years of age is 35 and 85 mg/m(2)/day, respectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Cardiac surgery at the pediatric surgery clinical department of the Pediatric Institute, Medical Academy, Poznań (author's transl)].

In the 18 months since the opening of a new Pediatric Surgery Clinical Department of the Pediatric Institute in Poznań, an artificial heart-lung apparatus for perfusions in children was developed in collaboration with the PONAR-WIEPOFAMA factory. During this time 40 cardiac operations were performed including 11 open heart procedures. Among 40 cases operated, 6 died; 3 after open heart operations: 1 tetralogy of Fallot, and 2 cases of VSD combined with PDA and pulmonic valve stenosis. 3 infants died after surgery undertaken in the presence of severe uncontrollable heart failure. The overall mortality was 15%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Eliciting parental report following pediatric traumatic brain injury: preliminary findings on the Pediatric Inventory of Neurobehavioral Symptoms.

The current article presents preliminary normative data for the Pediatric Inventory of Neurobehavioral Symptoms (PINS), a parent rating scale consisting of symptoms associated with post-traumatic cerebral dysfunction, such as disinhibition, perseveration, reduced spontaneity, inappropriate affective responses, episodic phenomena, and disruptions of biologic function. Comparison data from a sample of 50 elementary age children who had sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI) reveals significant differences on the PINS total score and each of five subscale scores. Two of the 5 PINS subscales (Episodic Symptoms, Biologic Signs) significantly differentiated the TBI and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (n = 35) groups, suggesting that these may be clinical features that distinguish post-traumatic cerebral dysfunction from developmental psychopathology. Despite the need for additional research, the PINS appears to be a promising new measure in advancing our understanding of the neurobehavioral sequelae of pediatric traumatic brain injury.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

[Overall clinical evaluation of cefprozil against infections in pediatric fields. Pediatric Study Group for Cefprozil].

Cefprozil (CFPZ, BMY-28100) granule preparation was studied for pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical aspects in the pediatric infections. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Serum concentrations and urinary excretion. The pharmacokinetics of CFPZ in pediatrics was investigated by single oral administration of fine granules at doses of 4.0, 7.5 and 15.0 mg/kg. Peak blood levels of CFPZ were 3.06, 4.62 and 9.65 micrograms/ml, respectively, at 1.00-1.30 hours after each dose and AUCs were 7.44, 12.50 and 27.01 micrograms.hr/ml, respectively. These data showed that Cmax and AUC depended on dose levels. T 1/2 (beta) at these dose levels were 1.03, 0.94 and 1.01 hours, respectively. There were no differences related to dose. Urinary recovery rates in the first 6 hours after administration were 51.5-57.1%. The pharmacokinetics of CFPZ before or after meals were also investigated at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg. Peak blood levels were 4.88 micrograms/ml at 1.17 hours after administration in the fasting state, and 4.30 micrograms/ml at 1.54 hours after administration in the non-fasting state. Delay of Tmax and slight decrease of Cmax were observed in the non-fasting state, but T 1/2 and AUC were 0.91 hour and 12.96 micrograms.hr/ml, respectively, in the non-fasting state, and were similar to those in the fasting state, 0.93 hour and 12.82 micrograms.hr/ml, respectively. Urinary recovery rates in the first 6 hours after administration were 63.8% in the fasting state and 50.7% in the non-fasting state. 2. Clinical results. Clinical efficacies of CFPZ granules in various infectious diseases were studied in 804 cases. Twenty nine cases, mostly viral or mycoplasmal infections, were excluded from the statistical analysis. The clinical efficacy rate in 527 cases with causative bacteria isolated was 97.2%; and in 248 cases from whom no significant isolate had been obtained was 96.0%. The clinical efficacy rate in 475 cases with monobacterial infections (proven by culture of isolates) was 97.3%, and that in 52 case with polybacterial infections was 96.2%. Haemophilus influenzae was isolated mostly from acute respiratory infections. In 88 cases from whom H. influenzae was isolated, clinical efficacy rate was 95.5%. In cases from whom H. influenzae was found concomitant by with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes or Streptococcus pneumoniae, the clinical efficacy rates were also high. The bacteriological eradication rate in cases with 582 strains was 83.3%; the eradication rate for Gram-positive organisms was 95.8%; and for Gram-negative organisms, it was 64.2%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Children with Disabilities: American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, and American Academy of Ophthalmology: Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision.

Dyslexia and other related learning disabilities are serious problems. The American Academy of Pediatrics, through its Committee on Children with Disabilities and the Section on Ophthalmology, the American Academy of Ophthalmology, and the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus strongly support the need for early diagnosis and educational remediation. There is no known eye or visual cause for dyslexia and learning disabilities, and no effective visual treatment. Multidisciplinary evaluation and management must be based on proven procedures demonstrated by valid research.

Child↗
PubMed1991

[Antecedents of pediatric pathology in adolescents hospitalized in a department for pediatric psychiatry].

The antecedents of pediatric hospitalization and previous history of somatic disturbance in 101 adolescents aged 12-16 yr hospitalized in a pedopsychiatric unit were compared to those of a representative population of 101 high school adolescents without psychiatric problems. Patients and controls were matched according to age, sex and parents nationality. The result showed that adolescents with psychiatric disorders were significantly more frequently hospitalized during infancy and childhood, particularly for medical reasons. They also presented many more algic syndromes, recurrent headaches, recurrent vomiting and epilepsy. Thus, recurrent pediatric hospitalization and chronic somatic disturbance appear to be warning signals of a possible psychiatric risk and should lead to a psychological investigation of the child and his relations with the family.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefdinir in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group of Cefdinir].

We studied pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of 5% and 10% fine granules of cefdinir (FK 482, CFDN), a new oral cephalosporin, in the pediatric field and the following results were obtained. 1. Pharmacokinetics (blood concentration and urinary excretion) Pharmacokinetics of CFDN in 163 children was investigated. Cmax and T 1/2 were 0.92 +/- 0.45 micrograms/ml and 1.95 +/- 1.06 hours, respectively, in the fasting state, and were 0.63 +/- 0.29 micrograms/ml and 2.26 +/- 0.65 hours, respectively, in the non-fasting state, at a dose level of 3 mg (potency)/kg. At a dose level of 6 mg (potency)/kg, Cmax and T 1/2 were 1.29 +/- 0.49 micrograms/ml and 2.11 +/- 1.85 hours, respectively, in the fasting state and were 1.28 +/- 0.48 micrograms/ml and 2.01 +/- 0.84 hours, respectively, in the non-fasting state. Data of Cmax and AUC showed that blood concentration of the drug depended on dose levels. Urinary recovery rates in the first 8 hours were 20.5 +/- 8.8% in the fasting state and 14.8 +/- 5.9% in the non-fasting at a dose level of 3 mg (potency)/kg and 16.5 +/- 6.7% and 17.8 +/- 2.4%, respectively, at 6 mg (potency)/kg. 2. Clinical effects Clinical effects of CFDN on various infections were studied in 612 children who were treated with 5% fine granules of CFDN (5% granule group) and in 208 with 10% fine granules of CFDN (10% granule group). CFDN granules were administered mainly at daily doses of 9.0-18.0 mg (potency)/kg in 3 divided portions. Clinical efficacy rates in 428 children of the 5% granule group and in 159 of the 10% granule group from whom causative bacteria were isolated, were 94.9% and 96.2%, respectively. The clinical efficacy rates for patients who were responsive to previous antibiotic therapy were 91.2% in the 5% granule group and 100% in the 10% granule group. Bacteriological eradication rate was 82.1% for 491 strains in the 5% granule group, and was 84.0% for 175 strains in the 10% granule group. The incidences of side effects were 3.9% (24/608) in the 5% fine granule group and 5.8% (12/206) in the 10% granule group. All of the side effects were slight gastrointestinal disorders, and no serious side effects were found. As for clinical laboratory test results, slight elevations of eosinophile, platelet or transaminase were observed. Based on the above results, it is considered that the appropriate dose levels of CFDN for pediatric infections ranged from 9.0 to 18.0 mg (potency)/kg a day, divided into 3 portions.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

[Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluations of cefpirome sulfate in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group of Cefpirome].

A research group was organized with the purpose of making basic and clinical studies on cefpirome sulfate (HR810, CPR), a newly developed cephalosporin antibiotic, in the pediatric field. Through meetings a joint research was done involving 19 key institutions and their related facilities throughout Japan. The obtained results are summarized as follows. 1. Antibacterial Activities Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined against 71 Gram-positive and 110 Gram-negative bacteria in the present clinical trials. CPR showed antibacterial activities 2-16 times higher than those of ceftazidime (CAZ) against Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA. Against Gram-negative bacteria, CPR showed a somewhat broad range of distribution in MIC against Branhamella catarrhalis, while the antibiotic inhibited the growth of all the strains of Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae at concentrations no more than 0.10 and 0.20 micrograms/ml, respectively. 2. Blood Concentrations and Urinary Excretion Rates The pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients was investigated with a dose of 20 mg/kg in most cases via one shot intravenous injection or 30- and 60-minute intravenous drip infusion. Mean blood concentrations of CPR at 15 minutes after one shot intravenous injection of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg were 51.2, 70.5, and 123.5 micrograms/ml, with half-lives of 1.21, 1.39, and 1.53 hours, respectively. Urinary excretion rates in 6 hours were 63.6, 66.0 and 71.6%, respectively for the 3 dose levels. After 30- and 60-minute intravenous drip infusions at the same dose, the pharmacokinetic parameters observed were similar to those obtained with one shot injections. 3. Concentration in the Cerebrospinal Fluid CPR penetrated well into the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with purulent meningitis and levels of 1.85-24.2 micrograms/ml 45-60 minutes were achieved after intravenous injection at a dose of 40-80 mg/kg, the penetration rate of CPR was at an intermediate degree compared with other cephalosporin antibiotics. 4. Clinical Results Clinical efficacies of CPR on infectious diseases were analyzed in 454 plus 3 cases which were complicated with other infectious diseases, hence totaling 457 cases out of 499 cases originally chosen for clinical evaluation. The remaining 45 cases were excluded from the clinical evaluation. As for the clinical efficacy, CPR was found to be effective (good or excellent) in 430 (94.1%) of the 457 cases. CPR was found to be effective in 243 (95.3%) of 255 cases for which causative bacteria were identified. The efficacy rate was 92.6% (187 of 202) in those cases in which causative bacteria were not identified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Pediatric AIDS and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Psychological issues. Task Force on Pediatric AIDS.

Pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)/human immunodeficiency virus infection is a growing medical problem in this country with a broad range of psychological implications. This report from the American Psychological Association's Division of Child, Youth and Family Services Task Force on Pediatric AIDS provides a brief review of what is known about the disease in children and addresses three areas of concern: (a) the delivery of clinical services to infected and ill children and their families, (b) the development of effective AIDS education and prevention programs, and (c) research needs. Recommendations for action are included.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefodizime in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group of Cefodizime].

UNLABELLED: A multi-center open study was conducted to investigate cefodizime (CDZM), a newly developed cephem antibiotic, from pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical aspects, in the pediatric field with the participation of 17 institutions and their related facilities. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Serum concentrations and urinary excretion: The pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients was investigated with a dose of 20 mg/kg, via a bolus intravenous injection or intravenous drip infusion over 30 or 60 minutes. The results were nearly the same as those in adult patients. Mean serum concentrations 5 minutes after a bolus intravenous injections were: 105.5, 264.0 and 461.7 micrograms/ml with 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, respectively, and T 1/2 (beta)'s for the 3 dosages were 1.75, 1.92 and 1.88 hours, respectively. With 30-minute intravenous drip infusion, mean serum concentrations at the end of infusion were: 90.5 micrograms/ml with a dose level of 10 mg/kg, 178.3 micrograms/ml with 20 mg/kg, and 322.8 micrograms/ml with 40 mg/kg, and T 1/2 (beta)'s for these dosages were 1.90, 2.15 and 1.93 hours, respectively. With 60-minute intravenous drip infusion, mean serum concentrations at the end of infusion were: 66.3 micrograms/ml with a dose level of 10 mg/kg, 136.0 micrograms/ml with 20 mg/kg and 259.2 micrograms/ml with 40 mg/kg, and T 1/2 (beta)'s for these dosages were 1.43, 2.05 and 1.46 hours, respectively. In 8 hours after administration of CDZM, urinary excretion rates were 82.1, 77.7 and 76.5% for bolus intravenous injections of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, respectively, and 83.3, 71.3 and 68.1% for 30-minute intravenous drip infusions of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, and 84.4 and 84.3% for 60-minute intravenous drip infusions of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, respectively. 2. Concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid: Penetrations into cerebrospinal fluid in patients with purulent meningitis reached levels of 1.96-9.48 micrograms/ml with administration of CDZM at 50 mg/kg in acute cases within 6 days after onset. The penetration rates of CDZM were about a median range among injectable beta-lactam agents. 3. CLINICAL RESULTS: Of 457 cases treated with CDZM, 53 cases were excluded from the clinical evaluation. Clinical efficacies were evaluated as "excellent" in 126 and "good" in 78 out of 221 case from which causative agents were isolated, with an efficacy rate of 92.3%. Efficacies were "excellent" in 97 and "good" in 69 out of 183 cases from which pathogens were not isolated giving an efficacy rate of 90.7%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Clinical and fundamental studies on intravenous drip infusion of gentamicin in the pediatric field. Pediatric study group of gentamicin].

A multiclinic study of gentamicin (GM) given by intravenous drip infusion was carried out by the Gentamicin Pediatric Study Group. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Upon intravenous drip infusion of GM at a dose range of 2.0-2.5 mg/kg over a period of 0.5-1 hour, therapeutically effective serum concentrations of 4-12 micrograms/ml were obtained. These values are similar to reported values in previous studies using GM intramuscular injection. 2. High urinary concentrations were observed up to 6 hours after administration, and the urinary recovery rate was approximately 60%. 3. Of a total of 142 cases collected, 117 cases were evaluated. Efficacy rates by diseases were: 100% in pneumonia (30/30), 98.3% in urinary tract infections (59/60), and 92.3% in other infections (skin and soft tissue) (12/13), with an overall efficacy rate of 94.9% (including 77 "excellent" cases). 4. Bacteriological examinations showed high eradication rates with the use of GM; i.e., 80% with Staphylococcus aureus (8/10), 60% with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3/5), 100% with Haemophilus influenzae (7/7) and 97.8% with Escherichia coli (44/45), achieving an overall eradication rate of 92.4%. In mixed infections, the eradication rate was 85.7% (6/7). 5. No ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity or allergic reactions was observed. Abnormal laboratory findings observed were: GOT elevation in 3.1% of cases, GPT elevation in 3.9%, platelet increase in 1.5% and eosinophil increase in 0.8%, thus an overall rate of the appearance of abnormality was 5.6%. The above results indicate that an intravenous drip infusion of GM is a useful method for treating infections in pediatrics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Development and field testing of protocols for the management of pediatric telephone calls: protocols for pediatric telephone calls.

Although telephone calls comprise almost one fourth of all childhood patient-physician contacts, the content of telephone care is not emphasized in most educational and service programs. In response to the need to improve management of telephone calls to our pediatric emergency room, we developed 28 protocols to deal with the 25 most common complaints presented by phone. This paper describes the content of these protocols, the training of the health assistants who administered them, and the measures we took to assure their safety and general utility in pediatric practice settings. The study demonstrates the feasibility of an organized system for telephone care based on protocols which include: (1) basic data to be collected for each chief complaint category; (2) a range of appropriate dispositions; and (3) advice for home management when the patient does not require an immediate medical visit. Potential uses of these protocols for medical and nursing education and for clinical service needs are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

[Pediatric ECG monitoring. 2,500 pediatric patients under anaesthesia (author's transl)].

The authors report 98 cases of cardiac arrhythmia observed in the course of 2,500 pediatric anesthesias performed with constant electrocardiographic monitoring. The patients, aged 0 to 18 years, were in most cases healthy. Anesthesia was performed by different techniques for both surgical and non-surgical interventions for a variety of conditions, both serious and routine. Other than 3 cases of cardiac arrest (1 death) cardiac arrhythmias usually followed a benign course without hemodynamic repercussions. The authors emphasize the value of early detection of cardiac arrhythmias as well as vigorous treatment of predisposing conditions such as inadequate ventilation, acidosis and pain. The absence of correlation between the degree of rick, as estimated preoperatively (related to patient or procedure risk factors), and the frequency of occurrence seems to point to the value of more widespread use of ECG monitoring of pediatric patients undergoing anesthesia.

Adolescent↗