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PubMed2001

Paternal occupational exposures and childhood cancer.

The objective of the study described here was to test the hypothesis that paternal occupational exposure near conception increases the risk of cancer in the offspring. We conducted a cohort study based on a population of 235,635 children born shortly after two different censuses in Sweden. The children were followed from birth to 14 years, and cases of cancer were identified in the Swedish Cancer Registry. Occupational hygienists assessed the probability of exposure to different agents in each combination of the father's industry and occupation as reported in the censuses. We also analyzed individual job titles. We compared the cancer incidence among children of exposed fathers to that among children of unexposed fathers using Cox proportional hazards modeling. The main findings were an increased risk of nervous system tumors related to paternal occupational exposure to pesticides [relative risk (RR) = 2.36; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.27-4.39] and work as a painter (RR = 3.65; 95% CI, 1.71-7.80), and an increased risk of leukemia related to wood work by fathers (RR = 2.18; 95% CI, 1.26-3.78). We found no associations between childhood leukemia and paternal exposure to pesticides or paint. Our results support previous findings of an increased risk of childhood brain tumors and leukemia associated with certain paternal occupational exposures. Some findings in previous studies were not confirmed in this study.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Maternal and paternal risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a case-control study in newborn boys.

Little is known on environmental risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias, which are among the most frequent congenital abnormalities. The aim of our study was to identify risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias, with a focus on potential endocrine disruptors in parental diet and occupation. In a case-control study nested within a cohort of 8,698 male births, we compared 78 cryptorchidism cases and 56 hypospadias cases with 313 controls. The participation rate was 85% for cases and 68% for controls. Through interviews, information was collected on pregnancy aspects and personal characteristics, lifestyle, occupation, and dietary phytoestrogen intake of both parents. Occupational exposure to potential endocrine disruptors was classified based on self-reported exposure and ratings of occupational hygienists based on job descriptions. Our findings indicate that paternal pesticide exposure was associated with cryptorchidism [odds ratio (OR) = 3.8; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.1-13.4]. Smoking of the father was associated with hypospadias (OR = 3.8; 95% CI, 1.8-8.2). Maternal occupational, dietary, and lifestyle exposures were not associated with either abnormality. Both abnormalities were associated with suboptimal maternal health, a lower maternal education, and a Turkish origin of the parents. Being small for gestational age was a risk factor for hypospadias, and preterm birth was a risk factor for cryptorchidism. Because paternal pesticide exposure was significantly associated with cryptorchidism and paternal smoking was associated with hypospadias in male offspring, paternal exposure should be included in further studies on cryptorchidism and hypospadias risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Population study and validation of paternity testing for Thoroughbred horses by 15 microsatellite loci.

Microsatellite 15 TKY System was characterized for parentage verification of horse registry. The Microsatellite 15 TKY System was constructed by using 15 microsatellites, TKY279, TKY287, TKY294, TKY297, TKY301, TKY312, TKY321, TKY325, TKY333, TKY337, TKY341, TKY343, TKY344, TKY374, and TKY394, to provide stringent PCR-based microsatellite typing specifically optimized for multicolor fluorescence detection. The Microsatellite 15 TKY System showed good resolutions for 250 unrelated Thoroughbred horses, and the probability of exclusion (PE) at each microsatellite ranged from 0.437 to 0.621, resulting in a total PE value of 99.998% for Thoroughbred horses. These results indicated that the Microsatellite 15 TKY System is useful for paternity testing of Thoroughbred horses. A paternity testing case for a Thoroughbred horse family, in which candidate sires had close relations, was analyzed using the Microsatellite 15 TKY System. In this case, the Microsatellite 15 TKY System excluded paternity of a false sire. We concluded that the Microsatellite 15 TKY System can give sufficient and reliable information for paternity testing.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The contribution of progeny of uncertain paternity to the accuracy of sire evaluation.

Recent advances in statistical methodology now permit the genetic evaluation of animals with uncertain pedigrees. Although widescale practice of these techniques is not likely, implementation will never occur until we characterize the effect of uncertain pedigrees on the accuracy of animal evaluation. This work develops the framework for such a characterization, illustrating the contribution of uncertainly identified records to accuracy of evaluation through a hypothetical example. The effect of including records of uncertain paternity is greatest for sires with few certainly identified progeny. Thus, young sires stand to benefit the most from the inclusion of progeny records with uncertain paternity. In general, as the level of uncertainty in the data is replaced by the inclusion of progeny with certain paternity, the accuracy of evaluation increases. However, situations do arise in which the accuracy unexpectedly declines with the addition of progeny records with certain paternity.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Comparative study of the third party and paternal leukocyte immunization in recurrent spontaneous abortion of lowered maternal-fetal immuno-recognition].

OBJECTIVE: To compare curative effect of leukocyte immunization to recurrent spontaneous aborters(RSA) with lowered maternal-fetal immuno-recognition between transfusions of the third party leukocyte-rich erythrocyte concentrates and injections of paternal leukocytes. METHODS: Forty RSA patients with lack of blocking antibodies were randomly divided into two groups. Blocking antibodies were analysed by one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction blocking test and complement-dependent cytotoxic test, anti-idiotypic antibodies to blocking antibodies by one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction blocking inhibiting test, and flow cytometry evaluation of blocking antibodies were used to investigate effect of blocking antibodies on the CD antigens of T cells. The immunization was achieved by transfusions of the third party leukocytes or injections of the paternal leukocytes for 3 times or more at an interval of 4 weeks. RESULTS: It was found in dynamical analyses that levels of the blocking antibodies and their anti-idiotypic antibodies increased significantly after the aborters had been immunized. The successful pregnancy rate was 86.2% following immunization, and body weight of the infants was 3,300 +/- 116 g(x +/- s), with no significant difference to 3,279.0 +/- 113.8 g of the infants from normal pregnancy. According to dynamics of blocking antibodies and their anti-idiotypic antibodies, the paternal leukocyte immunotherapy appeared superior to the third party one, but the successful pregnancy rate and the body weight of infants were with not different between the two immunotherapy groups. CONCLUSION: The third party and paternal leukocyte immunization could effectively stimulate the aborters of lowered maternal-fetal immuno-recognition to produce blocking antibodies and their anti-idiotypic antibodies, leading to successful pregnancy. The immunotherapy does not apparently influence the body weight of the delivered infants.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed2000

Maternal smoking and birthweight: effect modification of period, maternal age and paternal smoking.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect on birthweight of maternal smoking, and its modification by study period, maternal age and paternal smoking. DESIGN: A retrospective questionnaire based national survey comprising a random sample (n=34,799) of all mothers giving birth in Norway 1970-91. Variables studied were parental smoking during pregnancy, birthweight, maternal age and infant's year of birth. RESULTS: The overall difference in mean birthweight between non-smoking and smoking mothers was 197 g. The difference in birthweight between non-smoking and smoking mothers increased with maternal age from 182 g (<20 years of age) to 232 g (35+ years of age). There was no significant effect of paternal smoking on birthweight when the mother was a non-smoker. When the mother was a smoker and the father was a non-smoker, the birthweight, adjusted for maternal age, was reduced by 153 g (p<0.005). However, when both parents smoked, the birthweight, adjusted for maternal age, was reduced by 201 g (p<0.0005). Even though the prevalence of paternal smoking decreased by 38% during the study period, there was no significant increase in overall mean birthweight. IMPLICATION AND RELEVANCE OF RESULTS: The negative effect of maternal smoking on birthweight appears to increase with maternal age. For a non-smoking pregnant woman to live with a smoking partner has little, if any, effect on birthweight. The negative effect of paternal smoking was only observed when the mother was smoking and might reflect two possible mechanisms: (1) that a smoking mother has a greater cigarette consumption when the partner also smokes, and (2) that a smoking mother is less concerned about passive smoking than a non-smoking mother.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The application of minisatellite variant repeat mapping by PCR (MVR-PCR) in a paternity case showing false exclusion due to STR mutation.

A boy and a girl with their mother brought a paternity suit against an alleged but deceased father. We tested six conventional genetic markers, the AmpliType PM+ DQA1 and twelve STR loci the children and mother together with the alleged paternal grandparents. We also DNA typed the bloodstain found later in the alleged father's medical record. Only the result at D3S1358 in a nineplex STR system excluded the alleged father from parentage of the boy, whereas all markers were inclusive for the girl. Accordingly, we performed sequence analysis at D3S1358 to confirm the presence of a paternal exclusion or mutation. The sequence analysis indicated that the boy's allele 17 could have originated from either of the alleged father's allele 16 or 18 by a single-step mutation associated with slippage mutation in STR loci. We carried out minisatellite variant repeat mapping by PCR (MVR-PCR) at loci D1S8 (MS32) and D7S21 (MS31A) and mapped allele haplotypes of all individuals except the deceased alleged father. The MVR-PCR analysis showed that the boy has no inconsistency with the relationship between the alleged grandparents, and was very effective at increasing the paternity index (PI) value. We conclude that there is biological relationship between not only the girl but also the boy and the alleged father.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Deconstructing paternalism--what serves the patient best?

On the motion that "medical paternalism serves the patient best", this essay reviews current arguments on medical paternalism vs. patient autonomy. Citing medico-ethical texts and journals and selected real-life applications like electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and the advanced medical directive (AMD), the essay argues that medical paternalism cannot serve the patient best insofar as current debates limit themselves to "who" wields the decision-making power. Such debates side-step "what" the patient's best interests are. The essay further argues through the case of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and acupuncture in particular, that the current dominant Western school of thought excludes other forms of "alternative" treatment through medical paternalism.

Acupuncture↗
PubMed1999

[The phenomenon of gene linkage and recombination in the paternity test].

The phenomenon of gene linkage and recombination may nearly be overlooked in paternity test of one single child, but it is likely encountered in paternity test of twin or more. In a case of paternity test, the results of 17 items including eight DNA loci were analyzed and the phenomenon of gene linkage and recombination was discussed in detail. This phenomenon should be brought into necessary attention in the paternity test.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed2003

HLA-DR typing by polymerase chain reaction amplification with sequence-specific primers in paternity disputes.

BACKGROUND: HLA-DR typing was generally performed by serology before. HLA-DRB1 typing can be achieved by polymerase chain reaction amplification with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). METHODS: In this study, primers for "low-resolution" HLA-DR typing by PCR-SSP were synthesized upon our request by a company in Taiwan. Twenty-eight DNA samples from international standardized DNA Reference Panel and 20 DNA samples with known serological typing were used as control. We conducted HLA-DR PCR-SSP typing on 18 samples from 6 true paternity trios, 16 samples from 8 true duos, 27 from 9 false trios, and 8 from 4 false duos. These DNAs from disputed paternity families had been previously tested for the parentage using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified short tandem repeat (STR) analysis. RESULTS: No false positive nor false negative results were obtained in typing 28 positive control DNA samples from international standardized DNA Reference Panel for HLA Class II. Among the 20 DNA samples typed by microlymphocytotoxicity technique, the discordant typing results between HLA-DR PCR-SSP typing and serological typing were found in 3 (15%). In the family of true paternity, HLA-DR typing could not exclude any of alleged fathers and the pattern of inheritance was consistent with autosomal codominant. By HLA-DR typing alone, paternity in 2 alleged fathers out of 9 false trios and 2 alleged fathers out of 4 false duos could not be excluded. CONCLUSIONS: Precise HLA-DR typing can be achieved by PCR-SSP analysis. Economic considerations preclude HLA-DR typing in routine parentage tests where STR typing is performed first.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Paternalism and egregious harm: Prader-Willi Syndrome and the importance of care.

Paternalism clashes with the usual liberal model. In this paper I argue that attempts to defend even a limited form of paternalism by liberal authors such as Joel Feinberg, Gerald Dworkin and H.L.A. Hart fail. I propose instead a bivalent model for paternalism that appeals to two separate principles: the no-harm principle and the care-principle. The notion of care discussed by contemporary feminist authors is a fundamental moral archetype that permeates history and culture. I go on to consider the case of patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome and argue that paternalism is not only permissible but imperative in cases in egregious harm. This view is enshrined in common law jurisprudence which dismisses consent as a justification in serious crime.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The decision theory of paternity disputes: optimization considerations applied to multilocus DNA fingerprinting.

The solution of paternity disputes using results from scientific analyses is studied from a decision-theoretical viewpoint. Two alternative approaches to decision making, the so-called 'Bayes' and 'Minimax' strategies, are described and discussed. If prior probabilities of paternity are exactly known, then Bayes decisions are (a) independent of the source of evidence and (b) optimal with respect to average losses caused by wrong decisions. However, it is concluded that Minimax decisions, which depend upon the employed test system but not upon prior probabilities, are more appropriate in paternity cases if equal prior good will towards disclaimed children and alleged fathers is demanded. It is further demonstrated that, when major evidence about paternity comes from multilocus DNA fingerprinting, prior probabilities must be known quite accurately for Bayes decisions to be superior with respect to average losses. Finally, we are able to show that 'quasi' Bayes decision making, that is, adopting a neutral prior probability of 0.5 but leaving thresholds for decision making unchanged, coincides with Minimax decision making if multilocus DNA fingerprinting is employed.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed1992

Paternalism and the doctor-patient relationship in general practice.

This paper is a brief introduction to the subject of paternalism as it occurs in general practice. A definition of paternalism is provided and the four main types of doctor-patient relationship within the paternalistic spectrum are described. These relationships are illustrated with examples from general practice. Some of the extensive literature on paternalism is reviewed. It is concluded that paternalism is rarely justified when treating patients of sound mind and then only where restoration of the patients' autonomy is the main aim.

Family Practice↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Paternity contradiction cases in the practice of Department of Forensic Medicine of Silesian Academy of Medicine in years: 1985, 1990, 1995 and 1996-2000].

Analysis of paternity contradiction has been presented in this paper. The author analyses the amounts, methods of examination used in paternity testing and results of these opinions. The amount of contradiction trios rises to 20% of the total of paternity testing examined in our Department. In 73% of contradiction paternity cases the results are negative--a husband is the biological father of his wife's child.

Child↗
PubMed2004

[Chromosome STR genetic markers in paternity identification].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the application of paternity identification by chromosome STR genetic markers (short tandem repeat). METHODS: The paternity testings in 468 cases were routinely carried out using amphibian STR Profiler plus and Cofiler PCR amplification kits. When STR exclusions were found, HLA system and other blood groups were detected by molecular typing and loci of PowerPlex 16 system. STR loci were genotyped. If necessary, the genotyping of Y chromosome specific STR, X chromosome specific STR and HLA allelic sequencing were added. RESULTS: W of 408 cases of paternity was more than 0.95, and that of 350 cases was more than 0. 9995. W of 60 cases of unrelated individuals was less than 0.8, and that of another 48 cases was less than 0.27. By Chi-Square test, there was significant difference (P < 0.001) in the entire-same allelic genes and the entire-different allelic genes and no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the half-same between allelic genes the two groups. CONCLUSION: It is effective to identify the paternity by STR genetic markers. The pair is related when the locus number of entirely-different allelic genes is less than 1 or that of the entirely-same allelic genes is more than 6.

DNA Fingerprinting↗
PubMed2005

Rates of voluntary paternity establishment for infants born to unmarried adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors associated with voluntary paternity establishment for infants born to teenagers. STUDY DESIGN: The medical records of 402 unmarried women aged 13-19 years and delivering between January 1 and July 31, 2000, were reviewed, including prenatal charts, delivery records, birth worksheets, affidavits of parentage and infant birth certificates. The primary outcome was voluntary paternity establishment, as defined by having the father's name on the infant's birth certificate. RESULTS: Separate documents from the medical records of teen mothers had different rates of identifying the father of the infant: 80% of prenatal records had the father's name, as did 76% of birth worksheets and 60% of birth certificates. Maternal age < 16 years was associated with lower rates of paternity establishment as compared with 18-19-year-old mothers (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2, 6.7). CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of birth certificates on children born to teenagers do not identify the father of the infant; however, the majority of mothers identified them, on either the prenatal record or birth worksheet. In order to develop effective programs that will affect rates of paternity establishment, we must understand barriers inherent in the process itself.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[The significance of familial studies in paternity disputes].

In the majority of paternity suits no fundamental problems develop when paternity of the man is ruled out or not ruled out. The authors describe a paternity suit which lasted a total of thirteen years and only a family study confirmed practically with certainty the paternity of the accused man.

Female↗
PubMed1989

[Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in tests of filiation, paternity and forensic medicine].

A new precise method of personal identification with significant implications for civil and criminal paternity cases, as well as for other forensic purposes and genetic studies is presented. DNA multi-locus analysis offers a discrimination of 1 in 30 billions, constituting the most precise determination in paternity testing. If we consider that the world population is around 5 billion people, and that less than 2.5 billions are males, of the which approximately 1/3 are not adults, then we can see how the possibility of error is extremely low. It makes other paternity studies with HLA, blood groups, enzymes and proteins ineffective in paternity disputes. All courts and legal personnel should be aware of the scientific implications of this new available test in our media.

Blood Group Antigens↗