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PubMed1983

Radiographic techniques to evaluate paintings.

Radiographic techniques may be helpful in evaluation of the condition of paintings for their restoration, preservation, and occasionally to determine their authenticity. On the basis of experience with several of these procedures, the utility of each method is described in reference to specific "diagnoses" regarding paintings. Radiographic techniques have several advantages over other methods; they are nondestructive, they may be used to survey the entire painting, and they are subject to quantitative and serial analysis.

Art↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neurotoxic effects of organic solvents among workers in paint and lacquer manufacturing industry].

INTRODUCTION: Organic solvents are chemically different compounds with one common feature: they dissolve fats, oils, resins, cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate, which makes them widely used in industry. Most often organic solvents are used in paint and lacquer industries, in production of pesticides, plastics, explosives, rubber, cellulose, air conditioners, in pharmaceutical industry and in leather industry. The aim of this research was to analyze the working environment and professional hazards in paint and lacquer manufacturing industry and evaluate effects of chronic exposure to mixture of organic solvents on nervous system of exposed workers. METHODOLOGY: The exposed group consisted of 50 workers professionally exposed to these noxae, while the control group consisted of 30 workers who have never been exposed to these noxae. RESULTS: Examination of working environment in departments of paint and lacquer manufacturing revealed presence of white spirit and toluene above allowed levels. Exposed workers more frequently complained of fatigue, hand numbness, enhanced excitation, and concentration difficulties, forgetfulness and headaches, than workers from the control group. Electroneurographic examination of n. medianus showed reduced motor and sensitive conduction velocity among exposed in comparison to workers from the control group. Reduced motor and sensitive conduction velocity was correlated with duration of exposure to these noxae. Terminal latency of n. medianus was statistically, significantly longer in the exposed group than in the control group. Workers in the exposed group have statistically significantly longer reaction time in response to acoustic and visual stimuli. DISCUSSION: Segmental demyelination and axonal degeneration, as forms of damage to peripheral nerves, were identified as responsible for peripheral neuropathy associated with occupational exposure to organic solvents. CONCLUSION: Results of this study show possible neurotoxic effects of noxae detected in the phase of analysis of working conditions and working environment of examined workers.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1995

Tributyltin use in interior paints: a continuing health hazard.

We report on five patients who developed mucous membrane irritation after inhalational exposure to an interior use latex paint containing the organotin compound bis(tributyltin) oxide. Stricter regulations regarding the use of bis(tributyltin) oxide with interior paint would most likely have prevented these cases of tributyltin toxicity. Bis(tributyltin) oxide should not be used with paint intended for interior use.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A sodium rodizonate lead testing kit for home use--valid for paint and soil samples?

BACKGROUND: The presence of lead in consumer products has become an important health issue. Lead Check is a home test kit promoted to detect lead on any surface at government action levels with 96.6% accuracy. Validation of this kit's sensitivity and specificity is necessary because false negatives may give the user a false sense of security, while false positives may result in unnecessary concern. METHODS: Aliquots of paint and soil samples submitted to a county health department were collected. Lead Check kits were used to analyze these samples in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. Each sample was tested with three reagent swabs; one stored at 56 degrees C (room temperature), and one swab each stored at 22 degrees C (cold) and 92 degrees C (hot) for 24 hours. Results were compared to quantitative results obtained from the health department's lead testing laboratory. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the swabs for testing lead in paint was 91.7% for all three temperatures with a specificity of 88.9% (22 degrees C), 77.8% (56 degrees C), and 88.9% (92 degrees C). The sensitivity of the swabs for testing lead in soil was significantly less: 28.6% at 22 degrees C, 28.6% at 56 degrees C (room temperature) and 85.7% at 110 degrees C. The specificity for testing lead in soil was 100% for all temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: The claim that Lead Check can detect lead in paint at government action levels (0.5% lead) appears to be accurate; however, the claim that this kit can reliably detect lead in soil at 1000 ppm was not verified. The swabs were found to maintain their ability to detect lead even if not stored under ideal conditions.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed2004

Adhesive strength of paint-on resins to crown and bridge composites.

This paper examined the adhesive strength of paint-on resin to crown and bridge composites after soaking in water and thermal-cycling. Three shades of paint-on resin were coated on three kinds of crown and bridge composite under four surface treatment conditions (a combination of sandblaster and pretreatment liquid). These specimens were soaked in water at 37 degrees C for 1 day, 1 month, and 1 year, and at 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C alternatively for 1-minute periods for 10,000 cycles by thermal-cycling machine. The adhesive strengths were obtained by shear test. There were no significant differences among the adhesive strengths of three shades of paint-on resin to three composites after storage (p > 0.05). The adhesive strengths to composites with sandblasting showed higher values than those without it (p < 0.01).

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2005

Effect of radiation light characteristics on surface hardness of paint-on resin for shade modification.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of radiation light characteristics--of different types of clinical light-curing unit--on polymerization efficiency, as determined by the surface hardness of light-cured paint-on resins. Four shades of paint-on resin for shade modification of restorative resins were used. Materials were cured using one laboratory and three clinical light-curing units with different light sources, namely tungsten-halogen, LED, plasma arc, and xenon flash lamps. Knoop hardness measurements were taken at both the top and bottom surfaces of the specimens to assess the mechanical properties and degree of polymerization. Both LED and plasma arc light units caused significantly poorer surface hardness than the halogen and laboratory xenon lights. In addition, the transparent shade was more sensitive to surface hardness than other chromatic shades. Our results indicated that the polymerization efficiency of paint-on resin was significantly influenced by the radiation light characteristics of clinical light-curing units.

Color↗
PubMed1987

Paint chip poisoning of Laysan albatross at Midway Atoll.

Epizootic mortality occurred in Laysan albatross (Diomedea immutabilis) fledgings at Midway Atoll in 1983. Heavy metal toxicity from ingestion of weathered paint chips was one of the causes. Sick albatrosses were unable to retract their wings, causing a "droop-wing" appearance. Five normal and 12 droop-winged fledglings were captured, killed, and examined. Paint chips found in the proventriculus of the affected fledglings contained up to 144,000 ppm lead. Blood, liver, and kidney concentrations of lead in affected birds were higher than in normal fledglings, and acid-fast intranuclear inclusion bodies were present in the kidneys. Degenerative lesions were present in the myelin of some brachial nerves. Weathered paint samples collected from 12 buildings contained up to 247,250 ppm lead and 101 ppm mercury. Lead poisoning was diagnosed in 10 of the droop-winged albatrosses and was one of the causes of morbidity. Mercury toxicosis and plastic impaction were other possible causes.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Studies on the antimould activity of compound TBZ and its application in paint].

The compound TBZ is a new antimould agent, which contains mainly [2-(4-thiazolyl) benzoimidazole (TBZ)], ethanoic acid and propionic acid. It was shown in laboratory experiment that the compound TBZ had excellent mycostatic effect on all the 10 fungi tested with 70% of the mycostatic zones larger than 6.0 cm. It had obvious inhibitary activity on Alternaria Nees and Aureobasidium Pullulans isolated from mouldy wall. In laboratory condition the surface of fibreboard painted with compound TBZ did not become mouldy in 120 days, while the 20% of that coated with TBZ directly mixed in the paint became mouldy. In practical use, the antimould effect of the wall painted with compound TBZ could maintain more than two years.

Alternaria↗
PubMed1999

An ecological risk assessment for the use of Irgarol 1051 as an algaecide for antifoulant paints.

Irgarol 1051 is an algaecide used in copper-based antifoulant paints for controlling fouling organisms on the hulls of recreational and commercial watercraft. Paints containing this algaecide have been used in Europe since the mid-1980s. In 1998, the first antifouling paints containing Irgarol 1051 were registered for use in the U. S. To examine the risk that Irgarol may pose to aquatic ecosystems, a probabilistic ecological risk assessment was conducted using distributions of exposure and toxicity data. Exposure data for this assessment were derived from 11 monitoring studies (146 stations) conducted in marinas, estuaries, and coastal waters from 1992 to 1997 in six European countries. A comparison of 90th percentile concentrations pooled by station types across all regions showed that concentrations in marinas (316 ng/l) were higher than in estuaries and coastal waters (41 and 19 ng/l, respectively). A 90th percentile of 133 ng/l was reported for all pooled stations. Temporal trends showed that Irgarol concentrations typically peaked in early summer after launching of small boats with much lower concentrations occurring during the spring, fall, and winter. Toxicity data used for this risk assessment were derived primarily from unpublished studies submitted to regulatory agencies. Because Irgarol is a photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicide, it is much more toxic to plants than animals. Toxicity values for animals (fish and invertebrates) were much greater than concentrations of Irgarol reported in the environment. Therefore, a conservative approach using a distribution of only plant toxicity data (EC50s for plant growth) was used to derive a 10th percentile of 136 ng/l. This plant toxicity benchmark of 136 ng/l was used for risk characterization. Results from probabilistic analysis showed that ecological risk from Irgarol exposure was low in estuaries, coastal areas, and various open-type marinas. However, 10% or more of the plant species in enclosed marinas with low flushing rates may be exposed to Irgarol concentrations that would reduce photosynthesis activity and growth during the summer. Ecological risk to these sensitive plant species in enclosed marinas will likely be moderated because of the reversibility of Irgarol's inhibition of photosynthesis and the rapid recovery potential of plant communities. The ecological significance of marinas that generally contain numerous stressors such as trace metals, tributyltin, petroleum hydrocarbons, high nutrient concentrations, and low dissolved oxygen concentrations is a management issue that needs to be addressed.

Biomass↗
PubMed2000

Bulimia nervosa. A treatment concept implying an "integrative painting therapy".

At the Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Graz, we have been applying a concept for treating bulimia nervosa, using a complementary method involving psychosocial and psychotherapeutic strategy as well as psychotropic medication. Thus we have been able to approach the patients from a holistic view. Painting and drawing as a creative method constitute another salient part of our concept. Between January 1995 and September 1999, 36 in-patients with bulimia were treated in the Psychotherapy Unit of the University Hospital's Department of Psychiatry in Graz; our concept focussed on "Integrative Painting Therapy". The wide variety of treatment methods comprised individual and group therapy, diet counselling and thymoleptics (SSRIs). Teamwork and close links within the team constituted an important part of our work, so that the different types of therapy are process-oriented and thus interrelated. In the initial phase of the symptom-oriented approach patients learn to control and ultimately normalise their eating habits. In the phase of acting out and/or conflict awareness, they try to cope with their disorder on a pictorial level. They gain access to their emotions and become aware of their problems, while their eating habits improve. Self-esteem is eventually stabilised and patients develop a sense of self-responsibility and work on effective strategies to cope with their disorder. This development also manifests itself in their pictorial expressions. "Integrative Painting Therapy" led to a marked improvement of the depressive moods initially prevalent in all patients. It also slightly elevated their Body Mass Index. Moreover, control capacity increased significantly, irregularities in eating habits were reduced and craving for food subsided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Intake of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, zinc) originating from colored paints and their incorporation into organs and tissues of heifers].

In a feeding trial the effect of heavy metals as lead, cadmium and zinc originating from colour paints was investigated. The study included 30 early pregnant heifers subdivided in five groups with six animals each with an average body weight of 419 kgs. During the testing period the trial was carried out in a three factorial fashion with two time sections: section one--mineral supplementation and lead preexposure; section two--Exposure to heavy metal containing colour paint pigments. The investigation led to the following results: A short time uptake of daily 10 g lead containing colour paint (i.e. 22-24 mg Pb/per animal and day) did not cause any change of general health and normal behavior of the respective animals. A storage of lead in the body tissue could be observed by way of a hint. An additional prestress with lead (145-158 mg Pb/animal/day over a period of 84 days did not influence the general health of the animals significantly. Both the fodder uptake and the body weight gain was inconspecious. A storage of lead could be traced in the skeleton, kidney and liver and--on a reduced level--also in the muscle. Only the content of lead in the kidney exceeded the maxmium tolerated value (> 1.0 mg/kg) of the German Meat Hygiene regulation. A mineral deficient feeding regimen (especially lack of calcium) enhance an increased storage of lead in the tissues (skeleton).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Notes about two paintings in the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine].

Two interesting mural-sized oil paintings hang in the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine in Boston. One is "The First Operation Under Ether" painted by Robert C. Hinckley in the nineteenth century, and the other is "The First Successful Kidney Transplantation" painted by Joel Babb in 1996. The theme of the former is the first operation with ether performed publicly on October 16, 1846, at the Massachusetts General Hospital. That of the latter is the first successful renal transplantation between identical twins performed at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital on December 23, 1954. "The First Operation Under Ether" was recreated by the painter, Robert Hinckley, who gathered information by himself about the event, which had occurred over three decades previously in his hometown. He seemed to have exercised some degree of artistic license in recreating the scene. On the other hand, "The First Successful Kidney Transplantation" was planned by the three doctors who were themselves involved in the memorable operation. The painter, Joel Babb, began to recreate the scene after he had been handed some sketches and photos of the event and several photos of the participants. In this case, it seems that authenticity was the main consideration.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2001

[Application of chromosome painting technique to analysis of structural aberration of human chromosomes].

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at using chromosome painting technique to detect translocation, especially microtranslocations, on chromosomes in comparison with G-banding analysis. METHODS: Chromosome painting technique was applied to analysis of metaphase chromosomes of patients for detecting translocations with biotin-labeled chromosomes X, Y, 14q, 10 specific probes. RESULTS: Fluorescence in situ hybridization FISH signals were shown clearly in slides even in specimen stored at room temperature for 10 years and at -80 centigrade degree. Translocations were located precisely. CONCLUSION: Microtranslocations, which are hard to analyze by G-banding, can be detected exactly using chromosome painting technique with G-band karyotype on metaphase chromosome.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Disease in Velázquez' painting].

A short biographical abstract of Painter Velázquez and his artistical and cultural background with relation to this own time is given. His whole work and of the court and official jobs he had has, been analysed. Together with his artistical vocation and great capacity and aptitude for painting, he felt the ambition to seek a position of nobility. A peculiar research of the pathological aspects appearing in his pictures has been made, regardless of the technical characteristics of his painting and style. For this purpose, his paintings have been classified in still lives, religious pictures, mythological pictures, portraits of royal male and female family members, portraits of ordinary people, big peoples such as Las Lanzas, Las Hilanderas and Las Meninas, etc., to conclude with the really singular group of buffoons, dwarfs, jesters and mad people. The pathological issues have been commented. A list of bibliographical references is also added.

Dwarfism↗
PubMed2001

Benign familial hypermobility syndrome and Trendelenburg sign in a painting "The Three Graces" by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640).

Clinical features suggestive of hypermobility syndrome and a positive Trendelenburg sign are described in a painting "The Three Graces" (1638-1640) by Peter Paul Rubens, Prado, Madrid. The most obvious findings are scoliosis, positive Trendelenburg sign, and hyperextension of the metacarpal joints, hyperlordosis, and flat feet. The sitters, presumably Hélène Fourment (second wife of Rubens) and her sisters, support the hereditary familial aspect of hypermobility. Manifest hypermobility of the hand has also been found in two other ancient paintings: "Saint Cyriaque" in the Heller Retable by Mathias Grünewald (1450-1528), Frankfurt, and "The wounded man" by Gaspare Traversi, Venice (1732-1769). The finding of signs of hypermobility in ancient paintings shows that artists who are keen observers of nature could describe, or at least record, this condition long before doctors did. The art of the past can be a useful tool in the field of paleopathology.

Female↗
PubMed2001

[European paintings entitled "Jesus Christ as Pharmacist" in the Middle Ages and later].

Ninety-eight pictures painted in the Middle Ages and later entitled "Christ as Pharmacist" are shown in a little German book (W. H. Hein, Christus als Apotheker, Govi-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1974). In the three paintings shown here, Christ appears as a pharmacist standing behind a pharmacy table used to compound medicine, and he has a medicinal balance in his left hand. The Christian terms, such as faith, love, and hope, and the drug's name are written on each of the drug vase labels. It seems that the purpose of displaying these paintings in a pharmacy was both to propagate Christianity to the poor who bought medicine at their family pharmacy and to win their respect for the pharmacist.

Books, Illustrated↗
PubMed2004

Peripheral nerve conduction study in workers exposed to a mixture of organic solvents in paint and lacquer industry.

AIM: To compare levels of combined exposure to white spirit, toluene, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and xylene in the manufacturing of paint, cartridge, drying, and top-coat sections of paint and lacquer industry, and peripheral nerve conduction parameters in the exposed workers. METHODS: The exposed group comprised 120 workers while the control group included 110 workers who had never been exposed to the above listed organic solvents. Nerve conduction studies of the radial and tibial anterior nerve were performed in both groups. RESULTS: Motor and sensitive conduction velocity, as well as terminal latency of the radial and tibial anterior nerve showed significant changes in exposed workers in comparison to those of the control group (p<0.001). These parameters were significantly changed in workers with long length exposure to the toxic agents. In early stages of exposure, neural conduction parameters of the radial nerve were the most sensitive parameters in detecting subclinical peripheral nerve changes (p<0.001). There was significant correlation between the nerve conduction changes and urinary levels of hippuric and methyl-hippuric acids (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The results of the study suggest neurotoxic effects of the mixture of white spirit, toluene, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and xylene detected in paint and lacquer industry. Standard measurement of the urinary levels of hippuric and methyl-hippuric acids could be a useful indicator of need for nerve conduction studies and the subclinical peripheral neuropathy screening in exposed workers.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Rheumatoid arthritis-like deformities in an early 16th-century painting of the Flemish-Dutch school.

Hand deformities resembling those of rheumatoid arthritis have been depicted in a painting by an anonymous artist of the Flemish-Dutch School, mid-15th to early 16th century. The painting is presently in the Escorial Museum near Madrid, Spain. This observation, like other earlier observations of rheumatoid deformities in paintings of the Middle Ages, suggests that rheumatoid arthritis is not a modern disease; it had, indeed, appeared several centuries before Landré-Beauvais' description in 1800.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗