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PubMed1995

Hypothesis on the nature of comprehension deficit in a patient with transcortical mixed aphasia with preserved naming.

Patients with poor comprehension and preserved naming have been occasionally described. Such patients, who are affected by transcortical aphasia, have been taken as evidence of the possibility of naming an object while bypassing the semantic system. We describe a patient affected with mixed transcortical aphasia who presented a clear dissociation between ability in naming and difficulties in performing word-picture matching tasks. The pattern is explained by the existence of covert compulsory automatic naming that interferes with less automatic procedures involved in word-picture matching. In fact, when we tried to oppose automatic naming by using, in word-picture matching tasks, pictures difficult to name, the comprehension improved. This finding excludes a semantic deficit at the basis of poor comprehension of our patient. We suggest that the dissociation between naming and comprehension could be an expression of a computational limitation within the processes involved in word-picture matching, due to the competition for limited processing resources by automatically activated hyperactive naming.

Aphasia↗

PubMed1996

Naming and knowing in dementia of Alzheimer's type.

We studied the relationship between naming and the integrity of physical and associative knowledge in a group of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and matched normal controls. All subjects named 48 line drawings and later generated verbal definitions in response to the names of a subset of the 48 items, which included a minimum of six definitions for correctly named objects and six definitions for items that the subject failed to name. A comprehensive scoring system was designed for the definitions, including physical and associative features of a general and a specific type, a superordinate label, the core concept, and various categories of errors. The definitions generated by the DAT patients, even those in the minimal group, contained significantly less correct information than those of normal subjects, and definitions corresponding to unnamed items were more impoverished than those for named items. Particularly striking was the loss of core concept for unnamed items. There was also a disproportionate reduction in physical information on unnamed compared to named items. We conclude that quantitative assessment of verbal definitions is a sensitive index of semantic memory breakdown. Our findings offer some support for the hypothesis that successful naming depends upon integrity of the subset of semantic knowledge comprising physical features.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Association of the distinct visual representations of faces and names: a PET activation study.

A PET study of seven normal individuals was carried out to investigate the neural populations involved in the retrieval of the visual representation of a face when presented with an associated name, and conversely. Face-name associations were studied by means of four experimental matching conditions, including the retrieval of previously learned (1) name-name (NN), (2) face-face (FF), (3) name-face (NF), and (4) face-name (FN) associations, as well as a resting scan with eyes closed. Before PET images acquisition, subjects were presented with 24 unknown face-name associations to encode in 12 male/female couples. During PET scanning, their task was to decide whether the presented pair was a previously learned association. The right fusiform gyrus was strongly activated in FF condition as compared to NN and Rest conditions. However, no specific activations were found for NN condition relative to FF condition. A network of three areas distributed in the left hemisphere, both active in (NF-FF) and (FN-NN) comparisons, was interpreted as the locus of the integration of visual faces and names representations. These three regions were localized in the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 45), the medial frontal gyrus (BA 6) and the supramarginal gyrus of the inferior parietal lobe (BA 40). An interactive model accounting for these results, with BA 40 seen as an amodal binding region, is proposed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Naming in dementia secondary to Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Alzheimer's diseases.

Confrontation naming problems have been found in patients with dementia secondary to Alzheimer's (AD), Huntington's (HD), and in a subset of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with dementia. The source of the naming deficit has not been established. The "Perception" and the "Semantic Feature" theories have been proposed to explain this naming dysfunction. Subjects with dementia secondary to AD, HD, and PD were given three tasks to determine which theory best explained the source of confrontation naming problems. The three tasks including picture matching, visual recognition, and confrontation naming were given to 42 subjects with dementia secondary to AD, HD, and PD controlled for severity of dementia, and to age-matched controls. Subjects with dementia did not have significantly more difficulty matching pictures but did have more difficulty associating pictures through semantic features. Subjects with mild dementia secondary to AD and HD had significantly more confrontation naming errors than subjects with mild dementia secondary to PD and normal controls. All subjects with moderate dementia had significantly more confrontation naming errors than normal controls. Statistical power may have been limited due to the small number of subjects in each group. The source of the reduction in confrontation naming performance in subjects with dementia secondary to AD, HD, and PD originated in the deterioration of semantic fields. The perception theory was rejected as findings were consistent with the semantic feature theory.

Alzheimer Disease↗

PubMed1991

Naming speed deficits in reading disability: multiple measures of a singular process.

Speed of word identification is important in the theories of reading proposed by La Berge and Samuels (1974) and Perfetti (1985), and is substantially correlated with reading skill. However, there is controversy about whether disabled readers have a speed deficit that is restricted to the identification of printed words, or if instead, they have a more general speed deficit in retrieving names of even single digits. To investigate this issue, poor and average readers (N = 43) in grade 2 were assessed on several indices of speed of digit and letter naming, using both continuous-list and discrete-trial methodologies. MANCOVA indicated clear effects of reader group on discrete-trial latencies, as well as an interaction between reader group and the speed with which to-be-named items were presented. A series of hierarchical regression analyses explored the amount of shared variance between various measures of digit naming speed and five indices of reading skill. Latency for word identification shares considerable variance with latency for digit naming, and, in general, accounts for the shared variance of naming speed and several other measures of reading skill. Naming speed contributed variance in reading skill. Naming speed contributed variance in reading skill independently of measures of phonological awareness.

Attention↗

PubMed1986

Basic and subordinate level naming by agrammatic and fluent aphasic patients.

Agrammatic Broca's and fluent (Wernicke's and anomic) aphasics were asked to name objects depicted in outline drawings as a means of testing their ability to identify and to name objects at the basic (e.g., "chair") and subordinate (e.g., "beach chair") levels. Patients from both groups had difficulty producing subordinate names, but successfully conveyed subordinate level identifications using a variety of compensatory strategies. This report supports a separation of the naming process from the conceptual operations and structures needed to identify objects. In addition, the two aphasic groups used different strategies to circumvent their naming difficulties. Fluent patients sometimes conveyed subordinate level identifications without any mention of a basic name. Agrammatic patients in particular avoided use of pre-posed modifiers in their compensatory responses. The composition of most subordinate terms (modifier plus basic name) is discussed in relation to the normal naming process and how it is disrupted in aphasia.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

The effect of generic competition on the price of brand-name drugs.

BACKGROUND: Literature from the US has shown that brand-name manufacturers do not compete on price once generic competitors become available. This study was undertaken to investigate if this is also true in Canada. METHODS: Editions of the Ontario Drug Benefit Formulary were used to identify brand-name drugs that lacked generic competition in July 1990 but had acquired one or more generic competitors by December 1998. Prices of the brand-name drugs were compared before generic competition, at the point when generic competition started and subsequent to the initiation of competition. RESULTS: Price changes for 81 different products in 144 separate presentations were analysed. There was no statistically significant change in brand-name prices when generic competition started. The movement of brand-name prices was not influenced by whether the generic was made by the company producing the brand-name product or price freezes imposed by the Ontario government. When generics first became available having four or more generics was associated with a rise in the price of the brand-name drugs compared to having one, two or three generic competitor(s). INTERPRETATION: The lack of price competition may lead to increased costs in the private market. Private insurance companies generally do not require generic substitution and some provinces do not require generic substitution for cash-paying customers. Maintaining higher prices on brand-name drugs impacts on the prices of new patented medications coming onto the Canadian market under the current pricing guidelines of the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board.

Drug Costs↗

PubMed2005

Learning of letter names and sounds and their contribution to word recognition.

This study investigated knowledge of letter names and letter sounds, their learning, and their contributions to word recognition. Of 123 preschoolers examined on letter knowledge, 65 underwent training on both letter names and letter sounds in a counterbalanced order. Prior to training, children were more advanced in associating letters with their names than with their sounds and could provide the sound of a letter only if they could name it. However, children learned more easily to associate letters with sounds than with names. Training just on names improved performance on sounds, but the sounds produced were extended (CV) rather than phonemic. Learning sounds facilitated later learning of the same letters' names, but not vice versa. Training either on names or on sounds improved word recognition and explanation of printed words. Results are discussed with reference to cognitive and societal factors affecting letter knowledge acquisition, features of the Hebrew alphabet and orthography, and educational implications.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2006

Nitric oxide donors prevent while the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME increases arachidonic acid plus CYP2E1-dependent toxicity.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (AA) play an important role in alcohol-induced liver injury. AA promotes toxicity in rat hepatocytes with high levels of cytochrome P4502E1 and in HepG2 E47 cells which express CYP2E1. Nitric oxide (NO) participates in the regulation of various cell activities as well as in cytotoxic events. NO may act as a protectant against cytotoxic stress or may enhance cytotoxicity when produced at elevated concentrations. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the effect of endogenously or exogenously produced NO on AA toxicity in liver cells with high expression of CYP2E1 and assess possible mechanisms for its actions. Pyrazole-induced rat hepatocytes or HepG2 cells expressing CYP2E1 were treated with AA in the presence or absence of an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase L-N(G)-Nitroarginine Methylester (L-NAME) or the NO donors S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), and (Z)-1-[-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-aminoethyl)]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (DETA-NONO). AA decreased cell viability from 100% to 48+/-6% after treatment for 48 h. In the presence of L-NAME, viability was further lowered to 23+/-5%, while, SNAP or DETA-NONO increased viability to 66+/-8 or 71+/-6%. The L-NAME potentiated toxicity was primarily necrotic in nature. L-NAME did not affect CYP2E1 activity or CYP2E1 content. SNAP significantly lowered CYP2E1 activity but not protein. AA treatment increased lipid peroxidation and lowered GSH levels. L-NAME potentiated while SNAP prevented these changes. Thus, L-NAME increased, while NO donors decreased AA-induced oxidative stress. Antioxidants prevented the L-NAME potentiation of AA toxicity. Damage to mitochondria by AA was shown by a decline in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). L-NAME potentiated this decline in MMP in association with its increase in AA-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. NO donors decreased this decline in MMP in association with their decrease in AA-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. These results indicate that NO can be hepatoprotective against CYP2E1-dependent toxicity, preventing AA-induced oxidative stress.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

The role of sub-lexical orthography in naming: a performance and acoustic analysis.

Two experiments examined whether the duration of naming is sensitive to variables that influence pre-production processes. In Experiment 1 word naming produced longer durations than picture naming. Experiment 2 replicated this effect for low frequency items, but not for high frequency items. The results indicate that naming duration increases when conditions are likely to involve sub-lexical orthographic to phonological translation. The results are inconsistent with the proposition that input and output involve discrete or distinct information processing stages in naming where the whole response is planned in advance of response initiation. Rather, it is claimed that sub-lexical information about a printed word's pronunciation can be used to initiate a naming response before the whole response is fully prepared. The implications for models of word naming and the role of suprasegmental factors in naming are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Automatic perception and synaesthesia: evidence from colour and photism naming in a stroop-negative priming task.

It is widely assumed that synaesthetic perception is highly automatic, as shown by Stroop test. Furthermore, it has been shown that, although automatic, it can be suppressed leading to Negative Priming (NP). However, these assumptions have not been consistently investigated, as not many papers have measured Stroop in synaesthesia, and only one used a NP procedure. Two experiments were carried out in a female synaesthete (MA), and 13 control participants, in which numbers and letters were displayed in colours either congruent or incongruent with MA's photisms. In contrast to control participants, MA showed significant Stroop effect both when naming the colours and when naming the photisms (slower RT when naming a colour or photism that was incongruently coloured versus congruently coloured). For comparison, we also report a control experiment in which the first letters of colour names were displayed in either congruent (e.g., B in blue) or incongruent (e.g., B in red) colours. Significant Stroop and NP effects were found when a control group named the displayed colour of these letters. The synaesthesic Stroop effect shown by MA was greater than that observed in the Control Experiment when MA was to name the displayed colour, but smaller when she was to name the photism of the stimuli. Regarding NP, MA showed an effect similar to that observed in the Control Experiment, but only when she was to name the photisms of the stimuli. Altogether, these results show that synaesthetic perception is highly automatic and difficult to inhibit.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Gender affects naming latencies for living and nonliving things: implications for familiarity.

Recent studies indicate the presence of a gender-by-category interaction in the naming abilities of both Alzheimer's patients and normal subjects (Laiacona, Barbarotto and Capitani, 1998; McKenna and Parry, 1994). In particular, males appear to be better than females at naming nonliving things and females better at naming living things. Similarly, in a recent study of semantic fluency, males retrieved more names of tools than females and females more names of fruit than males (Capitani, Laiacona and Barbarotto, 1999). Such findings have important implications for our understanding of category-specific disorders. The current study examined the naming latencies of normal subjects to pictures of living and nonliving things. We confirm a gender-by category interaction across both subject and item, with females being slower than males to name nonliving things and males slower to name living things. This finding could not be explained by differential difficulty of items or differences in gender-based familiarity ratings.

Cognition↗

PubMed1992

Proper name anomia.

Following a left thalamic infarct, a patient showed a marked impairment in retrieving person proper names in response to faces and to verbal description, despite being able to provide precise information about the persons he could not name and to point to their photograph when the name was provided by the examiner. The patient was also impaired in generating proper names, but could easily retrieve common names as well as geographical names and names of monuments. It is hypothesized that the arbitrary nature of the link between proper names and their referents makes access of phonological forms from the semantic store particularly labile. In agreement with this interpretation is the patient's inability to recall telephone numbers and to learn semantically arbitrary paired associates.

Aged↗

PubMed1985

Repetitive naming and the detection of word retrieval deficits in the beginning reader.

The claim has been advanced that children with severe reading disability are generally deficient in word retrieval compared with normal readers. Support for the claim is based largely on studies of rapid naming of repetitively presented pictured objects or other nameable stimuli, a task which is apparently more sensitive to retrieval problems than the confrontation naming of items presented singly. The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is a general relationship between word retrieval speed and reading ability in beginning readers. Although such a relationship has not been detected with confrontation naming, repetitive naming may provide a more sensitive test. Accordingly, second-grade children were required to name as rapidly as possible repeated presentations of five pictured items drawn from a single category. Separate naming tests were made for objects, colors, animals, letters, and words. The results showed that there was no relationship between reading ability and naming times when the test items were selected from sets of objects, colors, or animals, whereas on letters and words, a significant relationship was found. The less-skilled readers were not, therefore, consistently slower in all repetitive naming situations. Instead their word retrieval deficits extended only to the orthographic materials.

Child↗

PubMed2003

Anomia for people names in DAT--evidence for semantic and post-semantic impairments.

Proper name anomia is a frequent finding among patients in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. The present study investigates naming of famous persons in a group of DAT patients, a group of persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy controls. The study is aimed at distinguishing the relative contributions of semantic and post-semantic factors to difficulties in proper name retrieval. As shown by a significantly lower score in answering semantic questions, DAT patients retrieve less biographical knowledge related to famous persons than healthy elderly subjects and persons with mild cognitive impairment. This finding is in line with the frequent observation of semantic deficits in early and moderate DAT. The high number of Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) answers in DAT found in relation to few spontaneously named items shows that post-semantic deficits are as important as semantic deficits in determining anomia for people names in DAT. Moreover, DAT patients were less sensitive to phonological cueing than healthy persons or persons with mild cognitive impairment. These findings suggest that proper name anomia in DAT is not only due to semantic deficits, but also to problems in accessing the phonological representation, as well as to a degradation of phonological representations. Thus, naming deficits in DAT differ not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively from the difficulties of healthy elderly persons. No significant differences were found between persons with mild cognitive impairment and healthy controls in proper name retrieval.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Response of Japanese patients to the change of department name for the psychiatric outpatient clinic in a university hospital.

There has long been controversy over the stigma associated with mental illness and psychiatric facilities. In Japan, the department name "Department of Psychiatry" (in Japanese, Seishin-ka) itself evokes the lay public's and psychiatric patients' feelings of stigma. This phenomenon may hamper psychiatric treatment of adequate duration and quality. On July 1st, 1999, the Juntendo University Hospital changed the department name from "Department of Psychiatry and Neurology" (in Japanese, Seishin-Shinkei-ka) to Mental Clinic, accompanied by an increased number of new outpatients, as reported previously. In the present study, we turn our attention to the opinions of those patients who have received treatment in the department under both names. Questionnaires asking for their opinions about the department names revealed that the majority have feelings of stigma associated with the name "Department of Psychiatry and Neurology." This result did not correlate with demographic factors or the length of psychiatric treatment. However, those who experienced psychiatric admission were significantly less uncomfortable with the name than those who did not. It was also revealed that the change in the name lessened their feelings of stigma and negative self-image as patients of a general hospital. These results suggest the importance of the name of the psychiatric department in general hospitals, in Japan, from therapeutic, psychosocial and ethical viewpoints.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Effect of orthographic and phonological similarity on false recognition of drug names.

Health professionals and patients tend to confuse drugs with similar names, thereby threatening patient safety. One out of four medication errors voluntarily reported in the US involves this type of drug name confusion. Cognitive psychology offers insight into how and why these errors occur. The objective of this investigation was to examine the effect of orthographic (i.e., spelling) and phonological (i.e., sound) similarity on the probability of making recognition memory errors (i.e., false recognitions). Prospective, computer-based, recognition memory experiments on 30 pharmacists and 66 college students were conducted. Participants viewed a study list of drug names and then a test list. The test list was twice as long as the study list and contained distractor names at progressively increasing levels of similarity to the study words. The task was to identify which test names were on study list and which were new. The main outcome measure was probability of making a false recognition error (i.e., of saying a new name was on the study list). Among pharmacists and college students, there was a strong and significant effect of similarity on the probability of making a false recognition error. It was concluded that both orthographic (i.e., spelling) and phonological (i.e., sound) similarity increase the probability that experts and novices will make false recognition errors when trying to remember drug names. Similarity is easily and cheaply measured, and therefore, steps should be taken to monitor and reduce similarity as a means of reducing the likelihood of drug name confusions.

Humans↗

PubMed2001

Different effects between 7-nitroindazole and L-NAME on cerebral hemodynamics and hippocampal lesions during kainic acid-induced seizures in newborn rabbits.

We examined the effects of 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) and N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on the endogenous nitric oxide (NO) production in vivo, cerebral hemodynamics, and hippocampal lesions to investigate the different roles between endothelial NOS (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) during kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures in newborn rabbits. After a pre-treatment with 7-NI (50 mg/kg, i.p.), L-NAME (20 mg/kg, i.v.) or saline (1 ml, i.v.), KA (12 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered. NO production in the brain, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), cerebral oxygenation (concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), deoxyhemoglobin (HbR), and total hemoglobin (tHb) in the brain tissue), and electroencephalography (EEG) were continuously monitored throughout the experiment lasting at least 60 min after the KA administration. There was a significant increase in NO generation in the brain during KA-induced seizures, which was inhibited by a pre-treatment with 7-NI or L-NAME. KA-induced seizures also increased rCBF significantly, which was inhibited not by 7-NI but by L-NAME. L-NAME pre-treatment caused a significant decrease in HbO2 and a significant increase in HbR during KA-induced seizures, compared with 7-NI and saline pre-treatment. EEG abnormalities and Neuronal damages in the hippocampus were significantly lower in 7-NI- and L-NAME-treated animals respectively, than in saline-treated animals. The present data demonstrated that the selective nNOS inhibitor, 7-NI, attenuated neither rCBF nor cerebral oxygenation during the seizures, while the non-selective NOS (nNOS and eNOS) inhibitor, L-NAME, attenuated both. These findings suggest that NO, probably originating from eNOS, may play an important role in the cerebral circulation. Both 7-NI and L-NAME inhibited the NO production and EEG abnormalities during the seizures that led to less damage to the hippocampus.

Animals↗