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Health screening.

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Aged↗
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Multiple screening.

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Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed2002

Objective evaluation of data in screening for disease.

BACKGROUND: In order to decide on the feasibility of screening for disease by laboratory testing, a number of assessments need to be made. The necessary procedures and statistical calculations are required for an objective evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of a laboratory test and of the potential for screening and of the data obtained from the screening. METHODS: The determination of reference intervals, is an essential first step in the evaluation of the performance of a laboratory test. The procedures and calculations are necessary for the determination of the sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic predictive value and receiver-operating characteristic curve of a test and their respective applications in laboratory screening for disease. The additional statistical tools include odds ratios and likelihood ratios for assessing the performance of a laboratory test. CONCLUSION: These tools are used in the development of an appropriate clinical decision limit in a defined population of subjects and under defined conditions for acceptable screening.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1978

[Prognosis of diabetes mellitus after an early diagnosis by means of glucosuria screening. Results of a 10 year course control].

The 10-year course of diabetes in 250 patients detected by glucosuria screening in 1963 was evaluated in an inter-individual pair comparison with patients from the same territory admitted during the same calendar year. Pairs were grouped according to age, sex, and weight. Judged by mortality, survival time, causes of death, and vascular complications, the medium-term prognosis was not improved by screening, although in the screening group a strict diet could be maintained to a greater extent. Problems of evaluation and effectiveness of mass examination in chronic diseases are discussed. Glucosuria and hyperglycemia do not suffice as screening criteria for the early recognition of the complex risk of arteriosclerosis in maturity onset diabetes. Multi-screening in groups with especially high diabetes risk is expected to yield higher effectiveness than the mass screening hitherto performed.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed1980

Multi-test screening and the chances of being normal.

Screening programs involve responsibility for appropriate action on abnormal test results. When multiple-test screening batteries are used, a simple probability formula is commonly used to predict the proportion of healthy individuals who will have one or more abnormal test results occur by chance alone. This formula is valid only when the assumptions upon which it rests are met in the population being tested. In many situations the assumptions are not met and the formula overestimates the occurrence of abnormal results in healthy populations. Data for three screening programs involving blood chemistry test batteries on 769 patients document this overestimate and its magnitude. Clinical judgment, not misapplied probability theory, should guide the physician's strategy in evaluating abnormal results of screening tests.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗