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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Modern thirty-day operative mortality for surgical resections in lung cancer.

Modern postoperative mortality rates for resectional operations for lung cancer are not readily available. In recent publications estimating the risk factors for surgical resection, mortality rates of 10% to 15% for pneumonectomy and 5% to 7% for lobectomy are frequently quoted. In order to determine modern operative mortality rates (up to 30 days postoperatively), the Lung Cancer Study Group (LCSG) analyzed the surgical mortality rates of the various participating centers during the years 1979 to 1981. A total of 2,200 resections for lung cancer were available for analysis. Of the 2,220 resections performed, 1,058 were lobectomies, 569 were pneumonectomies, and 143 were lesser resections (segmental or wedge). Eighty-one postoperative deaths occurred from among the 2,220 resections (3.7%). The mortality rate for pneumonectomy was 6.2% and for lobectomy, 2.9%. Lesser resections carried a 1.4% mortality rate, not statistically different from lobectomy. In patients under the age of 60 years, the mortality rate was 1.3%, 60 to 69 years, 4.1%, and over 70 years, 7.1%, all significantly different (p less than 0.01). The postoperative mortality rate for patients 70 years or older was 7.1% (pneumonectomy 5.9% and lobectomy 7.3%). It is obvious that greater care was taken in selection among the older pneumonectomy patients. The striking similarity of postoperative mortality rates for resectional operations for lung cancer among the various centers of the LCSG and among the various institutions within these centers suggest that these data are a reasonably accurate analysis of modern surgical mortality rates in the treatment of lung cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

[Cholecystectomy performed by macro- and modern mini-laparotomy].

The conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy is as already every day utilized method, the operation procedure is well developed and the instruments used allow a reliable operation. The cholecystectomy performed by minilaparotomy is not yet a widespread procedure, since there is no established method and the instruments needed are not readily available, as well as the fact that special complications' rates is not yet well known. In order to further elaborate on the procedure and to demonstrate it's true value, 710 micro- and modern minilaparotomies, without exclusion or selection, were analyzed and the operation procedures were then summarized. The operations were completed with microlaparotomy (smaller than 4 cm incisions) in 643 cases (90.6%) with modern minilaparotomies (4.1-6 cm) in 61 cases (8.6%), with conventional mini (6.1-10 cm), and the incisions longer than 10 cm with conventional laparotomies in 3-3 instances (0.4-0.4%). We performed a complete cholecystectomy in 97.2%, a longer cystic stumps was left in 1.7%, subtotal and partial cholecystectomies in 0.7% and 0.3% respectively. In 69 of the cases (9.7%) simultaneous choledocholithiasis was discovered and resolved. 21.2% of the operations were termed as difficult. 2/3 of the intra and postoperative complications as well as early reoperations occured in cases where they followed a delayed operation of obstructive cholecystitis. One patient was lost (0.14%) due to non-surgical complication. These experiences show that cholecystectomy performed by micro and modern minilaparotomy is a realistic alternatives to the conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Role and potentials of the pathologist in modern clinical gastroenterology. In memory of Prof. Géza Hetényi].

In the course of memorial lecture the author commemorates Professor Géza Hetényi. His synthetizering role is stressed, analysing the professor's views on the clinical and theoretical medicine, on the medical practice and teaching in the medicine. Author performs it from the points of view of practising pathologist who considered the clinical pathology as the most important. After these introductory thoughts the role of pathologist is outlined in the gastroenterological diagnostics. Before the introduction of modern fiberoptic endoscopy, the pathologist met with some forms of the gastroenterological diseases at most during the processing work of surgically removed specimens or even more in the autopsy room, but in the latter cases only their end stage could be demonstrated. The introduction of so-called blind exfoliative cytology by the gastric lavage was a great leap forward. Advanced gastric carcinoma were detected mostly by this method but some early gastric cancer could be also discovered occasionally. The more and more wide-spread use of modern fiberpotic endoscopy was of decisive importance because by this way the aimed forceps biopsy could be performed completed with a new form of gastric cytology, with abrasive smears. The specificity and sensitivity of the latter method achieves or surpasses the 90%. Nowadays, not only the stomach carcinomas but their possible precancerous conditions and changes as chronic gastritis can be diagnosed on morphological basis. The history of different gastritis classifications is also surveyed emphasised author's own pathogenetic conceptions which can be included well in our now accepted modern Sydney-classification.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Gastroenterology↗
PubMed1994

[The nature of hospitals and hospital review in the late Middle Ages and in early modern times].

The paper is to point out some characteristic facts on the medieval christian and early modern hospital, its hygienic situation, and its critique. Light will be thrown on the unhealthy effects of keeping cattle in the medieval town, on its problems with water supply and the removal of feces, on the challenges of pestilence and leprosy, and finally on the hygienic state of the early modern European hospital. The source for that will be the didactic picaresque novel "Landstörtzer: Gusman von Alfarche oder Picaro genannt" (1615) by the Jesuit pupil Aegidius Albertinus (1560-1620). Albertinus' novel shows that the early modern hospital sometimes was far from being a clean place, and that someone could catch something like a gastrointestinal disease or even the worse more easily in a hospital than elsewhere.

Europe↗
PubMed1995

Modernization of lifestyle, body fat content and body fat distribution: a comparison of Igloolik Inuit and Volochanka nGanasan.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two circumpolar populations at different stages in adoption of a modern lifestyle with respect to body fat content, fat distribution, blood lipids and blood pressures. DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparison between Inuit and nGanasan. SUBJECTS: 141 male and 107 female Inuit (aged 17-49 years) living in the modern settlement of Igloolik (69 degrees 40'N, 81 degrees W) and 38 male and 39 female nGanasan living a more traditional lifestyle in Volochanka (71 degrees N, 94 degrees E). MEASUREMENT: Triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses, chest and waist circumferences, blood pressures, plasma total cholesterol, plasma HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. RESULTS: Igloolik Inuit now have similar subcutaneous fat readings to their urban counterparts, average values increasing with age from 10 to 16 mm in males, and from 15 to 29 mm in females. In Volochanka, the men retain low readings (6-8 mm), but the women (13-25 mm) almost match their Inuit counterparts. Individual skinfolds, chest and waist circumferences all show substantial correlations with blood pressure (nGanasan > Inuit). The subscapular/triceps ratio is also high (Igloolik, 1.55 to 1.74 in men, 1.06 to 1.15 in women; Volochanka, 1.45 to 1.70 in men and 1.20 to 1.70 in women), but this ratio is only weakly correlated with plasma lipids and blood pressures. CONCLUSIONS: Internal fat deposition may reduce correlations between skinfolds and other cardiac risk factors. Nevertheless, the Inuit have accumulated fat in adopting a modern, sedentary lifestyle, with adverse implications for their future health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[We're moving closer and closer to the insane asylum...": Modern life and nervous system diseases by Johann CHristian Reil (1759-1813)].

Johann Christian Reil is usually portrayed as a pioneer in the realm of neuroanatomy and psychiatry, and as a pragmatic physician engaged in contemporary problems of social medicine and hygiene. In this article, the connection between these two fields of interest is focused: Reil's ideas on the relation between the "modern" way of life and the occurrence of diseases of the nervous system. The first part of the paper summarizes Reil's statements on the issue, as laid out e.g. in his "Ueber die Erkenntnis und Cur der Fieber" (1802), and in the "Rhapsodieen über die Anwendung der psychischen Curmethode auf Geisteszerrüttungen" (1803). The second part gives an outline of Reil's neurophysiological model of the interaction between the organ of the soul ("Seelenorgan") and the social environment. In the third part, Reil's conceptions of culture, civilisation, and history are investigated. For Reil, madness is not an alienation from reason, but from a postulated healthy state of nature which is located in the past. Modern life causes and steadily increases a contradiction between the needs of the body and those of the soul, resulting in a concomitant tension and irritability of the nerves. Modern culture is thus criticized for its potentially harmful effects on mental health. The balance between physical and mental activities, and the constitution of a decentralized state would be means to prevent the manifestation of the ensuing diseases.

Germany↗
PubMed1997

'1996' starting the modern era of biologics regulation: FDA's elimination of establishment licensure and other changes.

On May 14, 1996, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a new regulation eliminating the establishment licensure requirement for certain 'specified' biologics and expanded the definition of 'manufacturer' for biologic products in general. These regulatory changes are a significant change in the history of biologics regulation and are the logical culmination to the FDA's recent efforts to make modern biologics regulation conform to modern biologics technology. This regulation essentially placed modern biologics on an equal regulatory and commercial footing with traditional chemical drug products. Executives, legal counsel of biologics manufacturers, and researchers developing biologics need to review their regulatory strategies and commercial agreements in light of these extraordinary changes.

Biopharmaceutics↗
PubMed2002

[Historical review on treatment of head and neck cancer in modern medicine].

The summarization includes understandings of the etiological factors, evolution course of treatment of head and neck cancer in pre - modern era (1500 - 1900) and modern age, and the historical summary of head and neck cancer treatment in China, aiming at providing references for its further development through historical reviewing on its law summarized through 150 years of experience.

China↗
PubMed2003

[The "doctrine of signatures" and graphical technologies at the dawn of modernity].

The "Doctrine of signatures" occupies an important position in the scientific and medical thinking from the 16th century onwards. In a universe conceived as a vast system of correspondences, in particular between our world and God's will, the signatures are the visible marks of the purpose of divine creation. In therapeutic practices they indicate the virtues of plants by their resemblance to specific organs they are supposed to be able to cure. This Doctrine, like the medical practices it served, is often relegated to a pre-modern knowledge. Shifting the perspective from its doctrinal content to its practical applications in medical treatises, this article suggests that the graphical and scriptural treatment of signatures by Oswald Crollius (ca 1560-1609), Giovanni Battista Della Porta (1534-1615) and Wolfgang Ambrosius Fabricius (1653) allowed the invention of an instrument which, by formalising and systematising the correspondences between plants and organs, made possible a practical use in which metaphysical and religious justifications were not explicitly involved any more, precisely these justifications which resulted in confining this doctrine outside of modernity.

Europe↗
PubMed2004

[The role of imagination in modern medicine].

In Renaissance and early modern times, the concept of imagination (Latin imaginatio) was essential for the (natural) philosophical explanation of magic processes, especially in the anthropology of Paracelsus. He assumed that imagination was a natural vital power including cosmic, mental, phychical, and physical dimensions. The Paracelsians criticized traditional humor pathology ignoring their theory of' 'natural magic'. On the other hand, they were criticized by their adversaries as charlatans practicing 'black magic'. About 1800, in between enlightenment and romanticism, the healing concept of, animal magnetism' (Mesmerism) evoked an analogous debate, whether, magnetic' phenomena originated from a real (physical) power (so-called, fluidum') or were just due to fantasy or imagination (German Einbildungskraft). At the end of the 19th century, the French internist Hippolyte Bernheim created-against the background of medical hypnosis (hypnotism') as a consequence of Mesmerism - his theory of suggestion and autosuggestion: a new paradigm of psychological respectively psychosomatic medicine, which became the basis for the concept of, placebo' in modern biomedicine. From now on, all the effects of, alternative medicine' could easily be explained by the, placebo-effect', more or less founded - at least unconsciously - on fraud.

Europe↗
PubMed1994

The fate of idealism in modern medicine.

William Osler's description of the ideal physician remains the dominant character-ideal for modern physicians. He believed that the personality traits that resulted from a belief in ascetic Protestantism, what has been called the Puritan temper, were essential in the practice of medicine. However, this idealism has been weakened by modern psychological theories which view idealism as an illness. In a culture oriented to health, rather than virtue, as an ultimate ideal, physicians can help develop a science of limits.

Altruism↗
PubMed1996

Operational practice and the emergence of modern chemical concepts.

Both "early chemistry" and "modern concepts" are imprecise. The earliest references to the materials involved in metallurgy, painting, ceramics, and the like, reveal an awareness that one group of materials were called "salts" because of their similarities. I consider this a chemical "concept." Seeking another example I claim to have found it is the so-called "mineral acids." The evidence for the existence of this concept is cumulative during the period just before the emergence of "modern chemistry," of which it may be considered a cause. That evidence is particularly found in the literature of pharmacy and of medicine, both of which belong to the practical arts.

Chemistry↗
PubMed1998

Explaining the modern mortality decline: what can we learn from sea voyages.

During the past two decades, scholars have attempted to quanify the mortality at sea of a large number of seaborne populations. We now have estimates of death rates associated with over 13,000 voyages between 1497 and the First World War. These include voyages of Portuguese and Dutch travellers to Asian destinations; African slaves, European convicts, and free emigrants to the Americas; British convicts to Australia; British government-assisted emigrants to South Africa and Australia; and African, Indian, Chinese, and Pacific Islander indentured labourers to various destinations in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean regions. Whereas the death rate on slave voyages did not decline over time, the death rate of young adults and older children on non-slave voyages plummeted in the early-to-middle nineteenth century, preceding the modern mortality decline on land. Yet, the infant death rate of babies who embarked, or who were born at sea, although steadily declining, remained very much higher than infant mortality on land. The reduction in infant maritime mortality, which lagged well behind that of voyaging adults and children, thus mirrors the difficulty in reducing infant death rates on land. This paper surveys the recent literature on mortality at sea, drawing implications for our understanding of the modern mortality decline on land.

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMed2004

Drinking, family relations, and authority in early modern Germany.

The ideal of orderly family life in early modern Germany did not exclude drinking. In fact, drinks shared at the family table were closely tied to early modern notions of the marital bond and were also a necessary component of normal work relations. Drinking became a problem only when it threatened the stability of the household. The amount of alcohol involved in such cases might be as little as one drink if the circumstances were unsuitable. On the other hand, drinking that would by our standards be viewed as excessive or chronic could be considered acceptable . Even during and immediately after the period of Reformation, when polemical and prescriptive literature addressing the household was dominated by the problem of sin, drunkenness was rarely treated as a spiritual issues. The primary concern of both authorities and populace was not to protect the health or the rights of individuals but to protect the sanctity of the household and the stability of the community.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2003

Modernization in GUM/HIV services: what does it mean?

Genitourinary medicine services are expected to modernize in order to meet the needs of the NHS in the 21st century. Although increased funding is essential, there is a need for services to look at new ways of delivering care in order to deal with the increasing rate of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV in the community. This must include a review of skill-mix and roles. Some changes may appear to lower the quality of service. There must be auditing of changes to ensure that standards are not lowered. A short-lived working group was put together at the request of the RCP joint specialty committee for GUM consisting of representatives from diverse GUM clinics which have all been involved in extensive modernization of their service in order to meet demand. This report does not hold all the answers but provides suggestions for clinics wishing to initiate change. Changes must be appropriate to the local population and access pressures. More extreme measures may only be appropriate in the most severely stretched clinics and with consideration of measuring outcomes.

Female↗
PubMed1988

The distaff and the staff: stereotypes and archetypes of the older woman in representative modern literature.

Belles-lettres, dealing with what it means to be human, serve to expose stereotypes, strip them away, and reveal the truth behind the misconceptions, often in terms of archetypes. An all-too-common subject of stereotyping is the aging of women. Much modern fiction and poetry cogently exposes such demeaning stereotypes. References to twenty-five representative poems and nine works of fiction by thirty-five modern authors (American, British, Australian, French) demonstrate that the elderly woman often survives with dignity, even nobility, in a society often insensitive to her plight, that she often ages with grace, retaining her independence, fortitude, and passion for life.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

The modernization of old age in France: approaches through history.

Increasing work on the history of old age allows attention to some key conceptual issues, relevant also for gerontological perspective. Change over time must be characterized in terms of periodization, and possibly in terms of direction and causation as well. Historians are increasingly aware of the exaggerations in the conventional view of the advantages of old age in preindustrial Western society, given strong economic and cultural liabilities. Industrialization brought change, and probably some deterioration, but not a massive overturning, for the elderly were sheltered from some key economic shifts, while a traditional cultural pessimism about old age actually became more serviceable. Only when the attitudes of old people and about old age began to modernize, during the first half of the twentieth century in France and in the United States, was a decisively new historical period staked out, with changes in residential/household patterns and the development of retirement policy combining additionally toward this chronological break. Comparative differences in the modern history of old age in France and in the United States also highlight the importance of cultural factors in the basic position of the elderly. Although the directions of economic and demographic change were similar in the two countries, prior cultural differences continued to have an impact, revealed for example in medical practices toward the elderly. Tentatively, the, the causal importance of attitudes about old age can be posited.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Islamic world view and modern science.

The author in this article marks various factors that have motivated Muslims to adopt science and technology. In the earlier days the interest of Muslims in science and technology was due to their intellectual necessity to consolidate political independence. But their interest in science has increased today because of its being considered as the most potent means for global domination. Most of the Muslims emulate science without any critical evaluation. They are impervious to the wisdom that science offers and hence increases the depth of understanding of God's sign (ayat) and His art of creation. The author also urged Muslims to realize the devastating consequences caused by the unethical use of modern science. To him such a science that accelerates mass destruction and moral degeneration is opposed to the Islamic science which is based not on reason alone but also on revelation that promotes peace and harmony, and helps mankind to live at peace. The link that has been advocated today between science and ethics by some western writers is most deceptive and incredible, because that link primarily corresponds to a worldview which has been supplanted by that of modern science. Contrary to this the harmony between science and Islam cultivated by Muslims of over a millenium leads to the omnipotence and omniscence of God and guarantees welfare for the whole human kind.

History, Modern 1601-↗