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PubMed2003

Purification and characterization of a new ribonuclease from fruiting bodies of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus.

A ribonuclease (RNase), possessing an N-terminal sequence disparate from those of ribonucleases from other mushrooms and previously isolated Pleuotus ostreatus RNases, was purified from the fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. The N-terminal sequence of Pleurotus ostreatus RNase did not manifest homology even to a previously reported RNase from the same mushroom. The ribonuclease was adsorbed on CM-Sepharose and Mono S. It exhibited a molecular mass of 12 kDa in both sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration on Superdex 75. The ribonuclease displayed an activity of 11490 U/mg on yeast tRNA. The highest ribonuclease activity was exhibited toward poly U, followed by poly A and poly C. No activity was shown toward poly G. The optimal pH for its activity was 7 and the optimal temperature was 55 degrees C. It inhibited cell-free translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate with an IC50 of 240 nM.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Antimicrobial activity of two wild mushrooms Clitocybe alexandri (Gill.) Konr. and Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) T.M. Fries collected from Turkey.

Two edible wild mushrooms, namely Clitocybe alexandri (Gill.) Konr. (Tricholomataceae) and Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) T.M. Fries (Rhizopogonaceae), collected from the southwest of Turkey, were tested for their antimicrobial activity by using the disc diffusion method. The ethanol, methanol, diethyl ether, water, ethylacetate and n-hexane extracts from the fruit bodies of mushrooms were assayed against 13 microorganisms. In comparison with the test antibiotics penicillin, novobiocin, nalidixic acid and ampicillin, the methanol extract obtained from the two mushrooms presented significant activity against E. coli, Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter aerogenes. On the other hand, the ethylacetate extract from C. alexandri was found to be active against Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas the ethanol extract of Rhizopogon roseolus was active against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This research has shown that various extracts obtained from two macrofungi could be used in vitro to inhibit the growth of some important bacteria and fungi.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2002

Mushroom-derived preparations in the prevention of H2O2-induced oxidative damage to cellular DNA.

Aqueous extracts of the sporophores of eight mushroom species were assessed for their ability to prevent H2O2-induced oxidative damage to cellular DNA using the single-cell gel electrophoresis ("Comet") assay. The highest genoprotective effects were obtained with cold (20 degrees C) and hot (100 degrees C) water extracts of Agaricus bisporus and Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies, respectively. No protective effects were observed with Mushroom Derived Preparations (MDPs) from Flammulina velutipes, Auricularia auricula, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus sajor-caju, and Volvariella volvacea. These findings indicate that some edible mushrooms represent a valuable source of biologically active compounds with potential for protecting cellular DNA from oxidative damage.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2001

Isolation of pleuturegin, a novel ribosome-inactivating protein from fresh sclerotia of the edible mushroom Pleurotus tuber-regium.

A ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) designated pleuturegin, which inhibited translation in a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte lysate system with an IC50 of 0.5 nM, was purified from fresh sclerotia of the edible mushroom Pleurotus tuber-regium. Pleuturegin was distinguished from most plant and previously reported mushroom RIPs in that it was adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and unadsorbed on SP-Sepharose, although all of them were adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel. Pleuturegin demonstrated an N-terminal sequence that was different from those of RIPs from Flammulina velutipes (flammulin and velutin), Hypsizygus marmoreus (hypsin), and Lyophyllum shimeji (lyophyllin), the only mushroom RIPs with known N-terminal sequences. The molecular mass of pleuturegin was 38 kDa, similar to that of flammulin (40 kDa) but considerably larger than those of velutin (13.8 kDa), hypsin (20 kDa), and lyophyllin (20 kDa). Pleuturegin was devoid of ribonuclease activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1994

Normal function of the mushroom body defect gene of Drosophila is required for the regulation of the number and proliferation of neuroblasts.

In the developing central nervous system of Drosophila, proliferation follows a reproducible and well-described spatial and temporal pattern. This pattern involves a defined number and distribution of neural stem cells (neuroblasts), as well as a precisely regulated time course of division of these neuroblasts. We show that mutations in the mushroom body defect (mud) gene interfere with the regulation of this pattern in a rather specific manner. In the abdominal neuromeres a subset of neuroblasts prolongs the period of proliferation. Additional daughter cells persist into the imago. Similar defects are expressed in the anterior ventral nerve cord and in the lateral central brain region. In the mushroom body cortex, however, mutations in mud affect the proliferation pattern by increasing the number of neuroblasts. These additional neuroblasts behave like normal mushroom body neuroblasts according to their time course of proliferation and the specification of their progeny.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Radioactive and conventional pollutants accumulated by edible mushrooms (Boletus sp.) are useful indicators of species origin.

Concentrations of artificial radionuclides and trace elements in Boletus samples collected in different areas of the world were detected, respectively, by gamma spectrometry and neutron activation analysis. The particular commercial value of Boletus edulis, B. aestivalis, and B. pinophilus from the Taro Valley (Parma, Italy) has often stimulated local factories to trade edible Boletus imported from several areas of the world as the real Taro Valley mushroom. Starting from this evidence, the calculation of the Chernobyl radioactive contamination in the mushrooms coupled with the presence of particular stable elements and their concentration factors has been demonstrated to be a potential useful tool for identifying the real origin of the samples. In fact, major differences in the radiocesium activity levels and trace element presence were observed even in mushrooms collected in nearby valleys. The radiometric data are supported by the statistical analysis. In particular, both the principal component analysis and the concentration distribution along a regression line support the idea of two different clusters: one referred to the "king boletus" of the Taro Valley and another one to the other conspecific samples from different ecosystems.

Agaricales↗

PubMed1996

The Agaricus bisporus hypA gene encodes a hydrophobin and specifically accumulates in peel tissue of mushroom caps during fruit body development.

Differential screening of a cDNA library was used to clone genes that are specifically expressed during mushroom development in the basidiomycete Agaricus bisporus. One of the isolated genes encodes a polypeptide of 112 amino acid residues and belongs to the fungal gene family encoding hydrophobins. This gene, hypA, has the characteristic pattern of eight cysteine residues at conserved positions and a hydrophobicity pattern that is very similar to class I hydrophobins. Elucidation of the genomic structure of hypA led to the identification of a second copy, hypC, located downstream of hypA. Although at a much lower level, hypC is like hypA specifically expressed on fruit bodies. The hypA mRNA level is transiently increased ten days after fruit body induction and expression appears to be associated with rapid expansion of the mushroom caps. In mushroom caps, very high concentrations of hypA messengers were found in the (outer) peel tissue, where they accumulate to more than 60% of the total mRNA mass. The corresponding protein with a molecular mass of 8 to 9 kDa was purified from this peel tissue and was identified by N-terminal sequencing. Our results suggest that HYPA forms a protective hydrophobic layer instrumental in cap formation.

Agaricus↗

PubMed1981

[Cadmium intake from wild mushrooms (author's transl)].

The recommendation of the Federal Health Office with regard to the consumption of wild mushrooms is based on the preliminary permissible intake of cadmium published by WHO, whereby an absorption rate of 5% has been assumed. There are no data published on the availability in the digestive tract of the cadmium accumulated in mushrooms. Therefore the above mentioned absorption rate adopted by WHO has to be taken into account in preventive public health measures. High cadmium contents in feces after rather high consumption of wild mushrooms have therefore to be taken as an indication of excessive cadmium uptake.

Absorption↗

PubMed1996

Three edible wild mushrooms from Nigeria: their proximate and mineral composition.

The pilei (caps) and the stipes (stalks) of the button and early open-cap (cup) stages of Lentinus subnudus, Psathyrella atroumbonata and Termitomyces striatus were assayed separately for their proximate and mineral composition. The differences observed in the contents of some of the proximate components seem to be related to species and mushroom parts. P. atroumbonata was richest in crude and true protein, L. subnudus was richer in crude fiber, ash and carbohydrates. Mineral contents appeared to be dependent on type and parts of the mushrooms analysed. The three mushrooms were good sources of magnesium, zinc and iron. L. subnudus contained between 14.83 and 20.00 ppm of iron, P. atroumbonata contained between 20.01 and 22.09 ppm and T. striatus contained between 17.13 and 22.93 ppm of iron. The pilei of P. atroumbonata and T. striatus are very good sources of zinc. Zinc contents for the pilei of P. atroumbonata were 63.81 and 64.94 ppm respectively. Zinc contents for T. striatus were 90.45 and 92.49 ppm respectively.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMed1975

[Lead-contents in mushrooms (author's transl)].

The lead-contents of canned and fresh mushrooms were analyzed by photometric determination after dry ashing and dithizone extraction. The average lead-content was found to be 0.49 ppm with extreme values of 0.10--1.0 ppm on fresh-weight basis resp. 5.5 ppm (2.0--13.5 ppm) on dry-weight basis. It appears that lead content increases with the size (age) of the mushrooms; the influence of canning upon the lead content is not yet finally clear, it seems, however, as if canning process has a lesser influence on the lead content than the size (age) of mushrooms.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMed1995

[Mineral and amino acid contents of edible, cultivated shii-take mushrooms (Lentinus edodes)].

World wide about 200,000 tons of shii-take mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) are produced per year. Different positive biological effects are known (anticarcinogenic, anticholesterol, immunostimulating effects), but the mineral contents and amino acid composition of caps and stipes are still little investigated. The concentrations of minerals are in general lower than those in the cultivated white mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and in the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). The greatest differences are found in the concentrations of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, copper, strontium, manganese and zinc. The concentrations are higher in caps than in stipes. The total amino acid content is 15.24% in caps and 11.35% in stipes (dry matter) and thus in general half of the concentration of cultivated champignon. The amounts of Phe, Gly, His, Arg, Ile and Met are relative higher than in Agaricus fruit bodies.

Agaricales↗

PubMed1994

[Potassium content of edible wild mushrooms].

The average potassium content of edible higher mushroom species is 34,35 g/kg-1 dry matter (SD: 12,91) and thus an important and valuable K-source for human diet. The K-concentration of mushrooms is relatively constant. An accumulation of potassium in the mushroom samples analysed was not found. This fact is confirmed by the results of other authors, too.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMed1986

Uptake of natural and man-made radionuclides by lichens and mushrooms.

Due to the large absorbing surface of the mycelium that grows in the upper parts of the soil mushrooms take up higher amounts of 137Cs and 40K than lichens. Besides these nuclides only the long-lived radionuclides 125Sb and 60Co could be measured; but not the short-lived fission-products 144Ce, 95Zr and 95Nb which probably decayed before absorption into the mycelium. These nuclides, however, are present in lichens because of their surface structures which enable high foliar deposition. The 137Cs-content of lichens is probably due to absorption by the mycobiont and seems to be used to satisfy their potassium-requirements. Mushrooms on the other hand are characterized by a relatively stable potassium-content and a wide ranging 137Cs-content which depends on the availability in different substrates. Occasionally the natural radionuclides 238U and 226Ra could be detected in mushroom and lichen samples, showing no correlation with the natural radionuclide content of the soil.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMed1977

Selenium content of mushrooms.

The selenium contents of 83 species of wild mushrooms were determined by oxygen combustion of the sample, followed by conversion of selenite to bromopiazselenol and final estimation by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Selenium concentration were found to range from 0.012-20.0 mg/kg dry weight. Selenium content was species-dependent. High concentrations were found in Agaricaceae and in certain Boletaceae of the genus Tubiporus, whereas in Russulaceae, Amanitaceae and Cantharellaceae selenium-rich species were absent or rare. Ascomycetes and all mushrooms growing on wood had a very low selenium content. The highest selenium concentrations (up to 20 ppm) were found in Boletus (Tubiporus) edulis, a most popular edible mushroom. Analyses of various parts of carpophores of B. edulis, Suillus luteus and Amanita muscaria indicate that in all three species the stalk contains less selenium than the fleshy part of the cap. In Boletus and Suillus the highest selenium content was found in the tubes.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMed1996

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) reduces the production and secretion of very low density lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) reduced the production and secretion of nascent very low density lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemic rats. In male Wistar rats (initial body weight about 70 g) fed a semisynthetic diet with 0.3% of cholesterol, the addition of 5% of powdered oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) to the diet reduced after 8 weeks the level of serum cholesterol (by 36%) and accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in liver (by 51 and 32%, respectively). The decreased levels of serum cholesterol were caused to the same extent by reduction of cholesterol content in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and in low density lipoproteins (LDL) (by 53 and 47%, respectively). Biosynthesis of all structural lipids of VLDL (phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides) in liver and incorporation of de novo synthesized lipids into secreted nascent VLDL (measured by simultaneous application of Na-acetate-1-14 C and Triton WR 1339 which inhibits peripheral lipolysis) was reduced by application of diet with oyster mushroom.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

[Determination of the bioavailability of cadmium in mushrooms in a feeding experiment with rats; relevance for man].

A pulverized mixture of Agaricus species known to accumulate cadmium, mixed 15:85 with standard rat diet, was fed to a group of growing rats. The mixture contained 3.87 micrograms Cd/g dry weight. A control group received the standard rat diet alone (0.08 microgram Cd/g). During the feeding period of 6 weeks the animals of both groups excreted about 90% of the ingested cadmium in the faeces. In comparison to the control group, the experimental group accumulated much more cadmium in liver, kidneys, and remaining carcass. While it is concluded that the bioavailability of cadmium contained in mushrooms is not less than that of cadmium contained in other feeds and foods, most mushroom species do not contain more cadmium than other vegetables. In humans the average cadmium intake from the total diet is considerably below the tolerable level. Generalized warnings against consumption of mushrooms are therefore not considered necessary.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

[Cadmium and copper concentrations in feces, urine and blood after ingestion of wild mushrooms].

Because of concern about possible long-term accumulation of cadmium caused by the ingestion of wild mushrooms of the agaricus species we collected feces, urine and blood of eight subjects who had eaten meals of wild (agaricus) mushrooms. The anticipation of high concentrations of fecal cadmium after the diet was confirmed, whereas no increase was found in the levels of cadmium in blood and urine. These results suggest that due to the chitinous nature of fungi there may be no relevant absorption of cadmium from mushrooms in humans.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Pheromone communication and the mushroom body of the ant, Camponotus obscuripes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Communication by means of pheromones plays predominant roles in colony integration by social insects. However, almost nothing is known about pheromone processing in the brains of social insects. In this study, we successfully applied intracellular recording and staining techniques to anatomically and physiologically characterize brain neurons of the ant Camponotus obscuripes. We identified 42 protocerebral neurons that responded to undecane and/or formic acid, components of alarm pheromones that evoke attraction or evasive behavior, respectively. Notably, 30 (71%) of these neurons were efferent (output) or feedback neurons of the mushroom body, and many of these exhibited different responses to formic acid and undecane. Eight of the remaining 12 neurons had arborizations in the lateral and/or medial protocerebrum, which receive terminations of efferent neurons of the mushroom body and from which premotor descending neurons originate. The remaining four neurons were bilateral neurons that connect lateral accessory lobes or dorsal protocerebrums of both hemispheres. We suggest that the mushroom body of the ant participates in the processing of alarm pheromones. Seventeen (40%) of 42 neurons exhibited responses to nonpheromonal odors, indicating that the pheromonal and nonpheromonal signals are not fully segregated when they are processed in the protocerebrum. This may be related to modulatory functions of alarm pheromones, i.e., they change alertness of the ant and change responses to a variety of sensory stimuli.

Alkanes↗