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PubMed1986

Utility of the MMPI Pain Assessment Index in predicting outcome after lumbar surgery.

A Pain Assessment Index (PAI), computed from a weighted combination of MMPI scales scores, has been developed to assess a pain patient's tendency toward continued pain complaints after surgery (Smith & Duerksen, 1979). This study examined the ability of the PAI, determined from presurgery MMPIs, to predict outcome subsequent to lumbar laminectomy and discectomy. One hundred and six chronic low back pain patients (61 males, 45 females) were categorized as having good, fair, or poor outcome 1 year or more postsurgery. Using the cutting score proposed by Smith and Duerksen (1979), the PAI correctly classified 79% of the subjects as having good or fair/poor outcome, and 87% as to whether they were working at follow-up. However, the MMPI Hypochondriasis (HS) scale alone correctly predicted the overall outcome of 83% and the work status of 81% of the subjects. The PAI (and, to a lesser extent, the HS and Hysteria [HY] scales of the MMPI) were found to have good ability to identify patients who were doing well after surgery, but low power in predicting which patients would have a fair or poor surgical result.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of MMPI clinical scale and critical item changes of adult outpatients and parents of child psychiatry outpatients during the 1970s.

The present investigation is a replication of the Holmes, Sabalis, Chestnut, and Khoury (1984) study of MMPI critical item endorsement changes and MMPI clinical scale shifts in the parents of children seen at the William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute, Columbia, South Carolina during the 1970s. The current study evaluates MMPIs (N = 749) of adult, female, and male psychiatric outpatients seen during the 1970s. The general MMPI changes observed in the adult psychiatric outpatient population were not similar to those changes seen in the parent population. However, an important specific change on the Masculine/Feminine Scale for the adult outpatients was discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

MMPI overreporting by Vietnam combat veterans.

The MMPI-PTSD scale is the only psychometric measure that has been cross-validated on Vietnam veterans for the determination of PTSD. Despite this, there may be problems with this scale related to symptom exaggeration. Three groups of Vietnam inpatients (N = 75) were defined carefully by both clinical and actuarial methods--PTSD combat, Non-PTSD combat, and Non-combat. This study applied symptom exaggeration methods based on the MMPI obvious/subtle items and on the F scale to these groups. Results show that all the items of this scale are either obvious or neutral, that a carefully distinguished PTSD group differentially responds to these obvious and neutral items relative to other inpatient Vietnam groups, and that the F scale is exaggerated by the PTSD group. In addition, a separate analysis on an independent sample of 50 combat and 50 non-combat Vietnam veterans showed that the combat group endorsed the obvious items on selected scales by 20 T score points at higher rates than other groups. Caution in the use of the MMPI-PTSD scale is discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Key determinants of the MMPI-PTSD subscale: treatment considerations.

Seventy-five "in country" Vietnam combat psychiatric inpatients were given a battery of measures upon admission to the medical center. These included the MMPI, VETS Adjustment Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Scale, Rotter Locus of Control, Profile of Mood Scale, and a variation of the Figley Stress Scale that measures current stress. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was determined by the MMPI-PTSD subscale. Ten of the battery variables were used as predictors for a multiple regression analysis on the MMPI-PTSD subscale. Results yielded a multiple R of .89 for two predictors, Figley Stress Scale and Rotter Locus of Control (external). Patients with PTSD, therefore, suffer most from perceived and experienced current stressors and a low sense of control. Arguments are made for more present-centered and interpersonal strategies in the treatment of PTSD combat veterans.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

MMPI and intelligence correlates: assessment of relationships via multivariate analyses.

The relationships among MMPI scales and four different intellectual ability tests were studied. The subjects, 201 females and 1,429 males, performed four ability tests and the MMPI successively, in one continuous session. The findings indicated relatively low levels of Pearson and canonical correlations. However, regression analyses, in which the 10 MMPI clinical scales were employed as predictors and the 4 ability tests as predicted variables, yielded 18% to 37% of explained variance, with significant differences in patterns of equations between genders. The results are discussed briefly as related to objectives of research that concern the relationships between personality measures and intellectual ability indices.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

MMPI profiles of chronic pain patients: some methodological considerations that concern clusters and descriptors.

Significant methodological problems in the identification of MMPI subtypes in patients with chronic pain are addressed, and some illustrative data are offered. Particular attention is given to the selection of MMPI predictor data, determination of membership in a subtype, and the selection of nontest descriptors. Some recommendations for improving the predictive validity of statements about the personality and behavioral characteristics of patients with chronic pain from the MMPI are made.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1987

A new look for the old MMPI scales: contemporary norms for the Augmented Purdue Subscales.

Content scales for the MMPI continue to hold considerable interest for clinicians. On the basis of a critique of prior research in this area, a new set of content-homogeneous subscales, the Augmented Purdue Subscales (APS), were developed for the basic MMPI scales. Norms for the APS then were derived from the MMPI response patterns of a large, randomly selected sample of contemporary normal persons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

MMPI personality type and cognitive flexibility as determined by the Weigl Color-Form Sorting Test in psychiatric patients.

The relationship of cognitive flexibility with MMPI personality type, age, education, and IQ was investigated for a sample of 41 psychiatric inpatients. Cognitive flexibility was measured by the Weigl Color-Form Sorting Test. An index for measuring divergent thinking behavior was obtained from determining the similarity of their admission MMPI profiles to a MMPI prototype profile for divergent (psychotic) ideation using the formula: Divergent thinking = PA + PT + SC - L - K. Results showed that in this sample, cognitive flexibility was related significantly and inversely to the level of divergent thinking (p = .02), but was unrelated to IQ test scores. Supplemental analyses indicated that the level of divergent thinking may mask the established relationship of cognitive flexibility with age and education.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The relationship between the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and the MMPI in a private outpatient mental health clinic population.

The concurrent validity of the MCMI as compared to the MMPI was assessed by administering both tests to 106 newly admitted outpatients and calculating the intercorrelations between these two tests. Of the 20 MCMI scales, 12 were found to correlate with the MMPI in a manner that suggested that they do measure some degree of personality dysfunction, emotional disturbance, or specific psychological symptomatology. Eight of the MCMI scales failed to show correlations that would indicate that they effectively measure any of the pathological personality characteristics or clinically significant symptom patterns known to be measured by the MMPI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Cluster analytically derived MMPI profile subgroups of incarcerated adult rapists.

Sex offenders are known to be heterogeneous in their patterns of personality functioning and behavior. The present study conducted a multivariate cluster analysis on the MMPIs of 120 incarcerated adult male rapists. The analysis resulted in the identification of five MMPI profile subgroups. Additional differences among subgroups were identified in the circumstances of the crime and responses to the Multiphasic Sex Inventory. Levels of psychopathology, as indicated by the MMPI, ranged from slight to extreme. Results are discussed with reference to previous MMPI research with sex offenders. Suggestions for future research are offered.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Replicated item level factor structure of the MMPI: racial and sexual differences.

Item-level factor studies of the MMPI date back to the work of Comrey (1957). Surprisingly, there are no extant studies of the items that clinicians use most in the course of daily MMPI interpretive reporting, namely, the 399 x 399 matrix that represents all of the items that comprise the traditional clinical and validity scales. Furthermore, there are no prior studies with adequate Ns that have examined the replicability of MMPI factor structure via available factor comparison techniques (Harman, 1976). In this study, 20,000 MMPIs were factored by the principal components method, followed by Varimax rotations of 6 through 25 factors. The coefficient of congruence was used to compare the factor structures of randomly divided subsamples, as well as males vs. females and Blacks vs. Whites. Differences in factor structure were found, and suggestions are made with regard to the significance of these findings in clinical and applied settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The utility of MMPI subtle, obvious scales for detecting fake good and fake bad response sets.

The MMPI was administered twice to 40 graduate students to determine the utility of the Weiner subtle and obvious scales (D, HY, PD, PA, MA) for estimating how fake good and fake bad response sets might influence full scale scores. The first time, the MMPI was administered under standard conditions. Subjects then were divided randomly into two groups: fake good (complete MMPI for job application) and fake bad (qualify for psychotherapy). There were significant multivariate test effects (standard vs. response set) for the raw scores of all five obvious, subtle, and full scales. However, when raw scores were converted to T scores to ascertain practical significance, the obvious scales appeared to provide the most useful information to enhance the interpretation of full scale scores in normal populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Methodological variations in the use of the MMPI for diagnosis of borderline personality disorder among alcoholics.

Methodological variations in the scoring and interpretation of the MMPI and their effects on discrimination between borderline and non-borderline personality disordered alcoholics were investigated. Subjects were 49 male and female inpatient alcoholics in an Icelandic psychiatric hospital. Gunderson's Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test were used to diagnose borderline personality disorder and alcoholism, respectively. Scoring and interpretation of the MMPI were varied in terms of the use and non-use of high F-scale profiles, and their impact on the frequency of various code types among borderline and non-borderline personality disordered alcoholics was considered. It was found that such methodological variations do not affect the frequency of some profile types, and, consequently, the discrimination between the diagnostic groups. Studies and coding systems should consider methodological variations in the scoring and interpretation of MMPI profiles and their consequent effects on diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Use of the MMPI to uncover histories of childhood abuse in adult female psychiatric patients.

Psychiatric hospital records of 182 adult females were reviewed to determine feasibility of using the MMPI to uncover repressed histories of childhood abuse. Charts with MMPI profiles that met the standard and extended Scarlett O'Hara V configurations were examined for histories of childhood sexual or physical abuse and exposure to parental alcoholism. Findings were compared with a representative sample of control patients who did not have Scarlett O'Hara V configurations. Results showed that the MMPI can help detect adults who as children were sexually or nonsexually abused, or had alcoholic caretakers, or a combination of the above.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The MMPI and premenstrual syndrome: profile fluctuations between best and worst times during the menstrual cycle.

The MMPI was administered during the patient-perceived best time of the menstrual cycle and during the patient-perceived worst time of the cycle in order to examine the stability of MMPI profile configurations. Subjects were 214 women who were referred to two metropolitan outpatient premenstrual syndrome (PMS) clinics for moderate to severe premenstrual complaints. This sample was selected from 1,849 intake files after screening by strict selection criteria for PMS. The results indicate that there are wide fluctuations in profile patterns between the best and worst times of the menstrual cycle for a large number of patients. Caution in using the MMPI is strongly advised.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

When does a difference make a difference? MMPI scores and African-Americans.

The group difference MMPI literature relevant to African-Americans was reexamined for major methodological issues including the criteria used for ethnic/racial group membership and socieconomic status. These issues are of sufficient magnitude to question the traditional scientific methods used in MMPI research and the current interpretations of African-American MMPI profiles. This cultural variance can be identified in item content and consistent scale elevations for African-American samples. The magnitude of cultural variance has been found to vary across samples. Recent empirical data indicate that such variance may be appreciable and significant for African-Americans who are in process of realizing a distinct cultural identity as evidenced by racial consciousness and moderator variables.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1991

Depression and personality disorder: differential diagnosis with the MMPI.

This study assessed the effectiveness of the MMPI in differentiating four clinically relevant types of depression. MMPI profiles of 53 subjects with major depression and personality disorder, 44 subjects with other depression and personality disorder, 27 subjects with major depression without personality disorder, and 20 subjects with other depression without personality disorder were compared via MANOVA, high-point pair analysis, and discriminant analysis. The instrument was found somewhat effective in differentiating the groups at a statistically significant level, but the differences were too subtle to be considered clinically useful. Thus, while the MMPI has some usefulness in the differential diagnosis of depression, it is best used in conjunction with other test data and relevant historical data.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1991

Mothers of sexually abused children: an MMPI study.

Thirty-seven mothers of sexually abused children were contrasted with 41 mothers who were receiving outpatient psychotherapy and with 76 women with no history of psychiatric disturbance on the MMPI. The groups were matched on age and socioeconomic status, and significant between-group differences were noted. Outpatients and mothers of sexually abused children were significantly more elevated than the normal comparison group on the majority of the scales. Mothers of sexually abused children differed from psychiatric outpatient mothers on several scales. The 4-3 and spike 4 MMPI code-types were significantly more common in mothers of sexually abused children than in outpatient mothers. Differences in the child's sexual abuse characteristics were related to MMPI scales of the mother.

Adult↗