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PubMed1988

Treatment of various forms of bovine mastitis with consideration of udder pathology and the pharmacokinetics of appropriate drugs: a review.

Various forms of clinical and subclinical mastitis occur in the bovine, and intramammary therapy alone or in combination with parenteral therapy must be implemented with due consideration of udder pathology and the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs used for the treatment of mastitis. Supportive therapy for cows with acute or peracute mastitis and optimal animal husbandry are of the utmost importance for a relatively good prognosis. The withholding period of milk for human consumption after the last intramammary antibiotic treatment as well as minimum intervals between antibiotic dry cow treatment and calving are given. The main reasons for mastitis therapy failure are udder pathology caused by the inflammatory process, the pharmacokinetic properties of mastitis drugs under those conditions, inadequate supportive therapy and poor animal husbandry.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Mastitis in dairy cows in large-scale farming operations from the genetic aspect].

Genetic predisposition to mastitis was studied in 893 dairy cows of the Black Pied Lowland breed, daughters of 19 breeding bulls used in stocks with large-scale production technology and with loose housing, over the years 1980 to 1983. Every cow with positive bacteriological diagnosis or with a clinical manifestation of the disease was considered as suffering from mastitis. High resistance to mastitis was determined in the progeny of AO-4, EM-01, NC-17, NB-10, NEB-15, NUN-3, Nx-33 bulls, while opposite results were recorded in the progeny of NAR-45, NAR-47, NER-01, NOM-19 and REN-100 bulls. Higher milk efficiency, by 9 to 408 litres of milk was observed in positive dairy cows in the years of study. The coefficient of heritability (h2) is 0.3032. It can be concluded that the systematic control of cows from the aspect of suitability for large-scale production technology and resistance to mastitis, and evaluation of bulls according to predisposition of their daughters to this disease, is very favourable in view of the prophylaxy of bovine mastitis.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1988

Estimation of the costs of mastitis, using National Animal Health Monitoring System and milk somatic cell count data.

Data collected by the National Animal Health Monitoring System in Ohio for a 12-month period during 1986 and 1987 were used to determine the relative magnitude of costs associated with mastitis in the following categories: milk production loss, veterinary services, drugs, producer labor, and "other" factors. The cost of milk loss associated with mastitis that was reported by producers cooperating in the National Animal Health Monitoring System program was compared with estimates based on bulk tank somatic cell counts and individual cow milk somatic cell counts. Using producer-reported estimates, milk loss accounted for about one third of the total cost associated with mastitis. When estimates of milk loss were replaced by estimates based on bulk tank somatic cell counts, milk loss accounted for over 80% of the total cost of mastitis. Estimates of the cost of milk loss based on studies relating milk yield to somatic cell counts differed considerably. Consequently, it was unclear how to best estimate the relative magnitude of the milk loss component of mastitis costs.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Mastitis and other diseases of the goat's udder.

Udder problems of modern dairy goats are similar to those seen in dairy cows. Anomalies of the goat's udder and teats are common, and many may be hereditary. Skin diseases of the udder include viral infections, mange, sunburn, wounds, and staphylococcal dermatitis. There are numerous known causes of caprine mastitis. These include streptococci, hemolytic and nonhemolytic staphylococci, corynebacteria, and mycoplasmas. Diagnosis of mastitis in goats is often difficult, as the udder secretion may remain grossly normal and somatic cell counts in nonmastitic goats are higher than the recognized normal range for cows. The importance of nonhemolytic staphylococcal cultures remains uncertain. Nonhemolytic staphylococci were isolated at the New York State Mastitis Laboratory from 30% of normal halves and from 22% of halves of udders from goats with assorted clinical problems. Treatment and prophylaxis of caprine mastitis closely parallel the standard technique recommended for bovine mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Arachidonic acid metabolites in milk of cows during acute coliform mastitis.

Concentrations of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) were evaluated in the milk of cows with naturally occurring (n = 3) and experimentally induced (n = 5) acute coliform mastitis. These arachidonic acid metabolites were measured by radioimmunoassay in unextracted milk. Experimental infections were induced by inoculating 600 to 1,200 colony-forming units of Escherichia coli into 1 mammary quarter per experimental cow. In the experimental cows, milk was collected before inoculation and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after inoculation. Somatic cell concentrations, bovine serum albumin, and concentrations of PGF2 alpha and TXB2 were determined in milk collected at each sampling. Mild-to-moderate increases in milk PGF2 alpha and TXB2 concentrations were observed in cows with naturally occurring mastitis. the increases corresponded to the clinical severity and course of mastitis. In the experimental cows, increases in milk PGF2 alpha and TXB2 concentrations were observed, but the increases were not significant, using a statistical model that included factors of treatment, cows, hours after inoculation, cows-by-treatment and hours-by-treatment interactions, and random error (residual). Results of the present study indicated a large biological variability in milk arachidonic acid metabolite concentrations in cows with acute coliform mastitis, and that arachidonic acid metabolites may be important in the pathophysiologic process of acute coliform mastitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

[Incidence of mastitis in cows of various breeds and their crosses-- estimation of the heredity of this disease].

In a large set of cows (24,165 head), consisting prevailingly of Bohemian Pied breed, Black Pied Lowland and Holstein breeds, and of their crosses, significant differences in the incidence of mastitis were proved. Mastitis was demonstrated by the bacteriological findings in milk. The lowest mean incidence was recorded in the cows of the acclimatized Bohemian Pied breed (8.0%). As observed in the examined population, the increasing genetic proportion of solely dairy breeds results in higher demands on the environment, and the susceptibility of animals to mastitis usually increases. In three-breed crosses of this set, mastitis was found in 699 animals, i. e. in 25.4%. With respect to mastitis prevalence, a heritability estimate was performed on the basis of the first and second lactation using the method of alternative characters. In the Bohemian Pied breed, the heritability estimate was ĥ2 = 0.17 +/- +/- 0.08, in the Black Pied Lowland breed ĥ2 = 0.28 +/- 0.14.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Limulus test--a rapid and simple method for the detection of endotoxins produced by gram-negative bacteria in mastitis milk].

According to the present study the limulus amebocyte lysate test (LAL) seems to be a convenient test to detect endotoxin in milk from udder quarters with and without inflammation. The correlation between endotoxin concentration and the results from the bacteriological investigation of 79 milk samples was good (Table I). Determination of endotoxin in 20 milk samples from cases of acute clinical mastitis with high cell count and a negative bacteriological culture showed that all but one had an endotoxin concentration of greater than 1.0 ng/ml milk (Table II). By using a micromethod of the LAL it is possible to detect cases of mastitis caused by gram-negative bacteria about one hour after the sample has reached the laboratory. In a preliminary field study milk from 13 cases of acute clinical mastitis were tested by a modified limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test ("cowshed test"). A 100% correlation to bacteriological findings was observed (Table IV). By using the LAL test to detect mastitis cases caused by gram-negative bacteria great economic advantages and less risk for resistance problems can be achieved by using proper antibiotics. This is the fact in Sweden where the frequency of acute clinical mastitis caused by streptococci (100% of strains sensitive for penicillin) and Staphylococcus aureus (about 90% of strains sensitive for penicillin) is high (70-80%) and about 20% are caused by gram-negative bacteria, mostly E. coli.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Economic aspects of diseases and dairy herd health programs in the Netherlands with special reference to mastitis (author's transl)].

Animal diseases cause considerable losses among dairy cattle in the Netherlands. Model calculations show that the loss on farm level from animal diseases is approximately Dfl 440.--per cow per annum. Increasing attention is being paid to one of them e.g. mastitis. This disease causing an annual loss on farm level of approximately Dfl 125.--per average cow present (a.c.p.). Currently, a Mastitis Control Program (MCP) is being advocated. When the expected profits and cost of the MCP are analysed, different economic levels can be distinguished. Analysis on farm level showed that, when the MCP is carried out, the average calculated losses can be reduced by half, so that, with the exception of the first years, an increase in income of Dfl. 30.--per a.c.p. is anticipated. When less than 12.5 percent of the quarters are infected and less than 2 or 3 per cent of the quarters show clinical mastitis in a period of twelve months, the expected profits of the MCP are less than the cost. When all the farmers (the "sector") reduce the incidence of mastitis, the expected increase in income will be smaller because of price-effects. From the national point of view, the profitability of the MCP will primarily depend on the national-economic net price of the additional milk production, which should be higher than Dfl. 30.--per 100 kg. to make it pay. Finally, it was evident that production of the same quantity of milk by fewer animals, resulting from a reduction of the incidence of mastitis, is profitable on a national level, because of a decrease in the import of concentrates.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1979

[Distribution and forms of latent mastitis in cows].

A study on the distribution of symptomless mastitis in cows on its forms and onthe percentage involvement of the individual microorganisms isolated in the positively reacting cases was carried out including clinical, cytological and microbiological investigations. The study covered 8 cow farms with a total number of 2377 cows. It was established that 68.42% of the cows suffer from symptomless mastitis and 24.09% of the udder quarters. In 32.39% of the latter cases non-specific mastitis or the so called secretory disturbance was observed, while in 67.61%--bacterial mastitis, which in 50.75% had a subclinical course, while in 17.36--as latent infection. In the samples with pathogenic microorganisms 72.35% had staphylococci, 14.32%--micrococci, 8.39%--streptococci and the remaining 4.94%--other kinds of bacteria. The appearance and distribution of symptomless mastitis in cows is the result of bad management of cow rearing and use.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Prevalence and types of bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis in Bloemfontein dairy herds.

Bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis were isolated from machine-milked dairy herds in the Bloemfontein area supplying fresh milk during the period July to December 1980. The 151 quarter milk samples examined, were also subjected to somatic cell counts. Identification of the isolated bacterial strains showed that Staphylococcus aureus was the dominant mastitis-associated organism, constituting 66,4% of all bacteria isolated. Compared with other recent mastitis surveys a low prevalence of classical mastitis streptococci (0,7%) and of Gram-negative bacterial infections (6,3%) was encountered. The Gram-negative bacteria were almost invariably isolated from neglected herds in which the cows were generally in poor condition and the hygienic measures employed were totally inadequate. Other bacterial strains isolated included Corynebacterium bovis (6,3%) and the coagulase negative staphylococci (11,0%). The high somatic cell counts of the quarter milk samples yielding S. aureus, the mastitis streptococci and the Gram-negative bacteria suggested a major pathogenic role for these isolates. The frequent occurrence of C. bovis strains and coagulase negative staphylococci in samples with high somatic cell counts similarly suggested that these organisms were more pathogenic than is generally assumed.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Therapy of experimental staphylococcal mastitis in the mouse with cloxacillin and rifampicin, alone and in combination.

Cloxacillin effectively killed Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in experimental acute mastitis in the mouse, but was ineffective in reducing bacterial counts in those with experimental chronic mastitis. Rifampicin was similarly bactericidal for staphylococci in vitro and in acute mastitis but it also significantly reduced numbers of viable bacteria in chronic mastitis. Exposure of multiplying staphylococci in vitro and in vivo to rifampicin alone led to the emergence of resistant bacteria, but this was prevented by the use of a combination of rifampicin with cloxacillin. This combination showed neither antagonism nor synergy in vitro, was more effective than either antibiotic alone in acute mastitis and killed S aureus in the chronic infection as effectively as rifampicin alone.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Diagnosis and treatment of acute mastitis in a large dairy herd.

In a 270-cow dairy herd, milk samples from all cows with acute mastitis were cultured during a 12-month period. Of 119 isolates (from 166 quarters), 49% were gram-positive organisms, 39% were gram-negative organisms, and 12% were yeasts. Of all samples from cows with acute mastitis, 40% failed to produce colonies on culture media. Recovery of the common gram-positive pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (11% of isolations) and Streptococcus agalactiae (1% of isolations), was rather low. However, S epidermidis (14% of isolations) and streptococci other than Str agalactiae (9% of isolations) were recovered more frequently than expected, particularly in recently calved cows. Coliform organisms accounted for 35% of the total isolates and were the single most important cause of acute mastitis. Of 42 cows with coliform mastitis, 6 died despite intensive antibiotic and electrolyte therapy. There was no death loss among cows with mastitis caused by gram-positive organisms. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of 95 isolates to 11 antimicrobials was determined by standardized methods. Organisms were most often susceptible to chloramphenicol, cephalothin, and gentamicin. A treatment regimen consisting primarily of oxytetracycline and/or sulfonamides systemically in conjunction with intramammary infusions of cephapirin was evaluated. Treatment response in 37 quarters was determined by culturing before treatment and at 4 or more days after treatment. Of 23 quarters initially culture-positive, 22 were negative on reculture. Treatment response appeared to agree with the results of the susceptibility testing.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

[Difference in susceptibility to mastitis between the Dutch-Friesian and Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breeds of cattle (author's transl)].

A randomized study in the Netherlands showed that symptoms of mastitis were more common in animals of the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed than they were in those of the Dutch-Friesian breed. The samples were taken at random from large groups of animals (approximately 10,000) of the dairy cattle population in the Netherlands, quarter samples being examined for the presence of the causative organisms of mastitis and cell counts being made. Differences between the two breeds were also observed in herds on the experimental farm "'t Gen" on which the animals were reared and kept in the same environment. Therefore, there is some justification in defining these differences as genetic. The results of the studies suggest that a group of animals showing lower cell counts during the first lactation will be less susceptible to mastitis. Studies in a cow-house of the Central Veterinary Institute revealed a significant difference in increase of the cell count between animals of the Dutch-Friesian breed and those of the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed following intramammary injection of a staphylococcal beta toxin. Further analysis of the results of the randomized study showed that differences in susceptibility to mastitis do not become plainly apparent until later in life. In view of the results of these studies, it would seem advisable to pay more attention to differences in susceptibility to mastitis in stock-breeding.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

[Genetic features of mastitis (author's transl)].

Every disease is due to genetic and environmental factors; this also is true of mastitis. Differences in susceptibility to mastitis between two groups of paternal half-sibs and between two breeds are based on genetic differences. Groups of cows which were less susceptible to mastitis showed lower milk cell counts as early as the first lactation. In searching for a parameter to select A.I.bulls it was found that significantly lower cell counts during the first lactation in daughter groups were indicative of lower mastitis levels in older daughters of the same sire. Conversely, higher cell counts were associated with higher mastitis levels later in life. Further research is in progress.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Insertion of fine needle biopsy in the diagnosis of nocardia mastitis in cattle].

68 udder quarters of 31 cows suspicious of acute or chronic nocardia mastitis were investigated by fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) of udder tissue and by bacteriological examination (BE) of milk samples. The results were compared. Nocardia mastitis was diagnosed in seven cows with corresponding cytological and bacteriological findings, in four cows with positive FNA and negative BE, and in nine cows with negative FNA and positive BE. In eleven animals nocardia mastitis was diagnosed neither cytologically nor bacteriologically. In some of these cases, however, mastitis could be attributed to other pathogens (streptococci, staphylococci, fungi). The FNA is recommended as an additional tool for mastitis diagnosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Association between BoLA antigens and bovine mastitis].

The association between BoLA class I antigens and mastitis was studied in Bohemian Pied breed (n = 17) and its crosses--Bohemian Pied x Red Pied Holstein (n = 161), Bohemian Pied x Red Pied Holstein x Ayrshire (37). The diagnostics of mastitis was followed in the course of two years and two diagnostic parameters were included: 1. a modified California Mastitis Test (CMT) was performed once a month; 2. a bacteriological infection was examined once quarterly using biochemical and serological methods. BoLA class I antigens were determined by specific antisera in the standard microlymphocytotoxicity test. During testing the majority of cows had at least one positive reaction of CMT test. The bacterial findings were detected in 31.63% of animals. The antigen A16 was found to be significantly associated with susceptibility to mastitis in both diagnostic tests. Animals A16 positive showed the highest CMT values and repeated bacterial infections (Fig. 1). The high values observed in A2 positive animals were not significant due to the very low frequency of this allele in the population under study. There was a slight increase of CMT values and the infection frequency in animals with higher parity number (Fig. 2). However, the order of lactations did not influence the relationship of BoLA A16 and mastitis. This association was not significantly affected by the breed. The increased bacterial infection observed in the Bohemian Pied breed is likely due to relatively high incidence of A16 allele rather than to breed differences (Fig. 3).

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Frequent occurrence of BoLA w16 in cows susceptible to mastitis].

The association between BoLA class I antigens and mastitis was studied in Boheman Pied breed and its crosses. The mastitis status was followed during two years according to three diagnostic criteria: California Mastitis Test, bacteriological findings and the altered taste of milk. The antigen w16 was found to be significantly associated with susceptibility to mastitis in all diagnostic tests. On the other hand there were some indications that the wll animals were rather resistant to mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Use of composite milk samples for diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To measure relative sensitivity and relative specificity for use of composite milk samples, compared with that of individual gland milk samples, for diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. ANIMALS: 505 cows suspected of having subclinical mastitis. Of these cows, 172 were considered infected with Sta aureus, based on the results from individual gland samples. PROCEDURE: Composite and individual gland milk samples were collected from cows suspected of having subclinical mastitis, and results of bacteriologic culturing of samples from the same cow were compared. Results were interpreted at the cow level. Relative sensitivity and relative specificity for composite samples were computed from 2 x 2 tables, using results from individual gland samples as references. RESULTS: Relative sensitivity for use of composite milk samples in diagnosing Sta aureus mastitis was 0.63. The relative specificity was 0.98. Factors influencing the relative sensitivity for composite samples were the number of infected glands per cow, the amount of Sta aureus shedding from infected glands, and the proportion of the composite milk obtained from each gland. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Collecting composite instead of individual gland milk samples increases the number of false-negative results in diagnosing Sta aureus mastitis. By collecting consecutive samples from the same cow or by increasing the inoculum volume at culturing, this problem can be diminished.

Animals↗