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PubMed1992

Childhood precursors of adolescent drug use: a longitudinal analysis.

Childhood and adolescent intrapersonal and interpersonal influences on older adolescents' drug use were examined with an interactional approach. Data were obtained when subjects were 5-10, 13-18, and 15-20 years old. Latent-variable confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the fit of the variables to the latent constructs. Next, a structural model was hypothesized and tested to assess the influences of childhood and earlier adolescent factors on later adolescent drug use. Childhood aggression and parental sociopathy affected drug use in late adolescence. Unconventionality during early and middle adolescence had an important and pervasive impact on all aspects of middle and late adolescent functioning. Finally, both intrapersonal and interpersonal factors from childhood and early adolescence affected self-drug use during middle and late adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal analysis of nortriptyline side effects in elderly depressed patients.

Forty-five depressed elderly patients were closely monitored in a research setting during treatment with nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy for 7 consecutive months of acute and continuation treatment. Overall, nortriptyline was efficacious and well tolerated in this group. The frequency of somatic complaints measured by the Rating Scale for Side Effects declined by 50% during the acute phase of treatment, suggesting that many somatic complaints that may be attributed to side effects of nortriptyline are actually somatic symptoms of depression. The authors discuss the implications of these findings and offer practical advice for the treating clinician.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Medicare utilization by disabled-worker beneficiaries: a longitudinal analysis.

Medicare eligibility for Social Security disabled-worker beneficiaries begins after 2 years of cash benefit receipt. Extension of the current coverage is often proposed as a way to encourage beneficiaries to return to work. Little is known, however, about the long-run Medicare costs for the disabled and how costs vary by demographic and health characteristics. This article describes Medicare utilization and reimbursement amounts for 1974-81 for a cohort of disabled-worker beneficiaries under age 62 and first entitled to cash benefits in 1972. The data come from a first-time linkage of Disability Insurance program data with data on Medicare utilization. The tables provide a detailed look at several factors that are associated with variation in Medicare costs among beneficiaries and over time.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1989

Longitudinal analysis of hope in community-based older adults.

Clinicians usually agree that hope helps older persons to cope with stressful life events and changes in their life, and that hope may even affect their health. However, little research has examined whether hope functions as a psychosocial factor in modifying the relationship between stress and health. Older adults experience many events, which may make them more vulnerable than younger persons to loss of hope. These events may involve changes in their health, roles, self-concept, social support, housing, and income. If we know how these events affect hope, we may be able to detect and avert lapses in hope among our older patients, and even shape interventions that enhance hope.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Occupational attainment as a function of abilities and interests: a longitudinal analysis using project TALENT data.

Ability, interest, gender, and family socioeconomic status of 13,248 tenth-grade participants in Project TALENT were studied as they relate to occupational attainment by using discriminant analysis. Individuals were classified into 12 broad categories reported 11 years after graduation. Accuracy analyses indicated correct classifications significantly above chance for all except the Technical and Sales categories. Within-category classification percentages were higher for all groups except Construction. Five canonical discriminant functions that jointly accounted for 96.8% of the between-groups variance were interpreted. The first 2 accounted for 81.9% of the variance. Function 1 was a general ability function; Function 2 differentiated the categories on the basis of mathematics ability and gender. Functions 3 through 5 accounted for 14.9% of the between-groups variance. Some implications of these findings are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Patterns of intellectual development among survivors of pediatric medulloblastoma: a longitudinal analysis.

PURPOSE: To examine two competing hypotheses relating to intellectual loss among children treated for medulloblastoma (MB): Children with MB either: (1) lose previously learned skills and information; or (2) acquire new skills and information but at a rate slower than expected compared with healthy same-age peers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-four pediatric MB patients were evaluated who were treated with postoperative radiation therapy (XRT) with or without chemotherapy. After completion of XRT, a total of 150 examinations were conducted by use of the child version of the Wechsler Intelligence SCALES: These evaluations provided a measure of intellectual functioning called the estimated full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ). Changes in patient performance corrected for age (scaled scores) as well as the uncorrected performance (raw scores) were analyzed. RESULTS: At the time of the most recent examination, the obtained mean estimated FSIQ of 83.57 was more than one SD below expected population norms. A significant decline in cognitive performance during the time since XRT was demonstrated, with a mean loss of 2.55 estimated FSIQ points per year (P =.0001). An analysis for the basis of the intelligence quotient (IQ) loss revealed that subtest raw score values increased significantly over time since XRT, but the rate of increase was less than normally expected, which resulted in decreased IQ scores. CONCLUSION: These results support the hypothesis that MB patients demonstrate a decline in IQ values because of an inability to acquire new skills and information at a rate comparable to their healthy same-age peers, as opposed to a loss of previously acquired information and skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal analysis of activation markers on monocyte subsets during the development of simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis.

Lentiviral encephalitis has been hypothesized to be associated with altered monocyte migration into the brain. CD14(hi)/CD16(lo) and CD14(lo)/CD16(hi) monocytes were expanded during acute infection; however, this expansion was not unique or greater in macaques that developed encephalitis. The proportion of monocytes that expressed CD62L, HLA-DR, CD16, CD64, and CD40 varied during the course of infection in macaques that eventually developed encephalitis. Taken together, these results suggest that changes in the proportion of circulating activated monocytes are not predictive of development of encephalitis, but this does not rule out the importance of activated monocytes in the development of encephalitis.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed2002

Longitudinal analysis of central serous chorioretinopathy and sex.

BACKGROUND: Stress has been proposed as one of the contributing factors of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Because the number of women in the workforce has increased dramatically in past decades, their presumed additional stress may increase their risk for CSC. We performed a study to determine whether the ratio of men to women in whom CSC was diagnosed remained constant between 1970 and 2000 in our patient population. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 88 patients (69 males and 19 females) in whom CSC was diagnosed between 1970 and 2000. Only patients who were noted to have subretinal fluid on stereoscopic colour fundus photographs and focal retinal pigment epithelial hyperfluorescence on fluorescein angiography were included. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the probability of a patient's being male over the study period. RESULTS: No significant change was found in the proportion of male patients in whom CSC was diagnosed over the study period (p = 0.69). INTERPRETATION: The ratio of males to females with a diagnosis of CSC did not change significantly over 30 years in our study population. If stress is a contributing factor of CSC and if women are experiencing increased stress from changing societal roles, women may have different adaptations to stress than men, or other mechanisms of CSC formation may be present.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Longitudinal analysis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-specific antibody in SARS patients.

The serum antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus of 18 SARS patients were checked at 1 month and every 3 months after disease onset. All of them except one, who missed blood sampling at 1 month, tested positive for the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody at 1 month. Fifteen out of 17 tested positive for the IgM antibody at 1 month. The serum IgM antibody of most patients became undetectable within 6 months after the onset of SARS. The IgG antibody of all 17 patients, whose serum was checked 1 year after disease onset, remained positive.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2004

A longitudinal analysis of the course of depressive symptomatology in geriatric patients with cancer of the breast, colon, lung, or prostate.

This study mapped the trajectory of depression and its components (depressive mood, somatic expression of depression, and lack of positive affect) for 1 year after an initial cancer diagnosis, revealing the complex nature of the psychological response to the cancer experience. The analysis was based on 4 waves of panel data from 860 older patients with incident breast, colon, lung, or prostate cancer. Predictors of depressive symptoms included cancer site; stage; comorbidities; sociodemographic characteristics; and indicators of physical functioning, symptom severity, and treatment. Patients' overall depressive symptoms declined, especially depressive mood and somatic indicators. By contrast, the sense of well-being did not recover; in fact, it would have deteriorated without improvements in physical functioning and physical symptoms. The present findings show the importance of psychological assessments and symptom management during cancer treatment.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Longitudinal analysis of a pediatric rheumatology clinic population.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze a prospectively maintained pediatric rheumatology clinic disease registry. METHODS: A total of 3269 consecutive referrals to the Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, University of Saskatchewan, during the period 1981-2004 were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 3269 patients, a diagnosis was established in 2098 (64.2%). Within this group, 72 subjects (3.4%) were determined to be healthy. Of the remaining 2026 diagnosed patients (62.0% of the total population), 1032 (50.9%) had a rheumatic disease and 994 (49.1%) a nonrheumatic disease. A diagnosis was not established in 1171 patients (35.8%). Among the 1032 patients with a rheumatic disease, 326 (31.6%) had juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), 360 (34.9%) a spondyloarthropathy (SpA), and 225 (21.8%) a collagen vascular/connective tissue rheumatic disease. The remaining 121 patients with a rheumatic disease (11.7%) had a variety of other conditions. Of the 994 nonrheumatic disease patients, 37 (3.7%) with ocular inflammatory conditions had been referred to exclude an associated rheumatic disease. The remaining group of 957 patients comprised 345 (36.1%) with an orthopedic, mechanical or traumatic condition, 231 (24.1%) had an infection, 45 (4.7%) a hematologic or neoplastic disease, and 336 (35.1%) a variety of other conditions. Current clinic point prevalences for JRA, SpA, and collagen vascular diseases are 35.0, 16.9 and 17.7/100,000, respectively. The mean annual clinic referral incidences of JRA, SpA, and collagen vascular/connective tissue diseases were, respectively, 4.7, 5.2, and 1.7/100,000 children. CONCLUSION: Disease registries help establish the frequencies and spectrum of childhood rheumatic diseases and the role of pediatric rheumatology programs in evaluating and caring for children with a wide variety of conditions. Longitudinal disease registries aid in characterizing clinical, epidemiologic, and demographic features of childhood rheumatic diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sleep-related growth hormone secretion is persistently suppressed in women with recurrent depression: a preliminary longitudinal analysis.

Growth hormone secretion was monitored during sleep in a group of 43 women with recurrent major depression who were participating in a 3-year maintenance therapy program. Patients were studied before acute treatment, after complete remission, and at 3-month intervals during maintenance treatment and the data generated were compared to those obtained in a control group of 14 age-matched healthy women studied once under identical conditions. When compared to the control group, the depressed patients secreted significantly less growth hormone before treatment. This reduction in growth hormone secretion, which was confined to the first half of the sleep period, persisted across the length of the maintenance study regardless of whether the subjects completed three years of therapy or experienced a recurrence.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Clinical problem-solving by medical students: a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis.

The evolution of clinical reasoning in medical students was studied. A cross-sectional sample consisted of randomly-selected medical students from three classes. Additionally, twenty-two students were observed at yearly intervals from the preclerkship period to the first post-graduate year. Subjects were observed in a clinical examination of a simulated patient, and their thought processes were abstracted from a 'stimulated recall' of the videotaped encounter. The data were transcribed and coded for computer analysis, yielding several variables characterizing the clinical reasoning process, and four measures of outcome of the encounter. Analysis of variance of differences between students at various educational levels and a doctor criterion group indicated that the majority of the process variables were unrelated to educational level. By contrast, diagnostic and management outcomes were positively related to education. The single process variable which was related to both educational level and outcome was an 'hypothesis aggregate score', a measure of the content of the student's diagnostic hypotheses. The results of the study indicate that the problem-solving or clinical reasoning process remains relatively constant from medical school entry to practice. This observation has important implications for clinical teaching and evaluation.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1999

Longitudinal analysis of fibroblast growth factor expression after transplantation and association with severity of cardiac allograft vasculopathy.

BACKGROUND: Vascular smooth muscle cell growth factors are postulated to contribute to cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Few data quantitatively address the timing, location, or stimuli for growth factor expression and relationship to CAV. METHODS AND RESULTS: Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) mRNA expression was determined in serial endomyocardial biopsies during the first year after transplantation. Patients with high levels of aFGF mRNA and elevations after the early posttransplant period had significantly more severe CAV than patients with low aFGF and no late elevations. CONCLUSIONS: Parenchymal aFGF expression varies between patients and in the same patient over time and correlates with development of CAV.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1991

Mental health, social relations, and social selection: a longitudinal analysis.

A wide body of literature documents the effect of social networks and social supports on mental health. Fewer studies, however, have examined the reciprocal effect of mental health on social relationships. This problem is examined using data from a national panel survey of adults aged 20-64. For the sample as a whole, support was found for a social selection process, since psychological distress predicted decreases in primary, but not secondary, social relationships. The extent of primary relationships also were found to be associated with subsequent distress, providing evidence that the relationship between mental health and social environment may be transactional. When examined separately by gender, males but not females were found to be vulnerable to the process of social selection, supporting the hypothesis that the expression of distress is less role-appropriate for men and therefore more likely to invite social sanctions. Social causation effects also were observed only among males.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Cognitive distortion, helplessness, and depressed mood in rheumatoid arthritis: a four-year longitudinal analysis.

Cognitive models of depression have been invoked to explain the development of depressive symptoms and disorders in patients with chronic pain. However, few long-term, prospective studies have examined A. T. Beck's (1967, 1987) model in this context. Seventy-two patients with rheumatoid arthritis completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Cognitive Errors Questionnaire, and the Arthritis Helplessness Index during an initial assessment and again 4 years later. Initial levels of cognitive distortion were significantly related to follow-up levels of depressed mood, controlling for initial depression levels. This was also true for perceptions of helplessness. In contrast, initial depression levels did not predict changes in these cognitive processes. These results suggest that cognitive distortion and helplessness contribute to depressed mood among patients with arthritis.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Workers' compensation claims from latex glove use: a longitudinal analysis of Minnesota data from 1988 to 1997.

Allergic reaction experienced by health care workers from latex glove use has increasingly become the focus of researchers evaluating occupational sources of injury in health care settings. Many studies have attempted to estimate the prevalence of latex sensitization among health care workers by using various methods, but the findings have been inconsistent and do not predict reactivity. This study used workers' compensation data from Minnesota from 1988 to 1997 to assess allergic reactivity rates, injury severity, and costs associated with latex allergic reactions. The average reactivity rate was 7.1 claims per 100,000 health care workers, and total cost associated with the claims averaged $0.295 per health care employee. Using empirical cost data from another study, it was found that it is not cost-beneficial for health care institutions to globally adopt latex glove-free policies solely on the basis of workers' compensation costs.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[A longitudinal analysis of dysfunctional TMJ pathology: an assessment of a sample of patients undergoing nonsurgical therapy].

One the different interpretation of the pathological and clinical evolution of TMJ dysfunctions, the most-common of these pathologies is the condyle-disk uncoordination. This study analyzes the evolution of the treatment on the sample of patients affected by TMJ dysfunction and examined at the maxillo-facial department of the University of Rome "La Sapienza". After the TMJ dysfunction has been diagnosed the patients were informed of the individual therapeutic program which consisted of a temporary and definitive occlusal therapy. The aim of this scientific work is to control the efficiency within this therapeutic program in relation to the uncoordination of TMJ. In order to validate this approach the study was compared with another that considered the evolution of TMJ pathology in patients examined at the first diagnostic, visit but who had not undergone any treatment.

Adolescent↗