Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Life Expectancy”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Life expectancy and cause of death in the Kuwaiti population 1987-2000.

Census and health data were analysed to determine changes in life expectancy at birth during 1987-2000 in the Kuwaiti population and to correlate these with cause-specific annual mortality rates. Life expectancy at birth rose from 73.3 to 75.5 years with a gap between females and males, which increased from 2.2 to 4.5 years. For all causes of death except hypertension and ill-defined conditions, males had higher mortality than females. The leading causes of death in males were ischaemic heart diseases, traffic accidents and cancer, while in females they were cancer, ischaemic heart diseases and hypertension. The problems of an ageing population will need to be considered in planning the health policies of Kuwait.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Life expectancy biases in clinical decision modeling.

Clinical decision models often rely upon survival models predicated on disease-specific hazard functions combined with baseline hazard functions obtained from standard life tables. Two biases may arise in such a modeling process. First, life expectancy estimates may be biased even if estimates of survival probabilities are unbiased (misestimation bias). In simulation studies, the authors discovered that the magnitude of misestimation bias is larger as life expectancy increases, sample size decreases, and censoring percentage increases. In the context of a simple decision analysis, they found that imbalances in the sample sizes for the data used to estimate the parameters among different strategies resulted in non-optimal decisions in the long run. The second bias stems from misspecification of the survival model itself (misspecification bias). Using a simple cost-effectiveness model, the authors found that life expectancies and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios differed depending on whether an excess-mortality or a proportional-hazards model was specified. In addition, a predictable pattern was observed for these two survival models when extrapolated to other age and gender groups.

Bias↗
PubMed2006

Relationships between period and cohort life expectancy: gaps and lags.

This paper offers an empirical and analytic foundation for regarding period life expectancy as a lagged indicator of the experience of real cohorts in populations experiencing steady improvement in mortality. We find that current period life expectancy in the industrialized world applies to cohorts born some 40-50 years ago. Lags track an average age at which future years of life are being gained, in a sense that we make precise. Our findings augment Ryder's classic results on period-cohort translation.

Demography↗
PubMed2005

Postoperative life expectancy in gastric cancer patients and its associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: In recent years, the patterns of mortality have changed in Iran, and cancers are playing a greater role in this regard in this country. Various reports indicate that gastric cancer is highly prevalent; it is the second most common cancer in men, and fourth in the general population. The purpose of this study was to determine the 5-year survival rate of gastric cancer patients who had undergone surgical treatment at one of the most important cancer treatment centers, the Iran Cancer Institute, and to assess its associated factors. METHODS: Three hundred and thirty patients with gastric cancer who had been admitted to and operated on at the Iran Cancer Institute, Iran between January 1996 and April 2000 were enrolled in this study. The patients' life expectancy after surgery was determined, and its relationship with variables of age at the time of surgery, gender, and factors related to the disease such as the cancer site, pathologic type, stage, presence of metastasis, and sites of metastases were assessed. RESULTS: The 5-year survival rate in the studied patients was 23.6%, and the median life expectancy was 19.9 months. Univariate analysis showed that gender, cancer site, and pathologic type did not affect life expectancy significantly. However, the 5-year survival rate significantly decreases with age. As expected, those involved with metastasis had a significantly lower 5-year survival rate, and the disease stage significantly affected the patients' life expectancy (p<0.001). The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the effect of different variables simultaneously, and it showed that age, lymph node metastasis, and disease stage influenced the rate of survival. CONCLUSIONS: Gastric cancer patients in Iran have a low 5-year survival rate. One of the most important reasons seems to be delayed consultation and diagnosis. Most patients are seen first with the disease in the late stages. At this point, most have lymph node and liver metastasis, which makes treatment even more complex. Thus, it is necessary to employ mass media for extensive public education about the early warning signs of the disease and performing periodic examinations.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

[Gender gap in life expectancy: the reasons for a reduction of female advantage].

BACKGROUND: After a large increase during the 19th and the 20th century, for two decades the gap in life expectancy between sexes has been reducing in most industrialised countries. In France, where it was specially large, it stopped increasing in the early 1980s and decreased in the most recent years. The paper investigates reasons for these recent trends in France and in the industrialised countries. METHODS: Two types of data are used for analysis. Death probabilities from life tables are used for calculating male excess mortality by age and estimating the role of various age groups in life expectancy differences by sex. Sex- and cause-specific mortality rates from INED database for France and from WHO database for other countries are used to assess the part played by various causes of death in the gender gap and its evolution. RESULTS: In France, the stabilisation of the gap is mainly related to the decrease in cardiovascular mortality for men who benefit from the same progress but later than women. In the most recent years, the reduction of the gap is due to the trend reversal of male cancer mortality which is now decreasing, specially because of the reduction of lung cancer mortality. In European countries, taken as examples (England & Wales, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy) cardiovascular mortality is also the main responsible for the decreasing differences. Conversely, in Japan, the gap is still increasing specially for mortality from cancer and respiratory diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The recent gap narrowing between male and female life expectancy in France is not a specific case. It does not mean that female health situation is worsening but it is related to an acceleration of progress for males. This reduction will most probably go on in the next years, except if females would enjoy dramatic progression in old age mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The effect of sequential multiple grafting of syngeneic newborn thymus on the immune functions and life expectancy of aging mice.

Enhancement of the immune functions and extension of the mean life expectancy were successfully performed in aging mice by sequential multiple grafting of syngeneic newborn thymus. In the first experiment, 2-month-old female C57BL/6 mice were grafted with either syngeneic newborn thymus or newborn spleen every 2 months, 5 or 6 times. A significant enhancement of T cell dependent immune functions were observed in the group sequentially grafted with newborn thymus, in comparison to that grafted with multiple sequential newborn spleen or with a single newborn thymus and that without a graft. In the second experiment, the same sequential grafting protocol was performed in middle aged mice at monthly interval for 4-5 consecutive months and the immune functions and survival rate were compared between the experimental and control groups. The immune functions were only partially rejuvenated, but an extension of the mean remaining life expectancy was observed in the experimental group (312 +/- 38 days) as compared with control (214 +/- 42 days), although maximal life-span was the same in both groups (1100 days).

Aging↗
PubMed1978

Potential gains in life expectancies by partial elimination of leading causes of death in Texas.

Potential gains in life expectancies among Texas population by partial elimination of 3 major causes of death are examined on the basis of the available statistics from the population census and mortality statistics for 1970. Contrary to the popular anticipation of longer potential gains, the results are not particularly encouraging. The number of years of life that would be gained during the working ages by 50% elimination of major cardiovascular diseases is less than 1/2 of 1 year, about 1/4 of 1 year by 50% elimination of malignant neoplasms, and less than 1/4 of 1 year by 50% elimination of motor vehicle accidents. Even with a scientific breakthrough in combating those causes of death it appears that future gains in life expectancies for working ages will not be spectacular. The implications of the results in relation to the current debate on the national health policy are discussed.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2006

Life-expectancy estimations and the determinants of survival after 15 years of follow-up for 81 249 workers with permanent occupational disabilities.

OBJECTIVES: This study attempts to estimate life expectancy and explore the determinants of survival for workers with permanent occupational disabilities. METHODS: A database on permanent occupational disabilities occurring between 1986 and 2000 was linked with the national death registry database to construct the survival function. A method with Monte Carlo simulation was used to extrapolate survival for up to 600 months to derive the life expectancy for different disability grades (N=81249). A Cox (proportional hazard) regression was carried out to explore the determinants and to estimate the hazard ratios. Demographic variables, including age, gender, insured wage, severity of disability, injury causes, and organ-system disability, were included in the model as covariates. RESULTS: The results indicate that the survival period for workers suffering permanent occupational disabilities is shorter than that of the general population, amounting to an estimated loss of life expectancy ranging from 5 to 19 years. After adjustment for age and gender, a higher severity of disability, impairment of vital organs or lower extremities, and a lower insured wage had a significant association with shorter survival. Injury types, including transportation incidents, being struck by sliding objects, or a trip, slip or stumble, and collapse injury, indicated hazard ratios of between 1.24 and 1.34, as compared with injuries such as being trapped or caught in machinery. CONCLUSIONS: The findings identify major determinants for predicting survival for workers with permanent occupational disabilities; these determinants may be of use in improving the equity of the compensation system for workers.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

Discussing life expectancy with terminally ill cancer patients and their carers: a qualitative study.

GOALS OF WORK: There is uncertainty regarding the preferred content and phrasing of information when discussing life expectancy with terminally ill cancer patients and their carers. The objective of this study was to explore the various stakeholders' perceptions about these issues. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We conducted focus groups and individual interviews with 19 patients with advanced cancer and 24 carers from three different palliative care (PC) services in Sydney and 22 PC health professionals (HPs) from ten different sites in Australia. The focus groups and individual interviews were audiotaped and fully transcribed. Further focus groups and/or individual interviews were conducted until no additional topics were raised. Participants' narratives were analysed using qualitative methodology. MAIN RESULTS: Participants' suggestions regarding the content of prognostic discussions included: explaining uncertainty and limitations, explaining the process involved with making survival predictions, and avoiding being too exact. Those patients and carers who wanted to be given a time frame mostly wanted to know how long the average person with their condition would live and/or be given a rough range. HPs had various views regarding ways to phrase life expectancy: days versus weeks versus months, likelihood of the patients being alive for certain events, a rough quantitative range and probabilities (e.g. 10% and 50% survival). However, most HPs said they would rarely if ever give statistical information to patients. CONCLUSIONS: This paper provides some potential strategies, words and phrases which may inform discussions about life expectancy. Further research is needed to determine the generalizability of these findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Use of a simplified method of calculation of mean life expectancy for patients with specific diseases].

In connection with the introduction of new economic mechanisms in public health a necessity has arisen for thorough and comprehensive evaluation of final results of the performance of curative and preventive institutions and some of their units, which are the positive changes in the population health. A great number of indicators reflecting some aspects of population health demand the search of integral evaluation methods. The indicator of mean life expectancy and its modifications is one of such integral indicators. Mean life expectancy indicators of patients with certain nosology and deficiency of mean life expectancy from some diseases in dynamics permit one to evaluate the measures taken to control these or those diseases and their cost-effectiveness which is of importance in evaluating the contribution of labour of medical personnel to the reduction of mortality from specific diseases. The paper provides simplified methods for calculating the above-mentioned indicators which in contrast to classical methods do not require complex mathematical calculations and therefore are intelligible for public health bodies and institutions of any level.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Disentangling the effects of morbidity and life expectancy on labor market outcomes.

Using a unique longitudinal dataset tracking the experiences of patients diagnosed with HIV+ disease, this paper develops and estimates a model capable of recovering the effect of revisions in life expectancy on labor market outcomes. The data allow us to estimate the effect of changes in health status (as objectively measured by CD4 counts) and the impact of learning that one is HIV+, which we interpret as a negative shock to life expectancy. Both parametric and distribution-free models robustly indicate that decreases in health have little effect on labor demand but decrease probability of employment. We conclude that, in this sample, negative association between income and health is attributable mostly to the effect of altered incentives induced by changes in life expectancy.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2003

The Effect of altering ADL thresholds on active life expectancy estimates for older persons.

OBJECTIVES: Research on disability and active life expectancy (ALE) has often criticized the measurement of disability but has rarely empirically investigated the effect of changing measurement. The purpose of this study was to determine whether altering the number of activities of daily living (ADLs) required to consider an individual "disabled" affects population-based ALE estimates after considering parametric uncertainty and sampling error. METHODS: The authors develop a Bayesian approach to estimating multistate life tables for a three-dimensional state space, using data on community-dwelling older adults from the 1989 and 1994 National Long Term Care Survey analytic files. Empirical confidence intervals for ALE are compared across 6 models using successively higher ADL cutoffs for defining individuals as being disabled. RESULTS: After considering sampling and other errors in the estimation of transition probabilities, the authors found that altering the threshold for measuring disability has relatively little effect on ALE estimates, especially with higher ADL-level thresholds and at older ages. DISCUSSION: The implications of the results include that disability measurement, including altering the definition of being disabled and possibly expanding the state space of a model, may not affect population-based estimates of ALE.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Social and environmental factors and life expectancy, infant mortality, and maternal mortality rates: results of a cross-national comparison.

Using data from United Nations sources we conducted an international comparison study of infant and maternal mortality rates and life expectancy at birth. We examined these three dependent variables in relation to a range of independent variables including dietary factors, medical resource availability, gross national product (GNP/capita), literacy rates, growth in the labor force, and provision of sanitation facilities and safe water. Based on exploratory stepwise regression models, we fitted a series of general linear models for each of the three dependent variables. For the models with the highest explanatory ability, the percent of households without sanitation facilities showed the strongest association with all three dependent variables: life expectancy at birth (R2 = 0.83, B = -0.088, P = 0.0007); infant mortality rate (R2 = 0.87, B = +0.611, P < 0.0001); and maternal mortality rate (R2 = 0.54, B = +8.297, P = 0.002). Additional significant predictors of life expectancy at birth and infant mortality rate included the quantity of animal products consumed, the percent of households without safe water, excess calories consumed as fat, and the total literacy level. Maternal mortality rate was significantly associated with total energy consumption and excess energy consumed as fat. Using residuals from the general linear models we chose three outlying countries: Costa Rica, Sri Lanka and Egypt, on which to do case studies. These country case studies are discussed briefly in regard to characteristics that could account for their differing statistical relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Health status and life style in elderly Japanese men with a long life expectancy.

The Japanese population in Hawaii has one of the longest life expectancies of any large population subgroup in the U.S. and the world. Cross-sectional data on 1,379 elderly, noninstitutionalized, male Japanese American survivors of a population-based cohort study indicated the most common health problems were hypertension (43%), arthritis (33%), diabetes (13%), and gout (9%). For cancer and hypertension there is a trend toward higher prevalence in older age groups. For coronary heart disease, stroke, and angina the oldest age group (75-81 years) has a higher prevalence than that seen in younger age groups. Other relatively common diseases such as diabetes, gout, peptic ulcer, and arthritis do not have higher prevalence in older age groups. Drugs reported to be used frequently by study participants were for hypertension, gout, CHD, and diabetes. The prevalence rates of major limitations of mobility and of living alone appear to be relatively low in this population. Less than one percent of the current population rate their health status as poor. The prevalence of normal serum cholesterol and smoking are similar to those seen in U.S. White males, while the rates of hypertension appear lower. Prevalence rates for stroke and heart attack also appear to be somewhat lower in these long-lived individuals than those seen in U.S. Whites.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Subjective life expectancy in the US: correspondence to actuarial estimates by age, sex and race.

This study maps the relationship between subjective and actuarial life expectancy in a 1995 national sample of 2037 Americans of ages 18-95. Subjective estimates parallel age-specific actuarial ones based on current age-specific mortality rates. However males expect to live about 3 years longer than the actuarial estimate and blacks expect to live about 6 years longer. The apparent optimism remains after adjusting for socioeconomic status and the signs and symptoms of good health. Contrary to economists' rational-expectations hypothesis, young adults do not adjust their life expectancies upward to account for the favorable trends in mortality rates.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed2005

Estimating mortality rates: the role of proportional life expectancy.

The computation of long-term survival is usually based on adjustments to the conventional life table. Assessing the validity of different types of adjustments can be difficult, partly because of the need to allow for two age-related trends-the decline in the average (normal) life expectancy, as well as in the new (abnormal) estimate. In this paper, we illustrate the value of routinely expressing each new estimate as a percentage of normal at each age. An additional finding has been that in some common disorders this proportional life expectancy (PLE) remains remarkably constant over many years.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Mortality and life expectancy of Down's syndrome in Denmark.

Based on the register of all persons registered in the Danish National Service for the Mentally Retarded (DNSMR) with a diagnosis of Down's syndrome in the period 1 January 1976-31 December 1980, the persons were followed until 31 March 1984 (a total of 2412 Down's syndrome patients). The difference in mortality for patients in institutions and living outside was significant, with a higher mortality for women with residence in institutions than women living outside. Among males the mortality rate was not significantly different between the two types of residents. Of the total group, a survival rate of 82.4 was found at the end of the age group 5-9 years and this result is similar to recent results from Salford and Japan. Although the life expectancy for the Down's syndrome group has increased, the life expectancy for Down's syndrome at any given age compared with life expectancy for the background population during the above mentioned period was still lower.

Adolescent↗