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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Taxonomy of family life styles: II. Homes with slow-learning children.

A battery of instruments dealing with family social environment and family and child characteristics and behavior was administered to 218 families with slow-learning children in EMR and educably handicapped programs. Cluster analysis was performed on family environment variables. Seven unique family clusters, each with distinctive patterns of characteristics, were identified: child-oriented, cohesive; learning-oriented, high residential quality; low disclosure, unharmonious; disadvantaged, noncohesive; achievement-oriented, low residential quality; expression-oriented with few sociocultural interests; and outerdirected with little achievement-orientation. Comparisons among the clusters and ethnographic/interviewer observations revealed significant differences in other family and child characteristics and behavior. Development of a classification system for families with retarded children was discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1982

Anxiety and mitral valve prolapse syndrome.

The diagnosis of Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome (MVPS), even though symptomatically similar to anxiety neurosis, may prompt pharmacological treatment only, neglecting any underlying emotional problems. If only a dichotomy were considered, one diagnosis might be seen as mutually exclusive of the other. A case history is presented illustrating features of both clinical syndromes. We consider the interaction of both etiologies, as well as the possibility of both being unrelated and coincidental. As physiological factors are explored when the diagnosis of anxiety neurosis is considered, so should psychological factors be examined with MVPS.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Attachment and early maltreatment.

Attachment outcomes of 31 maltreatment cases (extreme neglect or abuse) selected from a total poverty sample of 267 high-risk mothers were compared at 12 and 18 months to a subsample of 33 cases with a history of excellent care. In accordance with the Bowlby-Ainsworth hypothesis, the maltreatment group was characterized by a low proportion of secure attachment (Ainsworth's group B) at 12 months (38% compared to 75% in the excellent care group and 55% in the remaining total sample); however, differences at 18 months were not significant. Specifically, 50% of the cases with a history of neglect were in Ainsworth's group C (anxious/resistant attachment) at 12 months, compared to usual reports of approximately 10% and compared to 21% in the total poverty sample. Patterns of attachment between 12 and 18 months remained stable for the mother-infant pairs in the excellent care group, however, 52% of the mistreated infants changed classifications. For the neglect subgroup there was considerable movement toward Ainsworth's group A (anxious/avoidant attachment) at 18 months and some movement toward group B. An examination of the case histories of mother-infant pairs indicated that changes in attachment between 12 and 18 months were related to changing life events, support from family, and out-of-home care. These findings are highly tentative as were the findings which suggested that secure attachment within the maltreatment group was associated with the presence of a supportive family member, less chaotic life-style, and, in some instances, a more robust infant.

Child Abuse↗
PubMed1993

Achieving success: moving beyond the comfort level.

Understanding the stages of growth, saturation and transition is the first step to setting meaningful career goals. While this concept is fairly new in dentistry, it is not new in other commercial enterprises. Business managers and owners have known for decades that growth stagnates after a period of time. At that point, a new infusion of energy and a reformation of the business's objectives and methods are needed to launch forward into the next phase of growth. Transition management in dentistry represents periods of growth that are followed by saturation and a comparatively rapid changeover to a new practice form. Saturation occurs when the clinical capacity of a practice is exceeded by the needs of a growing patient base. The key transitions in the career of a dentist are those from school to practising, and practising to retirement. A great number of dentists (due to low motivation, the comfort level or poor management skills) never reach the saturation point during their practising career. For these dentists, starting out and retirement are the only transitions that will ever apply to them. Dentists evaluating transition options must first identify which career stage they belong to since their objectives will be different at each stage. Dentists in the growth phase should focus on practice management and achieving saturation before attempting a transition. Since transitions like start-up, retirement, partnerships, associateships and buy-ins have pivotal roles in the life cycle of a practice, transitions must be managed carefully to achieve successful results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Efficiency↗
PubMed1993

[Variations in blood lipid levels in adolescents: relation to changes in lifestyle. A longitudinal approach].

In order to assess the relationship between changes in life style (taking up smoking, giving up sporting activity) and plasma lipids, 3,650 young subjects aged 14 to 18 years, from the Lorraine region, were examined on two occasions separated by a 5 year interval. At the second examination, 39% of the boys and 33.8% of the girls had taken up smoking, and 52% of the boys and 68% of the girls had given up strenuous physical activity. These changes in life style were associated with a significant change in total cholesterol in boys and also of triglycerides after adjustment of values for age and variation in body mass: starting smoking or the giving up of sporting activities was associated with a greater increase in cholesterol and triglyceride levels. These results underline need for increasing efforts in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in young subjects, and emphasise the importance of maintaining physical activity and of not smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease. Issues of etiology and validity.

This thesis concerns the epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and some aspects of the validity of such studies. AD is a common and chronic dementing disorder among elderly people. Due to the lack of treatment and to the invalidating nature, the social impact of this disease is high in all the societies in which the proportion of elderly is increasing. Three studies on AD etiology have been performed. The first is a case-control study on early-onset AD and a wide range of putative risk factors. The cases were gathered from a clinical study on AD carried out in Italy. The information on the exposure obtained from a next-of-kin of 116 cases was compared with the information similarly collected from the next-of-kin of 116 hospital and 97 population controls. The other two etiological studies deal with late-onset AD and are a prevalence study on sociodemographic variables and a case-control study on selected putative risk factors. These two studies were performed within a population-based study on ageing and dementia that is ongoing in Stockholm, Sweden. The study on sociodemographic variables included 116 AD cases among 1810 people. The case-control study compared the information obtained by the informants of 98 AD cases and 266 controls. The main results of these three investigations are: (1) The prevalence of AD increases with age, even in advanced ages. (2) The prevalence of AD does not vary by gender and education. (3) The main risk factor for both early- and late-onset AD is the familial aggregation of dementia (relative risk of 2.6 and 3.2, respectively). (4) A second risk factor for early-onset AD may be the advanced age of the mother at index delivery, but this result needs confirmation. No other risk factors reported by others emerged in our study. (5) High relative risks were found for alcohol consumption and manual work in late-onset AD. Manual work could be an indicator of occupational exposures as well as life conditions or life habits. Although both these results may be affected by bias, the results are provocative for future research. Three validation studies were carried out on three different aspects: diagnosis, case ascertainment, and exposure assessment. The first study investigated the reproducibility of AD diagnosis according to the DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria. The diagnoses made by the examining physicians were compared with the diagnosis made independently by another clinician on the subjects' clinical records.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Mental health and the aging woman.

The role of the physician as guardian of elderly women's mental and physical health reaches far beyond prescribing medications for symptom relief. The role an elderly woman plays in family, community, and society, are integrally related to the symptoms she experiences. Protocols for evaluation should be taught early and consistently in medical training, and opportunities for creative, multifaceted problem solving should be provided.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Assessing the socioeconomic impact of improved treatment of head and spinal cord injuries.

Assessment of improved treatment of neurotrauma presents two basic challenges: 1) measurement of the medical effects of treatment, and 2) evaluation of these effects in socioeconomic terms. A nationwide survey was conducted in 1988 to estimate the prevalence of persons in the United States who suffered traumatic spinal cord injury and to calculate its economic consequences. Seven hundred fifty-eight persons weighted to be representative of the spinal cord injury population were interviewed. The prevalence rate was found to be 721 cases per million people. Conservative calculations for 1988 showed that the average direct costs per person were $103,000 for hospitalization and home modifications during the first 2 years postinjury and $14,000 per year thereafter for medical care. Losses in earnings and homemaker services averaged $12,726 per year. Total aggregate costs for 1 year were estimated at $5.6 billion. Lifetime costs for a representative person with complete paraplegia injured at age 33 were estimated to be $500,000. For a representative person with complete quadriplegia injured at age 27, these costs amounted to $1 million. These data can be used to estimate cost savings related to decreased disability resulting from improved treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Stress, life events, and socioeconomic disparities in health: results from the Americans' Changing Lives Study.

It has been hypothesized that exposure to stress and negative life events is related to poor health outcomes, and that differential exposure to stress plays a role in socioeconomic disparities in health. Data from three waves of the Americans' Changing Lives study (n = 3,617) were analyzed to investigate prospectively the relationship among socioeconomic indicators, five measures of stress/negative life events, and the health outcomes of mortality, functional limitations, and self-rated health. The results revealed that (1) life events and other types of stressors are clearly related to socioeconomic position; (2) a count of negative lifetime events was positively associated with mortality; (3) a higher score on a financial stress scale was predictive of severe/moderate functional limitations and fair/poor self-rated health at wave 3; and (4) a higher score on a parental stress scale was predictive of fair/poor self-rated health at wave 3. The negative effects of low income on functional limitations attenuated to insignificance when waves 1 and 2 stress/life event measures were controlled for, but other socioeconomic disparities in health change remained sizable and significant when adjusted for exposure to stressors. The results support the hypothesis that differential exposure to stress and negative life events is one of many ways in which socioeconomic inequalities in health are produced in society.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Life events: perceptions and frequencies.

Life changes have been associated with illness onset. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) records numerical perceptions of the meaning of life events while the Schedule of Recent Experience (SRE) records the frequency of occurrence of life events. Data on these two instruments from 19 studies done in this laboratory have been surveyed and analyzed. They reveal significant variability among groups in their perceptions of life events as well as in their reports of the frequency of occurrence. Variables indicated to be of significance in either or both of these parameters were age, marital status, sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, level of education, culture, and experiencing of an event. These variables impose caution on investigations that relate life changes to illness.

Age Factors↗