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PubMed1990

The ESTRO Regaud lecture. Inherent radiosensitivity of tumor and normal tissue cells as a predictor of human tumor response.

This lecture reviews the history and current status of attempts to correlate the outcome of radiation therapy with estimates of tumor cell radiosensitivity, made by either histologic assessment of tumors irradiated in vivo or by assays for the survival of tumor cells irradiated in vitro. Genetically determined variability in the radiosensitivity of normal tissue cells from different individuals is also discussed in terms of its effect on the determination of "tolerance" doses and the possible correlation between tumor cell and normal tissue cell radiosensitivity in a given patient. It is concluded that measurement of both tumor cell and normal tissue cell radiosensitivities, along with other radiobiologically-based assays, will improve our ability to predict treatment outcome and provide the basis for further therapeutic advances in radiation oncology.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed1992

Invited article: Richard D. Turk Memorial Lecture--parasites' progress.

The College of Veterinary Medicine at Texas A & M University celebrated its 75th anniversary in September 1991. As a part of this celebration, Professor Lord Soulsby was invited by the faculty of the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology to deliver the annual Turk Memorial Lecture. The following is Professor Lord Soulsby's presentation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

25th Arvid Wretlind's Lecture--Silver anniversary, 25 years with ESPEN, the history of nutrition.

The development of nutrition and the knowledge of metabolism has increased exponentially during the last decades since the start of ESPEN. This article, based on the Arvid Wretlind lecture 2003 in Cannes, describes important historical and modern landmarks in the field. The presentation also highlights the important contributions made by Arvid Wretlind regarding the development of lipid emulsions and amino acid solutions. The last 25 years of nutritional development is very much linked to the modern history of ESPEN. The fruitful balance between research, industry and education is recognised.

Food, Formulated↗
PubMed2004

Added value of video compared to audio lectures for distance learning.

Asynchronous distance learning programs in health informatics are becoming more prevalent, but there is little research on the best practices of asynchronous learning technologies. There are virtually no data on the value of video of the instructor compared to an audio slide presentation. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in which we showed the same slide presentation to two groups of students. One group saw a video of the instructor giving the lecture and the other group saw the same presentation with audio only. Our results show that adding video to an audio presentation does not lead to greater satisfaction or greater learning. Students may think they want the video, but those who have it are not uniformly pleased with it. These results demonstrate that despite the intuitive appeal of streaming video, the addition of a video to an audio presentation may not be worth the extra expense and effort.

Alabama↗
PubMed1994

Genetic clues to glaucoma's secrets. The L Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Part 2.

Major advances in the medical and surgical treatment of glaucoma have occurred since the first Edward Jackson Memorial lecture was delivered 50 years ago. Collaborative clinical trials under the sponsorship of the National Eye Institute are adding to our knowledge about which patients to treat and how to treat them. Despite these clinical advances, an understanding of the pathophysiologic and biochemical mechanisms that cause the disease remain unknown. The 40th anniversary of the discovery of the DNA double helix provides a springboard for a historical perspective on the heritability of glaucoma. A large pedigree is presented of a family with autosomal dominantly inherited primary open-angle glaucoma of juvenile onset. This is the second family with this clinical entity to show genetic linkage to the long arm of chromosome 1. Other forms of primary open-angle glaucoma with adult onset are presented wherein the inheritance pattern suggests autosomal recessive transmission. Thus far, linkage analysis does not suggest a genetic relationship to the autosomal dominant juvenile-onset pedigree that links to the long arm of chromosome 1. It is hoped that an emphasis on clinical and molecular genetic studies of glaucoma will yield protein defects that can be targeted for treatment. It is emphasized that the clinical ophthalmologist can participate in this important work by finding families with glaucoma and collaborating with individuals capable of extracting DNA, manipulating it, and performing genetic linkage and positional cloning studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Computer-assisted learning versus a lecture and feedback seminar for teaching a basic surgical technical skill.

BACKGROUND: Rapid improvements in computer technology allow us to consider the use of computer-assisted learning (CAL) for teaching technical skills in surgical training. The objective of this study was to compare in a prospective, randomized fashion, CAL with a lecture and feedback seminar (LFS) for the purpose of teaching a basic surgical skill. METHODS: Freshman medical students were randomly assigned to spend 1 hour in either a CAL or LFS session. Both sessions were designed to teach them to tie a two-handed square knot. Students in both groups were given knot tying boards and those in the CAL group were asked to interact with the CAL program. Students in the LFS group were given a slide presentation and were given individualized feedback as they practiced this skill. At the end of the session the students were videotaped tying two complete knots. The tapes were independently analyzed, in a blinded fashion, by three surgeons. The total time for the task was recorded, the knots were evaluated for squareness, and each subject was scored for the quality of performance. RESULTS: Data from 82 subjects were available for the final analysis. Comparison of the two groups demonstrated no significant difference between the proportion of subjects who were able to tie a square knot. There was no difference between the average time required to perform the task. The CAL group had significantly lower quality of performance (t = 5.37, P <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: CAL and LFS were equally effective in conveying the cognitive information associated with this skill. However, the significantly lower performance score demonstrates that the students in the CAL group did not attain a proficiency in this skill equal to the students in the LFS group. Comments by the students suggest that the lack of feedback in this model of CAL was the significant difference between these two educational methods.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1981

Foot switch photography with a lecture scope in cystourethroscopy.

Photography during cystourethroscopy has been made lighter and easier with a new system involving a special lecture scope and a 16 mm. camera. With this system endoscopic photographs can be made by pushing a foot pedal. Therefore, the system allows for free movement and full control of the cystourethroscope. Bright and sharp photographs are produced, making them useful in the diagnosis of a case. In addition, the same view can be observed by an operator and an assistant simultaneously.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Rapid preparation of lecture slides.

When lecture slides must be prepared at a moment's notice, these methods of rapid preparation will allow you to create good quality slides. Although rush jobs are usually associated with higher costs, using these methods will keep the price per slide to a minimum. An investment must be made for the initial equipment, but the cost per slide is much less than that of slides produced by the standard methods. Type produced by typewriters or computer printers is adequate for most slides, but better slides can be produced with KroyType or Letraset letters. The KL film is preferred for reverse slides of text or line drawings, and the RPC film for production of radiographic slides. If an X-omat developer is not available, Polaroid film is a good alternative for rapid production of slides. The KL reverse slide projects best and can be colored, but RPC film produces a good positive slide of typed material. We have also photographed from a computer terminal screen using the KL film to make positive slides, the Polaroid continuous tone film for reverse slides, and Polaroid color film for color slides of material composed on a computer terminal with multicolor and graphics capabilities.

Computers↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of problem-and lecture-based pharmacology teaching.

Problem-based learning (PBL) is gaining interest in many medical schools. Although various approaches have been labelled PBL, it remains unclear which approach is most appropriate for pharmacology courses. Moreover, some teachers remain sceptical about whether PBL is adequate to convey the numerous facts medical students need to memorize about drugs. However, comparisons of PBL methods with conventional lecture-based learning (LBL) methods within general pharmacology courses for medical students show that PBL students are at least as successful in standardized tests but enjoy their course to a greater extent than do LBL students.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2003

Nursing students' and lecturers' perspectives of objective structured clinical examination incorporating simulation.

Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) has been widely and increasingly used since it was developed. Research has shown that it is an effective evaluation tool to assess practical skills (Sloan et al. 1995). In many instances the OSCE process has been adapted to test trainees from different healthcare related disciplines. In nursing education, as presented in this paper, principles of OSCE can also be used in a formative way to enhance skill acquisition through simulation. The aim of this approach to teaching is safely to help students gain more confidence when confronted by technical instruments present in the hospital environment, and to encourage them to reflect on a range of skills and competences they need to acquire. The OSCE stations can be designed in the form of small scenarios where students have to set-up or interact with technical instruments, or communicate with patients. This type of simulation exercise can be varied as a whole and specifically within each station at the same time. The use of this hybrid formative OSCE is being assessed by nursing students and lecturers. The feedback received regarding this teaching method and the results of this study are useful and show that OSCE are favourably perceived.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1992

The Binkhorst Medal Lecture. Biologic relationship between poly(methyl methacrylate) intraocular lenses and uveal tissue.

Implantation of a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) intraocular lens (IOL) after cataract surgery is associated with breakdown of the blood-ocular barrier and a foreign body inflammatory response. Although the material is biocompatible, it is not inert. The history of PMMA IOL implantation has reflected mechanical, chemical, and immunological interactions between the IOL and ocular tissues. The common link in these events is instability of the blood-ocular barrier. In this lecture, I discuss the nature of these interactions and present evidence that currently investigated methods of surface modification and capsular bag IOL implantation are effective in stabilizing the blood-ocular barrier.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The Menzies Campbell Lecture. The fair face of dentistry--from anathema to acceptance.

'What is history?' was the challenge issued by Gibbon, the great historian of the Roman Empire. 'Little more', he observed, 'than a register of the crimes, follies and misfortunes of men'. In this lecture I will attempt to redress this inequality and demonstrate that the 'crimes, follies and misfortunes' of women also have a place in history and, at the same time, uncover the 'fair face of dentistry'. I intend to paint a wide canvas, and to relate events and achievements to the sociological changes of contemporary society.

Dentists, Women↗
PubMed2001

Spiers Memorial Lecture. Comparative studies of cluster dynamics in the gas and condensed phases.

Although an overview of the field of cluster dynamics is impossible to give in this Introductory Lecture, several important themes have emerged that can provide a backdrop for this Faraday Discussion. As a result, the first part of this paper introduces some of these themes, using results from the literature to illustrate some of the important issues. Although much of the work on clusters is being carried out in the gas phase (usually in free jet expansions and molecular beams), new approaches have recently been developed that permit the study of the same complexes in or on nanoscale clusters. In particular, recent developments in the field of superfluid helium droplet spectroscopy (SHEDS) permit high-resolution studies of atoms, molecules and clusters in this exotic quantum fluid. After introducing this new field, the author will discuss experiments from his own laboratory to illustrate some of the capabilities of the technique.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Spiers memorial lecture. The quantum chemistry of d- and f-element complexes: from an approximate existence to functional happiness.

The field of modern quantum inorganic chemistry is just over 50 years old, dating back to 1951, when quantitative LCAO molecular orbital theory was developed and ferrocene was discovered. This Lecture provides a survey of the development of the field through about 1980, which has led to its current state. The application of modern quantum chemical techniques are illustrated via two disparate examples from the authors' research group. First, the recent discovery of uranium-noble gas bonds is discussed including the synergy between the theoretical and experimental investigations of this phenomenon. New theoretical results using coupled-cluster [CCSD(T)] methodology is contrasted to the original scalar-relativistic density functional theory results. Second, new applications of time-dependent density functional theory to the rich photochemistry of a dinuclear organometallic complex, (eta5-C5H5)2Fe2(mu-CO)2(CO)2, are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Recording skills practice on videotape can enhance learning - a comparative study between nurse lecturers and nursing students.

Video recording techniques have been used in educational settings for a number of years. They have included viewing video taped lessons, using whole videos or clips of tapes as a trigger for discussion, viewing video recordings to observe role models for practice, and being video recorded in order to receive feedback on performance from peers and tutors. Although this last application has been in use since the 1960s, it has only been evaluated as a teaching method with health care professionals in the past 10 years and mostly in the areas of medical and counsellor education. In nurse education, however, use of video recording techniques has been advocated without any empirical evidence on its efficacy. This study has used nursing degree students and nurse educationalists to categorize statements from four cohorts of students who took part in a 12-day clinical supervision course during which their interpersonal skills were recorded on videotape. There were two categories: positive and negative/neutral. Analysis of the data showed that between 61% and 72% of the subjects gave an overall positive categorization to the statements in the questionnaire. Chi-square tests were significant for all groups in both categories. This suggests that both nursing students and nurse lecturers thought that course participants' statements expressed a positive belief that video tape recording is useful in enhancing students' ability to learn effective interpersonal skills in clinical supervision.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

An evaluation of the lecturer-practitioner role in the independent health care sector.

This study examined the impact of the introduction of lecturer-practitioner (LP) roles in four Nuffield Hospitals over a period of two years. A series of interviews was conducted with the practitioners themselves, the staff and the managers. LPs also maintained structured diaries. Nursing practice in the independent sector is influenced by a number of factors, including caring for patients in individual rooms and working directly with consultants because there are no junior medical staff. Nurses encountered patients with very diverse problems, and accordingly needed help to maintain a wide professional knowledge base. Nursing staff benefited from the presence of an LP in terms of linking theory to practice, role modelling, obtaining career advice and introducing change. Non-nursing staff also benefited from the LPs' adoption of an interdisciplinary approach to certain care situations. LPs were valued as a resource for staff and seen as important in enabling the company to maintain its image as a provider of high-quality care. The LP was also well placed to raise the profile of nursing in the independent sector through research activities. LPs themselves benefited from their experiences and were able to develop their own skills.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Contribution of a lecturer-practitioner in implementing evidence-based health care.

This article describes and discusses the role of a lecturer-practitioner (LP) in the context of a university and practice development unit within a primary care trust in contributing to evidence-based health care. Evidence-based health care is currently high on the political and professional agendas. Methods employed in practice to create an environment that encourages and supports innovation will be described. Methods used in the educational establishment will also be highlighted from a theoretical and practice perspective. Progress to date and expected future outcomes will be shared. The article concludes that progress is dependent on all those involved, sharing common goals in the implementation of evidence based health care as it will continue to remain high on the agenda in the educational and service sectors. This drive towards clinical effectiveness and evidence based practice puts the LP in an ideal position to reduce the practice-theory gap by the nature of their integrated role.

Community Health Nursing↗