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PubMed2002

Reconstruction of through-and-through cheek defects involving the oral commissure, using chimeric flaps from the thigh lateral femoral circumflex system.

Repairing full-thickness cheek defects involving the oral commissure in the head and neck regions after tumor resection is a challenge for reconstructive surgeons. First, they are usually relatively large defects. Second, the axes of the cheek and intraoral lining are different from each other. Third, the shape and volume of the defect and the oral sphincter should be considered individually. Lateral femoral circumflex perforator flaps with at least two independent cutaneous perforators are suitable for reconstruction of such a defect in one stage. In this study, between January and December of 1999, a total of nine patients underwent reconstruction with chimeric lateral femoral circumflex perforator flaps immediately after resection of their oral cancers. The average age of the patients was 61 years (range, 42 to 74 years). The oral lining defects were between 5 x 5 cm and 6 x 12 cm in size, whereas the cheek defects were between 5 x 6 and 8 x 12 cm. Fifteen flaps were supplied by one perforator, and three flaps were supplied by two perforators. There were nine single arterial anastomoses, eight single venous anastomoses, and one double venous anastomosis. There were no total flap failures. One case of postoperative venous congestion was successfully treated by a second venous anastomosis. The average duration of hospitalization was 31.8 days (range, 18 to 49 days). The median follow-up time was 8.6 months, and all patients were alive at the time of evaluation. Six of nine patients had satisfactory or good contours of the cheek. Five of nine patients had normal deglutition. Six of nine patients had adequate oral continence. Compared with other free flaps, use of the combined (chimeric) lateral femoral circumflex perforator flaps for the reconstruction of cheek through-and-through defects involving the oral commissure has several advantages: (1) easy three-dimensional insetting, (2) a unique character suitable for the requirements of the oral lining and cheek skin to achieve good aesthetic appearance, (3) functional preservation of the oral sphincter and the resistance of gravity by use of the tensor fasciae latae, (4) minimal donor-site morbidity, (5) economic design, and (6) no need for microsurgical fabrication, because major vascular branches such as the transverse branch, the ascending branch, and the feeding branch to the rectus femoris muscle are not sacrificed in the procedure. The disadvantages of these flaps include (1) the complicated anatomy of the perforators, (2) the learning-curve requirement for their use, and (3) the occasional need for secondary venous drainage and shifts to double flaps. Although there are some difficulties, it was concluded that use of the chimeric lateral femoral circumflex perforator flaps in the selected cases is one of the good options available for the reconstruction of cheek through-and-through defects involving the oral commissure.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Clinical study of the relationship between the lateral recesses and the nerve roots].

To explicate the relationship and the clinical signification between the normal or narrow lateral recesses and the nerve roots, we measured the diameter of the entrans zone of the lateral recess, the interval between the upper articular processes and the interval between the nerve root and ab line on 50 normal cases, 43 narrow cases and 32 stenosis cases with VIDS image analysis system. The results showed that the nerve root was in the center side of the ab line in the normal station, with the degrees of the degeneration and cohesion ncreasing, the nerve root was in the lateral recess side of the ab line, and was compressed by the lateral recess. The authors considered that the real clinical signification of the entrance zone of the lateral recess was danger to the nerve root, but the deciding factors were the degrees of the degeneration and cohesion of the upper articular processes. The pathological conditions that resulted in the stenosis of the lateral recess and dangered the nerve root such as disc, flavum ligament and posterior port of the fibra ring were discussed in the article.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Breast-Coserving Surgery for Primary Breast Cancer: Immediate Volume Replacement Using Lateral Tissue Flap.

We have developed a breast-conserving surgery consisting of quadrantectomy and regional lymph node dissection and immediate volume replacement using lateral tissue flap (LTF). The quadrantectomy was employed on the basis of segmental anatomy of the duct-lobular system in which breast carcinoma originates. Lateral skin incision was performed from the apex of mid-axillary line to the inframammary fold, without removing the skin overlying the tumor, In the early period of breast reconstruction embraced latissmus dorsi flap (LDF) for 10 patients(reconstruction was not performed on 35 patients), but in the late period we employed LTF for 56 patients. Four of the 101 patients developed ipsilateral breast cancer during a mean follow-up period of 48 months, but none died of breast cancer, Among the 56 patients with LTF replacement no patient developed ipsilateral breast cancer. Fairly good cosmetic outcome was obtained in the patients who underwent the immediate volume replacement. Breast-conserving surgeries are reviewed, and the surgical procedure using LTF for immediate volume replacement is described.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Somatosensory evoked potentials during whole body hyperthermia in humans.

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and body temperature were recorded in patients subjected to induced total hyperthermia for treatment of advanced neoplasms. Elevation of body temperature up to 42 degrees C for 2 h was achieved using a computer-controlled external heating system. SEPs were recorded continuously on-line during the treatment using finger shock stimulation. Evoked potential components later than 160 msec disappeared in the early part of the treatment, but reappeared quickly during cooling. P50 and P50-N70 amplitudes decreased regularly and significantly over the whole duration of the heating period. During the plateau period, no evoked potential peaks could be detected but short latency peaks reappeared as soon as cooling started. The disappearance of SEPs to finger stimulation during sustained hyperthermia at 42 degrees C confirms the findings obtained by EEG recording that a major neuronal dysfunction occurs under these circumstances which subsides quickly as temperature is dropped.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1988

Electrosensory maps form a substrate for the distributed and parallel control of behavioral responses in weakly electric fish.

Electroreceptors, distributed over the body surface of weakly electric fish, code the local amplitude and phase, or timing of zerocrossing, of the animal's electric signals. These signals are generated by rhythmic discharges of the electric organ and form a dipole-like field around the animal. This field is perturbed by interference with electric fields of other fish as well as by the appearance of objects electrically different from water. The spatial and temporal structure of such perturbations can be interpreted as the electric image of interfering fields and moving objects. This strategy of assessing the environment is called 'electrolocation', a form of 'seeing' with the body surface. Electric images are analyzed in somatotopically ordered strata of neurons within the central nervous system. Primary electrosensory afferents project to somatotopically ordered layers of higher-order neurons in the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) of the hindbrain. Phase and amplitude information are processed in separate layers of the ELL. The phase of the signal in a given region of the body surface is coded by the timing of spikes of spherical cells marking the zerocrossings of the electric signal. This phase information is relayed to lamina 6 of the torus semicircularis of the midbrain. Rises and falls in local amplitude are coded by the activity of different pyramidal cell types, E- and I-units, which project to various laminae of the torus above and below lamina 6. The somatotopic organization of the torus allows for computations of spatial patterns in electrosensory information. Within lamina 6, differences in the phase of signals from different parts of the body surface are computed. Differential-phase information is then relayed to deeper laminae of the torus and remains in topographic register with amplitude information. This organization allows for joint evaluation of spatially related patterns of amplitude and phase modulations on the animal's body surface within local neuronal circuits of the torus. A topographic projection of the torus relays amplitude and differential-phase information to the optic tectum where a further joint evaluation of amplitude and phase serves to control behavioral responses. The control of a particular behavioral performance, the 'jamming avoidance response', is of a distributed nature in that the representations of individual sites on the body surface contribute cumulatively to shift the electric organ pacemaker frequency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Linear drug eruption.

Linear eruptions are sometimes associated with systemic diseases and they may also be induced by various drugs. Paradoxically, such acquired inflammatory skin diseases tend to follow the system of Blaschko's lines. We describe a case of unilateral linear drug eruption caused by ibuprofen, which later became bilateral and generalized.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Subcellular localization of LGN during mitosis: evidence for its cortical localization in mitotic cell culture systems and its requirement for normal cell cycle progression.

Mammalian LGN/AGS3 proteins and their Drosophila Pins orthologue are cytoplasmic regulators of G-protein signaling. In Drosophila, Pins localizes to the lateral cortex of polarized epithelial cells and to the apical cortex of neuroblasts where it plays important roles in their asymmetric division. Using overexpression studies in different cell line systems, we demonstrate here that, like Drosophila Pins, LGN can exhibit enriched localization at the cell cortex, depending on the cell cycle and the culture system used. We find that in WISH, PC12, and NRK but not COS cells, LGN is largely directed to the cell cortex during mitosis. Overexpression of truncated protein domains further identified the Galpha-binding C-terminal portion of LGN as a sufficient domain for cortical localization in cell culture. In mitotic COS cells that normally do not exhibit cortical LGN localization, LGN is redirected to the cell cortex upon overexpression of Galpha subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins. The results also show that the cortical localization of LGN is dependent on microfilaments and that interfering with LGN function in cultured cell lines causes early disruption to cell cycle progression.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed2003

Liver-specific reactivation of the inactivated Hnf-1alpha gene: elimination of liver dysfunction to establish a mouse MODY3 model.

Mice deficient in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF-1alpha) develop dwarfism, liver dysfunction, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Liver dysfunction in HNF-1alpha-null mice includes severe hepatic glycogen accumulation and dyslipidemia. The liver dysfunction may appear as soon as 2 weeks after birth. Since the HNF-1alpha-null mice become diabetic 2 weeks after birth, the early onset of the liver dysfunction is unlikely to be due to the diabetic status of the mice. More likely, it is due directly to the deficiency of HNF-1alpha in liver. Although the HNF-1alpha-null mice have an average life span of 1 year, the severe liver phenotype has thwarted attempts to study the pathogenesis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 3 (MODY3) and to examine therapeutic strategies for diabetes prevention and treatment in these mice. To circumvent this problem, we have generated a new Hnf-1alpha mutant mouse line, Hnf-1alpha(kin/kin), using gene targeting to inactivate the Hnf-1alpha gene and at the same time, to incorporate the Cre-loxP DNA recombination system into the locus for later revival of the Hnf-1alpha gene in tissues by tissue-specifically expressed Cre recombinase. The Hnf-1alpha(kin/kin) mice in which the expression of HNF-1alpha was inactivated in germ line cells were indistinguishable from the HNF-1alpha-null mice with regard to both the diabetes and liver phenotypes. Intriguingly, when the inactivated Hnf-1alpha gene was revived in liver (hepatic Hnf-1alpha revived) by the Cre recombinase driven by an albumin promoter, the Hnf-1alpha(kin/kin) mice, although severely diabetic, grew normally and did not develop any of the liver dysfunctions. In addition, we showed that the expression of numerous genes in pancreas, including a marker gene for pancreas injury, was affected by liver dysfunction but not by the deficiency of HNF-1alpha in pancreas. Thus, our hepatic-Hnf-1alpha-revived mice may serve as a useful mouse model to study the human MODY3 disorder.

Alleles↗
PubMed1987

Spontaneous neural activity of a mechanoreceptive system is undiminished by replacement of external calcium with equimolar magnesium in the presence of EGTA.

Primary afferent neurons of the lateral-line mechanosensory organs, which are believed to be closely related to the auditory and vestibular organs, exhibit "spontaneous" action potentials in the absence of mechanical stimulation of the receptor cells (hair cells). Sinusoidal mechanical stimulation of the hair cells enhances the impulse rate of the afferent neurons. The spontaneous activity is found to be a decreasing function of increasing concentration of either external magnesium or calcium, when each cation is varied in the absence of the other and bath-applied to the synaptic side of the lateral-line mechanoreceptors. One mM to 6 mM magnesium with 5 mM EGTA (the latter for chelation of remaining traces of calcium) permits undiminished spontaneous afferent activity of lateral-line neurons for as long as 3 to 4 hours. With bath-applied calcium, mechanical stimulation results in evoked incremental activity--defined as total activity with stimulation minus spontaneous activity--which significantly increases with increasing calcium concentration. However, with magnesium and EGTA in the bath, mechanical stimulation produces no increase in the neural firing rate above spontaneous rate for any magnesium concentration tested. Taken together, these results suggest that spontaneous activity, in contrast to evoked incremental activity, does not require external calcium in the bath, and production of spontaneous neural action potentials may proceed via mechanisms that are modifications of those of classical stimulus-secretion coupling.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1997

In vitro plasticity of the direct feedback pathway in the electrosensory system of Apteronotus leptorhynchus.

We have used field and intracellular recording from pyramidal cells in an in vitro preparation of the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) of Apteronotus leptorhynchus to investigate synaptic plasticity of a direct feedback pathway: the (StF). Tetanic stimulation of the StF enhanced the StF-evoked synaptic response by 145% in field and the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) 190% in intracellular recordings. Maximal enhancement occurred at 5 s and lasted for approximately 120 s. Tetanic frequencies of 100-300 Hz produced enhancement; lower or higher frequencies failed to produce statistically significant changes in EPSP amplitude. Rates of 100-200 Hz occur in vivo in the cells of origin of the StF, suggesting that this form of plasticity may be operative under natural conditions. We could not elicit either long-term potentiation or depression by any stimulation protocol of the StF; in the case of long-term potentiation, this held even when excitatory transmission was enhanced by application of bicuculline, a gamma-aminobutyric acid-A antagonist. When tetanic stimulation of the StF was paired with hyperpolarization of pyramidal cells, subsequent StF-evoked EPSPs were increased by 146% (5 min posttetanus); this anti-Hebbian synaptic enhancement lasted for approximately 10 min. Neither tetanic stimulation alone, hyperpolarization alone, nor tetanic stimulation paired with pyramidal cell depolarization altered StF-evoked EPSP amplitudes on this time scale. Anti-Hebbian synaptic enhancement was not blocked by the N-methyl--aspartate-receptor antagonist D. L-aminophosphovalerate. The in vitro demonstration of anti-Hebbian plasticity at StF synapses replicates similar in vivo results. Anti-Hebbian synaptic plasticity of the StF may be responsible in part for the ability of gymnotiform fish to reject redundant electrosensory signals.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Frontal and lateral visual system in birds. Frontal and lateral gaze.

Birds exhibit a variable retinal organization in terms of foveas and areas of high cell density. The distribution of these retinal structures in different species does not follow phylogenetic lines. In order to study this phenomenon, we presented chickens and pigeons with a luminous bar that could be moved at different speeds and directions in the visual field and could be located at various distances from the animal; head movements were monitored during the presentations. The results show that for a static or slow-moving stimulus the birds adopted a frontal gaze that stabilized the image in the retina, and for a fast-moving stimulus they adopted a lateral gaze that allowed the image to move across the retina. These results reveal that: (a) these two ways of looking correlate with the retinal anatomy, not with the phylogeny, of the species, and (b) these two ways of looking reflect two different sensorimotor systems that involve different anatomical features and neurophysiological properties of the visual system in birds.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Lacrimal gland orbital lobe cysts associated with MALT lymphoma and primary Sjögren's syndrome.

PURPOSE: To describe, for the first time, the occurrence of a large cyst in the orbital lobe of the lacrimal gland in association with marginal zone B-cell MALT lymphoma in three female patients, two of whom also had primary Sjögren's syndrome. METHODS: Retrospective case note review. RESULTS: Three female patients, aged 35, 41 and 47 years, presented with progressive proptosis caused by an enlarging cyst within the orbital lobe of the lacrimal gland. Two of the patients had primary Sjögren's syndrome. Excision of the cyst and part of the lacrimal gland revealed marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type within the gland or wall of the cyst in all cases. The cysts were partially lined by ductular epithelium. One patient had systemic lymphoma, was treated with chemotherapy and remains in remission one year later; the other two had disease apparently confined to the lacrimal gland and are disease-free at 9 months and at three years after local irradiation, respectively. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, these are the first reported cases of cysts affecting the orbital lobe of the lacrimal gland in patients with B-cell MALT lymphoma of the gland. Although cystic changes have been described in other exocrine glands, lung and thymus in patients with Sjögren's syndrome, this association has also not been described in the lacrimal gland before.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Intrathecal upregulation of granulocyte colony stimulating factor and its neuroprotective actions on motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

To investigate cytokine/chemokine changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we simultaneously measured 16 cytokine/chemokines (interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 [p70], IL-13, IL-17, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, granulocyte colony stimulating factor [G-CSF], macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], and macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sera from 37 patients with sporadic ALS and 33 controls using a multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassay. We also conducted immunohistochemical analyses from 8 autopsied ALS cases and 6 nonneurologic disease controls as well as cell culture analyses of relevant cytokines and their receptors. We found that concentrations of G-CSF and MCP-1 were significantly increased in ALS CSF compared with controls. In spinal cords, G-CSF was expressed in reactive astrocytes in ALS cases but not controls, whereas G-CSF receptor expression was significantly decreased in motor neurons of spinal cords from ALS cases. Biologically, G-CSF had a protective effect on the NSC34 cell line under conditions of both oxidative and nutritional stress. We suggested that G-CSF has potentially neuroprotective effects on motor neurons in ALS and that downregulation of its receptor might contribute to ALS pathogenesis. On the other hand, MCP-1 correlated with disease severity, which may aggravate motor neuron damage.

Aged↗
PubMed1971

Geometrical illusions and the response of neurones in the cat's visual cortex to angle patterns.

1. This report describes the responses of thirty-six single neurones in the primary visual area of the cat's neurologically isolated and unanaesthetized forebrain, to movements of thin white lines across the visual field. The experiments were designed to record the effects upon the response to a single test line of an added line, which was either parallel to the test line or joined it, making an angle-pattern of 30 degrees . Unit responses were measured in terms of the peak probability of firing derived from a post-stimulus histogram.2. All of the cortical neurones tested exhibited a preferred orientation for stimulation by the test line, i.e. an orientation of the line which produced a maximal response when the line passed through the centre of the unit's receptive field.3. There was no evidence that the orientation of a single test line preferred by cortical neurones was different from that preferred by the same cell when excited by an angle pattern, one arm of which was the original test line.4. The position of a test line (with preferred orientation) in the visual field that produced a maximal response from cortical neurones, was not always the same as the position for maximal response, when a second line was added to make either an angle pattern or to make a pattern of two parallel lines.5. Where the two lines of these patterns were close together and separated by less than the radius of the receptive field, the position for maximal response to the test line was shifted towards the added line. Where the two lines were further apart than this but separated by less than a receptive field diameter, the optimal position for the test line was displaced away from the added line.6. Some evidence was found of a lateral inhibition in the visual system, sufficient to account for the displacements described in paragraphs 4 and 5 above.7. It is concluded that the tip of an angle pattern of 30 degrees produces a distorted cortical image within the primary visual area.8. This neural distortion of sensory information seems adequate to explain the well known illusions of orientation that are associated with human perception of patterns containing acute angles.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1989

Effects of dexamethasone and vitamin D3 on cartilage differentiation in a clonal chondrogenic cell population.

We have investigated the regulation of chondroblast/chondrocyte differentiation using a unique clonal cell population, designated RCJ 3.1C5 (C5), which differentiates into discrete three-dimensional cartilage nodules when grown in the presence of 15% fetal calf serum. Histologically, the nodules resembled hyaline cartilage; they contained large rounded chondrocytes surrounded by a refractile matrix which stained intensely with Alcian blue, exhibited metachromasia after Toluidine blue staining, and stained with an antibody against type II collagen. The cartilage nodules that formed did not mineralize, despite the presence of organic phosphate in the culture medium. The synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) increased the number of cartilage nodules formed in a dose-dependent manner (ED50, approximately 10(-9) M), with a maximal stimulatory dose of 10(-8) M. DEX had no effect on the population doubling time and saturation density. The effects of DEX on the number of cartilage nodules were similar whether it was added from the beginning of the culture period (starting during exponential growth) or at confluence. In contrast, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] inhibited cartilage nodule formation in a dose-dependent manner (IC50, approximately 5 x 10(-10) M), with maximum inhibition at 10(-7) M. In addition, 1,25-(OH)2D3 decreased cell proliferation and saturation density. Equimolar doses of the vitamin D3 metabolites 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 had no effect. C5 cells treated with 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the absence of DEX during the exponential growth phase exhibited a reduced capacity to form cartilage nodules upon subsequent exposure to DEX. At confluence, before cartilage nodules had formed, C5 cells responded to PTH and prostaglandin-E2 with increases in intracellular cAMP of about 10- and 95-fold respectively. After cartilage nodules were present, prostaglandin-E2 responsiveness decreased to about 25-fold, whereas there was no significant change in PTH responsiveness. DEX decreased the population alkaline phosphatase levels at all times measured, whereas 1,25-(OH)2D3 had a biphasic effect: an increase at 5 days in culture, followed by a decrease at later times in culture. These data indicate that the clonal cell line RCJ 3.1C5 is a useful model system in which to investigate cartilage differentiation.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1998

Twenty care components: an educational strategy to teach nursing science.

The HHCC System's twenty care components and nomenclature provide a framework for the development of teaching strategies to prepare nurses for practice in the 21st century. The use of an integrated system of instruments accessible to students on-line allows for a smooth transition from course to course and later to clinical nursing practice. Faculty and/or instructors at Georgetown University School of Nursing use this innovative educational strategy and conceptual approach to facilitate collaboration with other healthcare providers and to model professional behavior for students.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlation of sperm motion parameters with fertility in rats treated subchronically with epichlorohydrin.

We investigated the relationship between fertility and sperm motin endpoints in rats treated subchronically with the male reproductive toxicant, epichlorohydrin (ECH). Male rats were given ECH orally for 23 days at dosages of 0, 6.25, 12.5, or 25 mg/kg/day. They were mated twice (at 19 and 22 days) to estimate fertility by (1) detection of fertilized ova (presence of sperm head and tail or two pronuclei) 18 hours after mating and by (2) counting implants on day 14 of gestation. Both indices showed dose-related reductions (P less than 0.001). Motion parameters of cauda epididymal sperm were assessed using the CellSoft computer-assisted sperm motion analysis (CASA) system after the rats were asphyxiated on day 25. Curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, linearity, and amplitude of lateral head displacement were reduced in a dose-related manner. The fertility indices, percent fertilized ova, and percent implantation on day 14 of gestation were correlated significantly (r = 0.68; P = 0.0001). The following motion parameters were also correlated significantly with fertility (P less than 0.0003; r1 = percent fertilized ova and r2 = percent implantation): linearity (r1 = 0.42; r2 = 0.40), amplitude of lateral head displacement (r1 = 0.54; r2 = 0.48), curvilinear velocity (r1 = 0.53; r2 = 0.50), straight-line velocity (r1 = 0.55; r2 = 0.50), and percent motile sperm (r1 = 0.42; r2 = 0.32). These results suggest a relationship between toxicant-induced reductions in sperm motion and fertility.

Animals↗