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PubMed1999

Cosmetics, skin care, and appearance in teenagers.

Adolescence is a period of tremendous transformation in the appearance of the body and the evolution of the mind that will eventually lead to adulthood. "Yesterday's child" will need to assume and exert control over these changes. Therefore his/her appearance becomes a means of communication, a language to express his/her pursuit of self-identity. The cosmetic industry has identified teenagers as "powerful" consumers, and offers them various toiletry and skin care products that should fulfill their needs, such as cleansing, hydrating, and photoprotective agents. Certain decorative cosmetics, especially for hair and nails, are attractive to them also. For some teenagers, the expression of individualism is through body art such as tattooing and body piercing. Areas of concern are the lack of motivation for sun protection and the risky behavior associated with body piercing and tattooing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The narrative and rhetoric of dreams: six literary fragments by a novelist.

Four of a novelist's dreams and two contemporaneous pieces of her fiction are examined through the lens of poststructuralism; thus viewed they display narrative coherence in form and content, a reciprocal interaction between dream and written day residue, and a rhetorical function in trauma resolution. Lacan's theories about the linguistic nature of the unconscious are particularly powerful in understanding these six works especially their recourse to figurative language in deconstructing and reconstructing the traumatized self. Dream narratology suggests the close relation of unconscious processes to creativity and the unity of storymaking and personal meaning. Narrative conventions in these dreams and related fiction illustrate the functions of metaphor and metonymy in traversing Lacan's "registers of experience" and his ideas about the "itinerary of the signifier," the way dreams and art capture the elusive object of desire. Creativity serves not only a wish-fulfillment function but also a self-fulfillment function. Dreams, then, as creative acts, claim a privilege unto themselves and support Lacan's argument for a therapeutic approach of "desirelessness."

Creativity↗
PubMed1995

[How to intervene effectively with a dying patient].

Nurses are in a strategic position to meet the needs of the dying patient. However, when confronted with death, nurses often utilize avoidance behaviors, such as: tending to the dying patient only if a technique is required; initiating conversations on casual topics or directing the conversation towards the patient's "health"; requesting consults to avoid talking about dying; and unnecessarily overmedicating the patient. This paper explains the rights and needs of the dying patient and describes associated nursing interventions. For example, the dying patient has the primordial right to choose whether or not to receive treatment. For nurses to intervene effectively, they must learn to manage their own emotions relating to death. A strong theoretical understanding of the dying process must be acquired. They must also develop internal strengths and receive help from various resources. By doing so, nurses reinvest their shared life experiences and apply them to other dying patients continuously refining their conceptual model of loss. Through verbal and non-verbal cues, nurses transmit profound messages to their patients. Some efficient nursing interventions consist of: providing basic care and medications to prevent terminal suffering; offering an attentive and reassuring presence; respecting the contemplative phases; listening for latent messages in conversations; understanding symbolic language; respecting family dynamics; allowing family members to choose physical and psychosocial interventions to improve the patient's comfort; frequently visiting the patient and intensifying their presence; permitting the dying patient to verbalize fears and anxieties; and consistently offering tenderness, empathy, acceptance, warmth and respect. As death nears, scientific and technological aspects of nursing become less important for the patient, and the art of sincere human empathy becomes paramount.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

A Lacanian explanation of Karon's and Villemoes's successful psychodynamic approaches to schizophrenia.

In this article I use Lacan's early theory of schizophrenia as corrected by the School of Leuven. Early in his career Lacan argued that schizophrenic people have a defective relation to language. Vergote and several of his students--all from Leuven--point out that schizophrenics also have a defective relation to their bodies. Lacan calls the defective relation to language a defect in the symbolic and he calls defective relations to the body a defect in the imaginary. Repairing defects in the symbolic requires introducing in the emotional life of the patient the paternal function of the law. Repairing the imaginary requires the more maternal help of mirroring, affirming, and holding. I underline that the two forms of healing that need to occur in the treatment of schizophrenics seem contradictory. I then proceed to demonstrate that two therapists, Bertram Karon--a non-Lacanian--and Palle Villemoes--a Lacanian-artfully combine the two contradictory strategies which are theoretically required. The remainder of the article is then devoted to a summary and a discussion of the different methods developed by these two therapists. I demonstrate that both do healing work at the imaginary level and the symbolic level. Sometimes these two therapists explicitly point out that they make a shift in their healing work with the patient; sometimes they do not alert the reader that they do so. I claim that in the work of both therapists it is the contradictory work at the level of the imaginary and of the symbolic that is healing, not the therapeutic intervention at the imaginary alone or at the symbolic alone.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

An embedding-based framework enables statistical testing of gene-set function hypotheses inferred by large language models.

Emerging large language models (LLMs) can infer gene functions directly from gene lists, enabling hypothesis generation without predefined gene sets. However, these LLM-derived predictions are qualitative, and principled statistical validation is lacking. Here, we develop an embedding-based statistical framework that transforms gene and function descriptions into vector representations, enabling statistical testing of gene-gene and gene-function relationships and quantitative prioritization of de novo functional hypotheses inferred by LLMs. We benchmark seven state-of-the-art embedding models using curated and retrieval-augmented literature-derived gene descriptions across diverse biological contexts. OpenAI's text-embedding-3-large and Google's gemini-embedding-001 perform best, capturing gene-gene functional relationships in 88.7-92.5% of Gene Ontology biological processes and approximately 98.6% of canonical pathways. In gene-function association analyses, these models achieve high sensitivity (95.2-98.4%) and specificity (72.7-84.3%). Through contamination analysis and evaluation using experimentally informed protein assembly gene sets, our framework distinguishes biologically meaningful LLM-inferred hypotheses from noise, outperforming confidence-based inference and conventional enrichment analysis. We further develop the open-source R package DEGEmbedR and demonstrate its utility for interpreting a drug perturbation-derived differentially expressed gene (DEG) signature lacking significant conventional enrichment results. Together, these results establish LLM-derived embeddings as a quantitative foundation for functional genomics and the statistical validation of LLM-based gene function inference.

Large Language Models↗
PubMed2005

BALLView: a tool for research and education in molecular modeling.

We present BALLView, a molecular viewer and modeling tool. It combines state-of-the-art visualization capabilities with powerful modeling functionality including implementations of force field methods and continuum electrostatics models. BALLView is a versatile and extensible tool for research in structural bioinformatics and molecular modeling. Furthermore, the convenient and intuitive graphical user interface offers novice users direct access to the full functionality, rendering it ideal for teaching. Through an interface to the object-oriented scripting language Python it is easily extensible.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1991

An analysis of the concept of comfort.

Comfort is a term that has a significant historical and contemporary association with nursing. Since the time of Nightingale, it is cited as designating a desirable outcome of nursing care. Comfort is found in nursing science, for example in diagnostic taxonomies, and in references to the art of nursing, as when practice is described. Roy, Orlando, Watson, Paterson and others use comfort in major nursing theories. The term can signify both physical and mental phenomena and it can be used as a verb and a noun. However, because comfort has many different meanings, the reader has had the burden of deciding if the term is meant in one of its ordinary language senses or if its context reveals some special nursing sense. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the semantics and extension of the term 'comfort' in order to clarify its use in nursing practice, theory and research. The semantic analysis begins with ordinary language because the common meanings of the term are the primary ones used in nursing practice and are the origin of technical nursing usages. Comfort is discussed as the term is found in nursing, including texts, standards of care, diagnoses and theory. An account of patient needs assessment is used to cull three technical senses of the term from its ordinary language meanings. After contrasting these senses in order to justify their separateness, they are shown to reflect differing aspects of therapeutic contexts. Defining attributes of the three senses are then explicated and presented in table format. The last section of the paper addresses some of the ways that the extensions of the senses can be measured.

History of Nursing↗
PubMed2001

Terminology tools: state of the art and practical lessons.

OBJECTIVES: As controlled medical terminologies evolve from simple code-name-hierarchy arrangements, into rich, knowledge-based ontologies of medical concepts, increased demands are placed on both the developers and users of the terminologies. In response, researchers have begun developing tools to address their needs. The aims of this article are to review previous work done to develop these tools and then to describe work done at Columbia University and New York Presbyterian Hospital (NYPH). METHODS: Researchers working with the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED), the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), and NYPH's Medical Entities Dictionary (MED) have created a wide variety of terminology browsers, editors and servers to facilitate creation, maintenance and use of these terminologies. RESULTS: Although much work has been done, no generally available tools have yet emerged. Consensus on requirement for tool functions, especially terminology servers is emerging. Tools at NYPH have been used successfully to support the integration of clinical applications and the merger of health care institutions. CONCLUSIONS: Significant advancement has occurred over the past fifteen years in the development of sophisticated controlled terminologies and the tools to support them. The tool set at NYPH provides a case study to demonstrate one feasible architecture.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2005

A scale space approach for automatically segmenting words from historical handwritten documents.

Many libraries, museums, and other organizations contain large collections of handwritten historical documents, for example, the papers of early presidents like George Washington at the Library of Congress. The first step in providing recognition/ retrieval tools is to automatically segment handwritten pages into words. State of the art segmentation techniques like the gap metrics algorithm have been mostly developed and tested on highly constrained documents like bank checks and postal addresses. There has been little work on full handwritten pages and this work has usually involved testing on clean artificial documents created for the purpose of research. Historical manuscript images, on the other hand, contain a great deal of noise and are much more challenging. Here, a novel scale space algorithm for automatically segmenting handwritten (historical) documents into words is described. First, the page is cleaned to remove margins. This is followed by a gray-level projection profile algorithm for finding lines in images. Each line image is then filtered with an anisotropic Laplacian at several scales. This procedure produces blobs which correspond to portions of characters at small scales and to words at larger scales. Crucial to the algorithm is scale selection, that is, finding the optimum scale at which blobs correspond to words. This is done by finding the maximum over scale of the extent or area of the blobs. This scale maximum is estimated using three different approaches. The blobs recovered at the optimum scale are then bounded with a rectangular box to recover the words. A postprocessing filtering step is performed to eliminate boxes of unusual size which are unlikely to correspond to words. The approach is tested on a number of different data sets and it is shown that, on 100 sampled documents from the George Washington corpus of handwritten document images, a total error rate of 17 percent is observed. The technique outperforms a state-of-the-art gap metrics word-segmentation algorithm on this collection.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1983

Indexing consistency in MEDLINE.

The quality of indexing of periodicals in a bibliographic data base cannot be measured directly, as there is no one "correct" way to index an item. However, consistency can be used to measure the reliability of indexing. To measure consistency in MEDLINE, 760 twice-indexed articles from 42 periodical issues were identified in the data base, and their indexing compared. Consistency, expressed as a percentage, was measured using Hooper's equation. Overall, checktags had the highest consistency. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and subheadings were applied more consistently to central concepts than to peripheral points. When subheadings were added to a main heading, consistency was lowered. "Floating" subheadings were more consistent than were attached subheadings. Indexing consistency was not affected by journal indexing priority, language, or length of the article. Terms from MeSH Tree Structure categories A, B, and D appeared more often than expected in the high-consistency articles; whereas terms from categories E, F, H, and N appeared more often than expected in the low-consistency articles. MEDLINE, with its excellent controlled vocabulary, exemplary quality control, and highly trained indexers, probably represents the state of the art in manually indexed data bases.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2004

The origins of modernity: was autonomous speech the critical factor?

Although Homo sapiens emerged in Africa some 170000 years ago, the origins of "modern" behavior, as expressed in technology and art, are attributed to people who migrated out of Africa around 50000 years ago, creating what has been called a human revolution in Europe and Asia. There is recent evidence that a mutation of the FOXP2 gene (forkhead box P2), important for the development of articulate speech, occurred some time within the past 100000 years. This event may have allowed speech to become fully autonomous, so that language no longer depended on a visuomanual component. The consequent freeing of the hands and development of pedagogy may have led to the technological advances that allowed H. sapiens to dominate and eventually replace all other hominids.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2003

Toward a formalization of emergence.

Emergence is a concept widely used in the sciences, the arts, and engineering. Some effort has been made to formalize it, but it is used in various contexts with different meanings, and a unified theory of emergence is still distant. The ultimate goal of a theory of emergence should include using emergence to model, design, or predict the behavior of multiagent systems. The author proposes a formal definition of a basic type of emergence using a language-theoretic and grammar systems approach. It is shown which types of phenomena can be modeled in this sense and what the consequences are for other more complex phenomena.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1991

[Physicians and leeches--and traces in words].

The article starts with a brief review of the use and abuse of Hirudo medicinalis. For a long time the word leech was a common name in England for the worm and for a physician, and possibly had its origin in the very old Indo-European stem leg, which is probably also the stem of our Scandinavian terms laege/lege/läkare. It is commonly known, however, that lege and other similar words used for physicians in Europe, both today and in former times, are of Celtic origin. This arouses one's curiosity. With the help of a wellknown American colleague and a Czech physician with a special knowledge of languages, I traced the source of these words back to the great Indo-European family of languages. All the traces pointed to leg-the stem with numerous ramifications in many old and modern languages. From the beginning, leg seemed to be associated with knowledge and wisdom. Tempted by this finding, I followed traces of history, as indicated in words referring specially to physicians in the different European languages. In this article I discuss the significance of the Celtic language in this connection, since in former times it was one of the main branches of the Indo-European family of languages. The old Greek word logos, with its corresponding verb legein containing the same implication as mentioned above, is also said to have some connection with our profession.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A computer data base for information on cancer treatment.

The Physician Data Query (PDQ) system is a clinically oriented computer data base developed to make recent information on cancer treatment widely available to the medical community. It represents an effort by the National Cancer Institute to promote diffusion of information about the treatment of cancer throughout the country, facilitate access to clinical trials, and accelerate the practical application of advances in research. The computer system provides information about state-of-the-art cancer treatment, which is updated monthly by an editorial board. It also includes a file of active cancer-research protocols and a directory of physicians and organizations providing cancer care to which physicians can gain access by geographic location as well as other features. PDQ was designed for physicians who may not be familiar with computers, to permit them to search for and display information without learning a specialized search language. PDQ uses a computer mainframe, which allows a large amount of data to be stored and made available to physicians rapidly and accurately. Transmission of information about cancer over commercial telecommunication networks gives health professionals access to PDQ by means of a computer terminal and local telephone lines.

Directories as Topic↗
PubMed2005

Efficient decoding algorithms for generalized hidden Markov model gene finders.

BACKGROUND: The Generalized Hidden Markov Model (GHMM) has proven a useful framework for the task of computational gene prediction in eukaryotic genomes, due to its flexibility and probabilistic underpinnings. As the focus of the gene finding community shifts toward the use of homology information to improve prediction accuracy, extensions to the basic GHMM model are being explored as possible ways to integrate this homology information into the prediction process. Particularly prominent among these extensions are those techniques which call for the simultaneous prediction of genes in two or more genomes at once, thereby increasing significantly the computational cost of prediction and highlighting the importance of speed and memory efficiency in the implementation of the underlying GHMM algorithms. Unfortunately, the task of implementing an efficient GHMM-based gene finder is already a nontrivial one, and it can be expected that this task will only grow more onerous as our models increase in complexity. RESULTS: As a first step toward addressing the implementation challenges of these next-generation systems, we describe in detail two software architectures for GHMM-based gene finders, one comprising the common array-based approach, and the other a highly optimized algorithm which requires significantly less memory while achieving virtually identical speed. We then show how both of these architectures can be accelerated by a factor of two by optimizing their content sensors. We finish with a brief illustration of the impact these optimizations have had on the feasibility of our new homology-based gene finder, TWAIN. CONCLUSIONS: In describing a number of optimizations for GHMM-based gene finders and making available two complete open-source software systems embodying these methods, it is our hope that others will be more enabled to explore promising extensions to the GHMM framework, thereby improving the state-of-the-art in gene prediction techniques.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

[Revista Médica de Chile: a long and beautiful educational task].

Revista Médica de Chile is one of the oldest medical journals in the world. Since its foundation in 1972, it had an educational character. Its successive editors and members of editorial committees have been distinguished clinicians, investigators and teachers. The diffusion of this journal among physicians and students for more than a century, renders it as a pioneer form of continuous distance education and could be considered as a "silent and peaceful campus". Through the years, this journal has coped with the progress in medical and biological knowledge,the perfecting of graphic arts and editorial processes and the development of computing. It has improved its management and professionalized the editorial process. In the near future, this last aspect will need further improvements due to its increasing complexity. The journal adheres to international publication norms for scientific manuscripts and is connected to international associations of medical journal editors. The editors have assumed the professional and ethical responsibility of controlling that publications provide valid information in a language intelligible for most readers. This compromise implies an independent work and the rejection of any form of undue pressure. We can state that Revista Médica de Chile, as a whole, is a historical document and that its pages reflect the capacity and intelligence of several generations of Chilean physicians.

Chile↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phonological awareness therapy and articulatory training approaches for children with phonological disorders: a comparative outcome study.

Sixty-one children, aged 3.6-5.0, with developmental phonological disorders (PD) participated in a study comparing the effects of metaphonologically (MET) or articulation-based (ART) therapy. Maturational effects were controlled for by the inclusion of 59 normally speaking control children of the same age range. Measures of phonological (speech) output and phonological awareness were taken before and after therapy for all subjects and at 3 months post-therapy for PD children. Results showed that PD children improved significantly in both phonological output and awareness skills across the intervention period compared with control children, but that there was no significant difference on the awareness measure between ART and MET groups. ART and MET groups differed from each other on one measure of speech improvement only, with the ART group making more change than the MET group on individual probe scores. Follow-up measures for both therapy groups indicated that there was little difference between the groups on phonological awareness change or speech development 3 months after intervention, though there was a trend for MET children to continue to make more long-term change than the ART group on one output measure. Additional analysis showed that there were generally few significant implications for outcome between PD children with good initial phonological awareness skills and those who initially had poor phonological awareness skills.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed2005

Molecular characterisation of patients with subtelomeric 22q abnormalities using chromosome specific array-based comparative genomic hybridisation.

The 22q13 deletion syndrome is associated with global developmental delay, absent or delayed speech, and generalised hypotonia. In this study, the size and nature of 22q13 deletions (n=9) were studied in detail by high-resolution chromosome specific array-based comparative genomic hybridisation (array CGH). The deletion sizes varied considerably between the different patients, that is, the largest deletion spanning 8.4 Mb with the breakpoint mapping to 22q13.2 and the smallest deletion spanning 3.3 Mb with the breakpoint mapping to 22q13.31. In one case, a unique subtelomeric 3.9 Mb deletion associated with a 2.0 Mb duplication of 22q13 was observed, adding to a growing number of similar cases identified for other chromosome ends. Remarkably, this patient had signs suggestive of retinitis pigmentosa, which has never been reported before in the 22q13 deletion syndrome. The identification of two pairs of recurrent proximal breakpoints on 22q13 suggests that these specific regions may be prone to recombination, due to yet unknown genome architectural features. In addition to the copy number changes on 22q13, a duplication of approximately 330 kb on 22q11.1 was observed and shown to be a genetic large-scale copy number variation without clinical consequences. The current study failed to reveal relationships between the clinical features and the deletion sizes. Global developmental delay and absent or severely delayed speech were observed in all patients, whereas hypotonia was present in 89% of the cases (8/9). This study underscores the utility of array CGH for characterising the size and nature of subtelomeric deletions, such as monosomy 22q13, and underlines the considerable variability in deletion size in the 22q13 deletion syndrome regardless of the clinical phenotype.

Adolescent↗