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PubMed2004

[Results of parasitological examinations of faecal samples from horses, ruminants, pigs, dogs, cats, hedgehogs and rabbits between 1998 and 2002].

The results of coproscopical examinations in horses, ruminants, pigs, dogs, cats, hedgehogs and rabbits between 1998 and 2002 are presented. In 4399 samples from horses 37.4% stages of strongylids, 1.4% anoplocephalids, 1.3% Strongyloides westeri, 0.9% Parascaris equorum, 0.04% Oxyuris equi, 0.04% Eimeria sp. and 0.04% Fasciola hepatica were found. In 998 samples of cattle 22.1% stages of strongylids, 11.2% of Eimeria spp., 3.5% of cryptosporidium, 2.9% of Moniezia spp., 1.3% of Trichuris spp., 0.7% of Dictyocaulus sp., 0.6% of Fasciola hepatica, 0.6% of Strongyloides sp., 0.5% of Nematodirus spp. and 0.4% of Capillaria sp. could be detected. In 524 samples of sheep 60.7% eggs of strongylids, 43.1% oozysts of Eimeria spp., 11.1% stages of Nematodirus spp., 9.5% of Moniezia spp., 7.8% of Trichuris spp., 6.7% of Strongyloides sp., 1.7% of Fasciola hepatica, 1% of Capillaria spp., 0.4% of protostrongylidae, 0.2% of Skrjabinema sp. and 0.2% of Dictyocaulus sp. were found. 33.9% of the 118 samples of goats that were examined were positive for oocysts of Eimeria spp., 30.5% for eggs of strongylids, 6.8% for Nematodirus spp., 4.2% for Trichuris spp., 3.4% for Moniezia spp., 0.8 for protostrongylids and 0.8% for Strongyloides sp. 5.7% of 1427 samples of pigs contained stages of strongylids, 1.5% of Ascaris suum, 0.4% of Isospora, 0.3% of Eimeria spp., 0.3% of Trichuris sp., 0.1% of Giardia sp., 0.1% of cryptosproidium as well as 0.1% of metastrongylids. In 1281 of the samples of dogs 2.3% Giardia sp., 2.3% Isospora sp., 2.2% Toxocara canis, 1.4% ancylostomids, 0.8% taeniids, 0.6% larvae of Crenosoma sp., 0.2% Capillaria sp, 0.2% Trichuris vulpis and 0.2% Hammondia-like oocysts were found. In 441 samples of cats 10.7% stages of Isospora sp., 3.9% eggs of Toxocara cati, 1.6% of ancylostomids, 1.4% of taeniids, 1.1% of Giardia sp., 0.7% of Toxoplasma-like oocysts, 0.7% of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, 0.5% of Toxascaris leonina and 0.2% of Capillaria spp. were found. Furthermore 0.2% of the samples contained proglottids of Mesocestoides and 0.2% stages of Dipylidium sp. Eggs of Capillaria sp. were found in 33% of the 106 samples of hedgehogs, larvae of Crenosoma striatum in 27.4%, oocysts of Isospora sp. in 5.7% of the cases. In 232 samples of rabbits 56.9% oocysts of Eimeria sp., 4.8% stages of Passalurus ambiguus, 1.3% of strongylids, 0.9% of Strongyloides sp., 0.4% of trematodes were found.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[The frequency of coccidial infection in dog families of different husbandry and breeds in south Germany].

Oocysts and/or sporocysts were detected in 50 litters and 37 bitches of 100 coproscopically examined dog families in Southern Germany. Oocysts of Isospora spp. were excreted by 41 of the 50 positive litters, 36 and 16 litters shedding oocysts of Isospora ohioensis/burrowsi and I. canis, respectively. Sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp. and oocysts of Hammondia heydorni were detected in 12 and 7 litters, respectively. The excretion rates of the dams were arranged analogous to the detection of oocysts of Isospora spp. in 25 animals. Sporocysts of Sarcocystis and oocysts of H. heydorni were excreted by 19 and 6 dams, respectively. With regard to husbandry conditions distinct differences were established only for Isospora spp., because dog families kept in kennels always revealed higher excretion levels than dog mothers and their litters kept indoors. Excretion intensities increased directly proportional to the number of additional adult dogs and the number of litters born per year/stock, reaching maximum values of 80-100%. Analysis revealed no breed-related differences.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed2001

Isosporosis and unizoite tissue cysts in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Isospora belli, a coccidian parasite in humans, has been described as causing chronic diarrhea and acalculous cholecystitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Diagnosis can be made at the tissue level in the epithelium of the small bowel and by fecal examination. Disseminated extraintestinal forms are uncommon. We studied 118 adult patients with AIDS and chronic diarrhea using stool analysis and endoscopy with duodenal biopsy specimen collection. These samples were processed by routine histology and transmission electron microscopy. Isosporosis was diagnosed in 8 cases. In 2 of them, unizoite tissue cysts were present in the lamina propria, with negative results in stool materials. The cysts were located within a large parasitophorous vacuole. There were no structural means of differentiating the species level of Isospora based on morphology using light or electron microscopy. We believe further work should be done to determine if unizoite tissue cysts are part of the cycle of I belli or of other species of Isospora that could be pathogenic in immunocompromised hosts.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1990

Prevalence and distribution of bovine coccidia in Japan.

A field survey was carried out on prevalence of bovine coccidia in 9 prefectures of Japan in the autumn of 1985. A total of 1,015 fecal samples was obtained from dairy and beef cattle more than 2 weeks old. Coccidial oocysts were found in 59.0% of all the samples examined. There were no significant differences in the prevalence between dairy and beef cattle of the same age group. The prevalence was the highest in the animals between 6 and 11 months old and decreased to 25% in those more than 24 months old. In the majority of the samples positive for oocysts, OPG (the number of oocysts per gram of feces) was less than 200. No clinical coccidiosis was found except in a few cases. Eleven Eimeria and one Isospora species were identified. Of these species, E. bovis and E. ellipsoidalis were the most prevalent, followed by E. aubrunensis, E. brasiliensis, and E. cylindrica in all the prefectures. The other species identified were E. canadensis, E. alabamensis, E. zuernii, E. wyomingensis, E. bukidnonesis, E. subspherica, and Isospora sp. in the order of frequency. Isospora sp. will be a pseudoparasite caused by the contamination with feces of passerine birds.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2000

Six new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from East African chameleons (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae).

Coprological examination of 83 East African chameleon specimens revealed 32.5% prevalence of coccidian parasites. Six species are described as new: Eimeria tilburyi n. sp. from Chamaeleo jacksonii has cylindrical oocysts, 28.9 (26-33) x 16.0 (14-18) microm and occasionally a small polar granule. Sporocysts are oval to ellipsoidal, 10.6 (9-12) x 7.2 (6-8) microm, without Stieda and substieda bodies; endogenous stages were found in the gall bladder. Oocysts of Eimeria largeni n. sp. from Chamaeleo gracilis are broadly cylindrical, 31.2 (29.5-34) x 19.3 (18.5-20) microm, with 1-3 polar granules. Sporocysts are oval, 10.2 (10-11) x 7.6 (7-8.5) microm, without Stieda and substieda bodies. Eimeria bohemii n. sp. from Chamaeleo melleri has cylindrical oocysts, 25.0 (24-26) x 14.0 (13-15) microm, without a polar granule. Sporocysts are broadly oval, 9.4 (9-10) x 6.5 (6-7) microm, without Stieda and substieda bodies. Isospora wildi n. sp. from Chamaeleo dilepis has subspherical to broadly oval oocysts, 25 (22-28) x 21.4 (18-24) microm, with a smooth wall 1 microm thick. Sporocysts are broadly oval to ellipsoidal, 12.3 (12-13) x 9.7 (9-10) microm, with Stieda and substieda bodies. Oocysts of Isospora necasi n. sp. from C. melleri are subspherical to broadly oval, 26.6 (21-30) x 24.3 (20-27) microm, with a velvetlike wall 2 microm thick. Sporocysts are broadly ellipsoidal, 12.8 (12-14) x 9.8 (9-10) microm, with slightly pointed end and with Stieda and substieda bodies. Oocysts of Isospora munriyu n. sp. from C. jacksonii are spherical to subspherical, 23.6 (21.5-25) x 21.9 (21-23) microm, with a finely granulated wall 1.5 microm thick. Sporocysts are broadly ellipsoidal, 12.4 (12-13) X 8.7 (8-10) microm, with Stieda and substieda bodies.

Africa, Eastern↗

PubMed2001

Five new species of Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from colubrid snakes of Ecuador.

Fecal samples from 11 colubrid snakes, representing 10 species, collected in Ecuador during October 1994 were examined for coccidian parasites. Feces of 4 individuals, representing 4 host species, contained coccidian oocysts. Three species of Eimeria and 2 species of Isospora were observed and are described here as new. Oocysts of both Eimeria and Isospora were found in the feces of a slug-eating snake, Dipsas vermiculata. Sporulated oocysts of the Eimeria sp. are spheroid to subspheroid, 16.7 by 16.6 microm (14-18 by 14-18 microm) and those of the Isospora sp. are spheroid and 15.0 microm (13-18 microm) in diameter. Imantodes cenchoa, the common bluntheaded treesnake, was infected with a species of Eimeria. These sporulated oocysts are ellipsoid, 23.3 by 16.2 microm (25-21 by 15-17 microm). Sporulated eimerian oocysts from Leptodeira annulata, the southern cat-eyed snake, are subspheroid, 22.5 by 18.8 microm (19-26 by 17-21 microm). Feces of a juvenile Imantodes lentiferus, the bluntheaded vine snake, contained ovoid to ellipsoid isosporan oocysts, which measured 21.6 by 15.0 microm (20-23 by 14-16 microm) when sporulated.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Enteric coccidiosis among patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Ten patients were identified at Jackson Memorial hospital/University of Miami Hospitals and Clinics with enteric coccidial infection due to Cryptosporidium spp. or Isospora belli. All had the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome as manifested by Kaposi's sarcoma or multiple opportunistic infections, or both. They presented with profuse diarrhea associated with weakness, anorexia, and weight loss. Routine examinations of stools for eggs and parasites as performed by the hospital laboratory were negative in all patients. Sugar flotation and modified acid fast techniques were used in the Tropical Disease Laboratory to identify oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. in stools of seven patients. Malabsorption, characterized by a low 5-hour D-xylose and positive fecal fat, was observed in 6/6 of these patients. In three other patients Isospora belli oocysts were identified in stool specimens or via a duodenal string test. Spiramycin was the only drug found to be effective in treating patients with cryptosporidiosis. Patients with Isospora belli responded to a prolonged course of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1992

[Isosporiasis and sarcocystosis. The current findings].

A review on infections by Isospora belli and Sarcocystis spp. both in healthy and in AIDS patients is done on the basis of literature and personal data. In this view a special focus is made on isospora belli infection in AIDS because of its high recurrence after successful attack therapy. Consequently the most recent protocols for maintenance and attack therapy in these patients are reported. At the end, concerning ultrastructural pathology, the features of some Isospora belli developing stages are described by means of electron microscopy on duodenal biopsy specimens from a patient.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1977

Nomenclature of Sarcocystis in the ox and sheep and of fecal Coccidia of the dog and cat.

The nomenclature of Sarcocystis and related protozoan genera is reviewed, and modern diagnoses of the genera Isospora, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis, and Frenkelia in the coccidian family Eimeriidae are given. S cruzi (Hasselmann 1926) comb. n., S. hirsuta Moulé 1888, and S. hominis (Railliet and Lucet 1891) comb. n. are recognized in the muscles of the ox Bos taurus; S. ovicanis Heydorn, Gestrich, Melhorn, and Rommel 1975, and S. tenella Railliet 1886 are recognized in the muscles of the sheep Ovis aries; S. bigemina (Stiles 1891) comb. n., S. cruzi, S. ovicanis, S. bertrami Doflein 1901, S. miescheriana (Kühn 1865) Lankester 1882, I. ohioensis Dubey 1975, I. canis Nemeséri 1959, Isospora sp. n. Dubey, and Isospora sp. n. Trayser and Todd are recognized in dog (Canis familiaris) feces; and S. hirsuta, S. tenella, S. muris (Blanchard 1885) Labbé 1899, B. besnoiti (Marotel 1912) Henry 1913, Besnoitia sp. n. Frenkel, T. gondii (Nicolle and Manceaus 1908) Nicolle and Manceaux 1909, T. hammondi (Frenkel 1974) Levine and Nye 1976, I. rivolta (Grassi 1879) Wenyon 1923, and I. felis Wenyon 1923 are recognized in cat (Felis catus) feces. Hoareosporidium Pande, Bhatia, and Chauhan 1972 is considered a synonym of Sarcocystis.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Prevention of coccidiosis in domestic dogs and captive coyotes (Canis latrans) with sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim combination.

Sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim combination was evaluated as a coccidiostat against experimentally induced coccidiosis in young dogs and coyotes (Canis latrans). The animals were experimentally inoculated with 50,000 or 100,000 sporulated oocysts of Isospora ohiohensis (98%) and Isospora canis (2%). In experiment 1, daily treatment for 13 to 23 days with a combination of 27.5 mg of sulfadimethoxine/kg of body weight (BW) and 5.5 mg of ormetoprim/kg of BW admixed to the feed resulted in no significant (P greater than 0.05) difference in fecal oocyst counts between treated and nontreated groups of dogs or coyotes. In experiment 2, treatment with a combination of 55 mg of sulfadimethoxine/kg of BW and 11 mg of ormetoprim/kg of BW for 23 days was 99.8% effective against Isospora spp infections in dogs. Significantly (P less than 0.05) fewer oocysts were present in feces of treated dogs than were present in feces of nontreated dogs from first passage of oocysts at day 4 to the end of the patent period at days 19 to 21. After the 2nd week of treatment, BW of treated dogs were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than BW of nontreated dogs. Evidence of drug toxicity was not observed clinically or by serum chemical analyses.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Toxoplasmids, their life cycle and systematic position].

Recent evidence on the life cycles of the toxoplasmids (Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis, Hammondia, Frenkelia) has been analysed. The availability of the complex life cycles, including the alternation of sexual and asexual reproduction, in addition to gametogenesis involving the independent development of gametes that produce unequal numbers of gametes, makes it possible to include the toxoplasmids into the family Eimeriidae within the order Coccidiida. A detailed evidence recently provided for Isospora has suggested a kinship of this typical coccidian genus with toxoplasmids. At the same time much similarity is obvious between Isospora and Eimeria in the general pattern of their life cycles. Hence, the family Eimeriidae is suggested to be divided into two subfamilies: Eimeriinae Wenyon, 1926 with Eimeria as the type genus and Isosporinae Wenyon, 1926 with Isospora, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis, Frenkelia and Hammondia. The main features of the former subfamily are: various oocyst structures, the lack of the extra-intestinal development, obligatory monoxeny. The main characters of the latter subfamily: oocysts of the same pattern, the involvement of extra-intestinal development, shifts from facultative to obligatory heteroxeny.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Neospora caninum is an invalid species name: an evaluation of facts and statements.

An evaluation of both the formal requirements of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature and the scientific reasons for the description of new genera and species shows that the name Neospora caninum is a nomen nudum. The only characteristic criteria for discriminating between the previously described species Hammondia heydorni and the proposed new species N. caninum (i.e. the lack of a parasitophorous vacuole) has been shown to be wrong in many publications. Furthermore, absolutely no criteria were presented as to why a new genus (i.e. Neospora) should be established besides the already existing genera Hammondia, Toxoplasma and Isospora. In addition, recent transmission experiments show that an oocyst isolate (from the faeces of dogs) is morphologically indistinguishable from H. heydorni [synonymous with Isospora bigemina - small form, Isospora heydorni (Tadros and Laarman 1976) and H. heydorni (Tadros and Laarman 1976) Dubey 1977] and is almost identical with respect to molecular biological features with the NC-1 strain of N. caninum.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Light and electron microscopic identification of Cyclospora species in the small intestine. Evidence of the presence of asexual life cycle in human host.

This is the first case of cyclosporiasis in which the parasite was clearly demonstrated in a duodenal biopsy by light microscopy. Electron microscopy identified the stages of sporozoite, trophozoite, schizont, and merozoite. Although only asexual forms were identified in our case, the sexual cycle must have taken place in the human host, because oocysts were detected in stools of the patients. Therefore, it appears that Cyclospora species require only a single host to complete its entire life cycle. Despite the heavy infection, only enterocytes were invaded. The lamina propria and submucosa were not involved. The morphology of Cyclospora in the intestine is similar to that of Isospora, but differs from that of Cryptosporidium. The morphology of the oocyst of Cyclospora resembles that of Cryptosporidium, but differs from that of Isospora. Thus, a combined study of both stool and intestinal biopsy should readily distinguish Cyclospora from Cryptosporidium and Isospora.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed2000

Parasites and parasite stages of free-ranging wild lions (Panthera leo) of northern Tanzania.

Fecal samples from 33 lions (Panthera leo) in Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Crater Conservation Area in northern Tanzania contained 19 different parasites, 12 of which, including Aelurostrongylus sp., a species of Acanthocephala, a species of Anoplocephalidae, Capillaria sp., Demodex sp., Eimeria sp., Habronema sp., Isospora felis, Isospora rivolta, one species of Isospora that was previously undescribed from lions, one species of Trematoda that was previously undescribed from lions, and Trichuris sp., were new reports for lions. Seven other species had been previously reported from lions.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Annual follow-up of the gastrointestinal parasitosis of white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in captivity in Yucatán, México].

Gastrointestinal parasites, and egg and oocyst output in the faeces of captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus yucatanensis) were recorded in Yucatan, Mexico. Feces were obtained from from January through December 1995 (ten samples every two weeks per place). Samples were processed by flotation and the McMaster techniques. Faecal cultures for L3 larvae were made by the Corticelli-Lai technique. Oocysts in faeces were cultured in 2% potassium dicromate. Seven genera were determined (Haemonchus spp., Cooperia spp, Isospora spp., Eimeria spp., Trichuris spp., Strongyloides spp. and Moniezia spp.) which represent five orders. The most frequent genera were Haemonchus, Isospora and Eimeria. The genus Isospora is reported for the first time in deer of this region, although it was not possible to explain the source of this parasite. The frequency and level of faecal egg and oocyst outputs were variable during the year and increased during the rainy season. There was a positive correlation between relative humidity, environmental temperature and rainfall with the coccidia and strongylida orders. In the central zone of Yucatan the meteorological conditions during the rainy season are favourable for the development of gastrointestinal parasitism which enable an increased risk of infection for deer.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Coccidian parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from insectivores. VIII. Four new species from the star-nosed mole, Condylura cristata.

Twenty-four star-nosed moles, Condylura cristata, collected from the northeastern United States (Maine, Massachusetts, Ohio, Vermont) were examined for coccidian oocysts. All of the moles were infected with from 1 to 4 species of coccidia representing 2 eimerian and 3 isosporan spp., but oocysts of only 4 of these species were present in sufficient numbers for detailed study; these are described as new. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria condylurae n. sp. were subspheroid, 17.7 x 15.7 (17-23 x 14-21) microns, with sporocysts ellipsoid, 11.7 x 5.6 (11-14 x 5-6) microns; E. condylurae was found in 3 of 24 (12.5%) moles. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora condylurae n. sp. were ellipsoid, 19.4 x 9.3 (17-21 x 8-11) microns, with sporocysts ovoid, 11.7 x 5.8 (11-13 x 5-7) microns; I. condylurae was found in 12 of 24 (50%) moles. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora cristatae n. sp. were ellipsoid, 15.7 x 10.1 (13-18 x 9-13) microns, with sporocysts ovoid, 11.0 x 5.7 (10-12 x 5-7) microns; I. cristatae was found in 19 of 24 (79%) moles. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora lamoillensis n. sp. were ellipsoid, tapering at both ends, 21.6 x 13.0 (19-23 x 11-14) microns, with sporocysts spindle-shaped, 14.9 x 7.7 (14-16 x 7-8) microns; I. lamoillensis was found in 2 of 24 (8%) moles. Although the second eimerian seen was in 7 of the 24 (29%) moles from Massachusetts, Ohio, and Vermont, there were not enough sporulated oocysts to study in detail to warrant a new species description.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Pathology of natural isosporosis in nursing piglets.

In piglets suffering from natural coccidiosis, post-mortem examination showed that pathological changes induced by Isospora suis were evident from day 7 to day 14 of life, and particularly, by days 9 and 10. Macroscopically, the changes were manifest as enteritis varying from catarrhal to pseudomembraneous form. Microscopically, they consisted of more or less extensive atrophy of villi whose apical parts were necrotic, of metaplasia and erosion of epithelium. With the exception of duodenum and the adjoining sector of jejunum, the alterations were manifest along the entire small gut though intensity of lesions and incidence of endogenous stages of Isospora suis varied from sector to sector of the intestine. Predilected was a portion limited approximately by 50 and 140 cm cranially from ostium ileocecale, viz. the caudal sector of central jejunum and the cranial sector of the caudal jejunum. Within this area, lesions were more severe and frequent than in sectors situated cranially and caudally of it. The predilection persisted even in case of concurrent adenovirosis. The lesions contained meronts and gamonts at the same time though gamonts predominated. Advanced merogony and gametogony resulted in distinct displacement of cell nuclei and in cell walls bulging into the inner diameter of the gut. We assume that endogenous stages of Isospora penetrate the submucosis via the narrow opening at the orifice of lymph follicle; such was the case with gamonts and oocysts detected in activated lymph tissue of Peyer's patches.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Cockroaches as vectors of Sarcocystis muris and of other coccidia in the laboratory.

To assess the roles of the German cockroach (Blatella germanica) and the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) in the transmission of Sarcocystis muris and of 3 other coccidia of cats-Toxoplasma gondii, Isospora felis, and Isospora rivolta, cockroaches exposed to feces containing these coccidia were periodically fed to mice, as was a portion of the fecal matter. Sarcocystis muris sporocysts, which in feces remained infectious for at least 20 days, were also transmitted to mice by P. americana for at least 20 days and by B. germanica for 5 days after exposure to infectious feces. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts were transmitted by P. americana intermittently up to 10 days, but by B. germanica only immediately after exposure to feces. Oocysts of 2 species of Isospora, when associated with fecal matter, remained infectious for 20 days. Those of I. rivolta were transmitted by both cockroach species for 10 days, but I. felis was transmitted only by by B. germanica, and for only 2 days.

Animals↗