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PubMed1990

Intestinal absorption of cationic and anionic ferric colloids and complexes: biochemical, histochemical and morphological observations in rats.

This experiment was undertaken to study the possible difference in the intestinal iron absorption efficiency among iron compounds with different electric charges. Observation of rats given oral administration of 59Fe-labeled cationic cacodylate ferric (59Fe-Cac) colloid, anionic citrate ferric (59Fe-Cit) colloid, cationic 59Fe-Cac complex and anionic 59Fe-Cit complex revealed that iron absorption was more efficient in the 59Fe-Cac colloid, moderate in the 59Fe-Cac complex, low in the 59Fe-Cit colloid, and lowest in the 59Fe- cases given 59Fe-Cac colloid and 59Fe-Cac complex, a very high ratio activity was found in the liver and in the erythrocyte or hemoglobin in circulating blood, while the blood plasma, bone marrow, and spleen were low in activity. Histochemical observations of rat jejunal mucosa exposed independently for 10 min to the Fe-Cac colloid, anionic Fe-Cit colloid, and Fe-Cac and Fe-Cit complexes revealed that the cationic Fe-Cac colloid and Fe-Cac complex adhered to the luminal surface of the mucosa covering the apical area of villi with some ferric iron in the capillaries, while the anionic Fe-Cit colloid and complex did not adhere to the epithelial cells and were found free in the jejunal lumen. Electron microscopy revealed that Fe-Cac colloid particles were taken into epithelial cells by pinocytosis at the webs of microvilli, moved to the Golgi area, exocytosed to the intercellular spaces, and then translocated into the basement membrane toward blood capillaries.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Novel transition metal oxalatophosphates with a two-dimensional honeycomb structure: (H3TREN)[M2(HPO4)(C2O4)2.5] x 3H2O (M = Mn(II) and Fe(II), TREN = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine).

Two new layered transition metal oxalatophosphates, (H(3)TREN)[M(2)(HPO(4))(C(2)O(4))(2.5)].3H(2)O (M = Mn(II) and Fe(II)), have been synthesized by hydrothermal methods in the presence of a structure-directing organic amine, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and magnetic susceptibility. They are the first metal oxalatophosphates which adopt a two-dimensional honeycomb structure with the organic cations and water molecules intercalated in between. Within a layer, there are 12-membered pores made from 6 Mn, 1 phosphate, and 5 oxalate units. Measurements of field dependence of magnetization and variable-temperature susceptibilities under different fields were performed on a polycrystalline sample of the manganese compound. The results indicate a phase transition from a paramagnetic to an antiferromagnetic coupled state at about 12 K. Crystal data for the manganese compound follow: triclinic, space group Ponemacr; (No. 2), a = 8.8385(6) A, b = 9.0586(6) A, c = 16.020(1) A, alpha = 77.616(1) degrees, beta = 83.359(1) degrees, gamma = 68.251(1) degrees, and Z = 2. Crystal data for the iron compound are the same as those for the manganese compound except a = 8.7776(9) A, b = 8.9257(9) A, c = 15.884(2) A, alpha = 78.630(2) degrees, beta = 84.018(2) degrees, and gamma = 67.372(2) degrees.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Fortification strategies to combat zinc and iron deficiency.

Food fortification is an important strategy to combat iron and zinc deficiency. This review covers the basic concepts of food fortification, as well as its advantages and disadvantages. The main characteristics of the most common zinc and iron compounds used in this procedure are also analyzed.

Deficiency Diseases↗
PubMed1988

Neuroblastomas contain iron-rich ferritin.

The ultrastructure of neuroblastoma was examined using unstained sections so that ferritin particles could be identified by the electron density of their iron cores. Ferritin and hemosiderin were found in ten of 11 neuroblastomas that were examined when the patients first presented. The study was therefore expanded to an additional group of children, including some diagnosed by noninvasive procedures and given chemotherapy before the excision of their tumors. In this second group 12 of 20 specimens contained ferritin and hemosiderin in variable amounts. In both groups there was a tendency for patients with advanced disease to have increased amounts of iron compounds in the tumor tissue (Stage III and particularly Stage IV). Most Stage IV patients also had elevated serum ferritin levels. However, based on the available heterogenous material, no absolute relationship could be established between age, disease stage, tumoral storage iron, and the level of serum ferritin. The presence of ferritin in neuroblastoma may be linked to the elevated serum ferritin levels and may be implicated in tumorigenesis.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Hydroxyl radical formation by sickle erythrocyte membranes: role of pathologic iron deposits and cytoplasmic reducing agents.

Sickle erythrocyte (RBC) membranes were previously shown to manifest increased Fenton activity (iron-dependent, peroxide-driven formation of hydroxyl radical [.OH]) compared with normal RBC membranes, but the nature of the catalytic iron was not defined. We now find that sickle membranes exposed to superoxide (.O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have three distinct iron compartments able to act as Fenton catalysts: preexisting free iron, free iron released during oxidant stress, and a component that cannot be chelated with deferoxamine (DF). In a model system, addition of iron compounds to normal ghosts showed that free heme, hemoglobin, Fe/adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and ferritin all catalyze .OH production; concurrent inhibition studies using DF documented that the unchelatable Fenton component is free heme or hemoglobin. During exposure to peroxide only, the iron in sickle membranes was unable to act as a Fenton catalyst without addition of a reducing agent. At physiologic concentrations, both ascorbate and glutathione restored Fenton activity. Lipid peroxidation studies showed that at physiologic levels ascorbate acts primarily as an antioxidant; however, as pharmacologic levels are reached, its pro-oxidant effects predominate. This study elucidates the catalytic ability of the iron compartments in the sickle cell membrane, the importance of which relates to the potential role of .OH in membrane damage. It also illustrates the potential participation of cytoplasmic reducing agents in this process, which may be especially relevant in the context of administration of supraphysiologic doses of ascorbate to sickle cell patients.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
PubMed1975

Fortification of common salt with iron: effect of chemical additives on stability and bioavailability.

Fortification of salt with iron has been suggested as a practical method of iron supplementation. In an effort to identify a suitable method for fortifying salt with iron two approaches were investigated. In one the possibility of fortifying salt with ferrous sulfate and a stabilizing agent was tried. Of the several stabilizing agents studied orthophosphoric acid was found to be the most promising one. Salt fortified with ferrous sulfate and orthophosphoric acid was found to keep well on storage without color development. Bioavailability of iron from this fortified salt, although satisfactory at the beginning, deteriorated on storage. An alternative approach in which salt was fortified with ferric orthophosphate, a stable iron compound and an absorption promoter like sodium acid sulfate was found to be more satisfactory. Salt fortified with ferric orthophosphate (3,500 ppm) and sodium acid sulfate (5,000 ppm) kept well without any color development for several months. The bioavailability of iron from this formula was comparable to that from ferrous sulfate and bioavailability did not decrease even after storage for 4-5 months. This fortified salt was also acceptable. This formula offers a practical solution to fortification of salt with iron.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effects of iron and culture filtrates on killing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by normal human serum.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae GC9, both colony types T2 and T4, were killed by normal human serum, although populations of colony type T4 were more susceptible. Ferric ammonium citrate prevented the killing of populations of both T2 and T4 colony types. Other iron compounds tested showed no protective effect, nor did ammonium citrate or the divalent cations magnesium or calcium. A filtrate from cultures of an N. gonorrhoeae strain grown in a liquid defined medium showed a similar protective effect in the serum assay. The filtrate appeared to chelate iron, as measured by decreased ability of iron-free transferin to bind iron in the presence of the filtrate. However, the two effects did not appear to be related. Neither ferric ammonium citrate nor the culture filtrate sufficiently inactivated complement to account for protection.

Blood Bactericidal Activity↗
PubMed1996

[The endoscopic Nd-YAG laser treatment of the "watermelon stomach"].

The watermelon stomach is a vascular malformation at the gastric antrum which is responsible for chronic bleeding. We report here nine patients (5 females and 4 males) referred to our Department from December 1990 to May 1995 with ferropenic anemia resulting from chronic gastrointestinal bleeding and with the diagnosis of watermelon stomach. The mean age at presentation was 52 years (range, 29-80). Seven patients required periodic blood transfusions and the remaining patients therapy with iron compound. All patients were treated with photocoagulation of antral lesions with Nd-YAG laser applied endoscopically. In all patients an almost complete disappearance of endoscopic lesions was achieved and during the 19-month follow-up period (range, 2-54) no patient required blood transfusions or iron therapy. No secondary complications from therapy were noted.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Photochemical oxidation of arsenic by oxygen and iron in acidic solutions.

The rate of oxidation of As(III) to As(V) by oxygen is increased by several orders of magnitude by the presence of dissolved Fe(III) and illumination with near ultraviolet light. The oxidation reaction has been studied in acidic conditions in the absence and presence of dissolved oxygen. A reaction mechanism has been postulated in which Fe(III)-hydroxide and -chloride complexes first absorb photons to produce highly oxidising hydroxyl and dichloro radicals. A series of rapid competing reactions involving free radicals then occur in which As(III) is oxidised via the As(IV) intermediate. The observed arsenic oxidation rate is controlled by the rate of photon absorption and the fraction of As(IV) which undergoes oxidising rather than reducing reactions. The use of iron compounds as a photo-oxidant is advantageous because Fe(III) hydroxide precipitate is an excellent adsorbent for As(V).

Acids↗
PubMed1980

Application of Mössbauer spectroscopy to wet bacterial cells.

Although Mössbauer spectroscopy has been applied only to samples in the dry or frozen state, we present evidence showing that this spectroscopy is applicable to biological iron compounds in the wet state if they are tightly bound to the cell membrane or cell wall.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lysosomal disruption in the pathogenesis of hepatic damage in primary and secondary haemochromatosis.

The disruption of lysosomes with release of their content of lytic enzymes was an early concept for the possible role of these organelles in the pathogenesis of tissue damage. Many examples are known of primary lysosomal storage diseases due to a congenital deficiency of certain acid hydrolases. It is suggested that iron overload due to either primary haemochromatosis or transfusional siderosis is a form of acquired secondary lysosomal storage disease. Subcellular fractionation experiments and electron microscopic studies have shown that liver tissue from patients with iron overload has iron-laden lysosomes. Similar results have been found in iron-overloaded rats. In patients, but not in experimental animals, enzymic analyses have shown increased activities of acid hydrolases and strikingly enhanced lysosomal fragility in liver homogenates. When it has been possible to deplete the patients of the excessive iron, these parameters have returned to normal. The possible mechanisms by which the iron compounds disrupt lysosomes, including distension with ferritin or haemosiderin or free-radical-mediated membrane damage, will be discussed.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed2001

Design and performance of experimental constructed wetlands treating coke plant effluents.

Reed beds were chosen to treat effluents from a coke plant in France (Usinor-Sollac, Fos/mer). The pilot is composed by a two-stage gravel bed with subsurface flow and Phragmites australis as plant. This experimental constructed wetland was monitored for one year at steady-state conditions. The composition of influent shows high concentrations of organic compounds. The hydraulic residence time was close to 10-12 days with a plug flow with longitudinal dispersion. Results show that global removal of nitrogen ranged from 54 to 94% of load removal efficiency, but corresponds easily to the regulation recommendations. Because of wintertime, the denitrification process was inhibited by aerobic conditions observed in the gravel bed with oxygen concentrations higher than 2-3 mg/L, and by small amounts of biodegradable carbon. The fate of mineral pollutants are linked to the complex ferric hydroxides balance and a lack of phosphorus was observed for reed plants, as this nutrient is dependent on iron compounds. Some necrosis was observed on plant tissues corresponding with anthocyanic pigments accumulation caused by phosphorus absorption deficiency due to its co-precipitation with iron.

Coke↗
PubMed1994

The biomimetic oxidation of beta-1, beta-0-4, beta-5, and biphenyl lignin model compounds by synthetic iron porphyrins.

The degradation of four dimeric lignin model compounds by meso-tetra(2,6-dichloro-3-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin iron chloride (TDCSPPFeCl) (2) are reported. 4-Ethoxy-3-methoxyphenylglycerol-beta-guaiacyl ether (3) (a beta-0-4 dimer) was cleaved to give 4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (4) and guaiacol (5) as major products. The oxidation of 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-propandiol (6, a beta-1 dimer) gave 4, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (7), and 4-methoxy-alpha-hydroxyacetophenone (8) as major products. Side chain oxidation and aromatic ring cleavage reactions were found to occur for the phenylcoumaran (alpha-5) model compound, ethyl dehydrodiisoeugenol (12). A biphenyl model compound, 4,4'-diethyldehydrodivanillin (20), was oxidized to give mono- and dicarboxy derivatives, as well as ring-cleaved products of the acid derivatives.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2004

Iron dextran causes renal iron deposition but not renal dysfunction in angiotensin II-treated and untreated rats.

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin II infusion into rats causes iron deposition in the kidney, which may augment the pro-proteinuric effects of this octapeptide. We have investigated whether administration of iron mimics the renal damage induced by angiotensin II. METHODS: Rats were treated with iron dextran at a total dose of 960 mg/kg either with or without angiotensin II treatment at a dose of 0.7 mg/kg/day for 7 days. Protein expression of ferritin and heme oxygenase-1, an oxidative stress-sensitive gene, was determined by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Administration of iron dextran did not significantly increase proteinuria or decrease creatinine clearance in the rats with or without angiotensin II treatment. Prussian blue staining showed that iron deposition was observed mainly in the glomerular and medullar regions in the iron dextran-treated rats, but in the tubular epithelial cells in angiotensin II-infused rats. Administration of iron dextran upregulated ferritin, but not heme oxygenase-1. CONCLUSION: Iron dextran did not enhance or cause the renal dysfunction in the angiotensin II-treated or untreated rats, respectively. The distribution of deposited iron and presumably the type of iron compound administered may be important determinants of the development of renal injury.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1992

Serum total amylase activity and its isoenzyme fractions in newborn pigs with relation to growth and iron dextran-treatment.

Serum amylase activity was analyzed chromogenically (blue starch method) and its isoenzyme was separated by cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis in newborn pigs comparing with those in adult pigs. Serum amylase activity in newborn pigs was about one half of adults' and increased with age. Serum amylase isoenzymes were separated into 4 fractions from the cathode. The isoenzymes were also classified in 5 types on the basis of the combination of these 4 fractions. Incidences of the fractions and the types were not significantly different between adults and newborns. After the iron dextran treatment, serum amylase activity as well as levels of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and packed cell volume increased. The rates of increase in hemoglobin and packed cell volume were more significant in the double treatment group than in the single treatment group, while serum amylase activity increased similarly in these 2 groups. The increase in serum amylase activity seemed to indicate that the development of amylase-producing organs was reinforced by the iron compound treatment. It is thought that serum amylase activity may be an indicator of healthy growth in newborn pigs.

Amylases↗
PubMed2003

Iron bioavailability and utilization in rats are lower from lime-treated corn flour than from wheat flour when they are fortified with different sources of iron.

Although iron bioavailability from wheat flour fortified with iron has been widely studied, the bioavailability of lime-treated corn flour has not been evaluated sufficiently. We compared iron bioavailability and utilization of lime-treated corn flour and wheat flour supplemented with various iron sources. Bioavailability and utilization were determined in Sprague-Dawley rats using the iron balance and hemoglobin depletion-repletion methods. Rats were iron depleted by feeding them a low iron, casein diet for 10 d. During the repletion period, the rats were fed diets based on lime-treated corn flour or wheat flour, both supplemented with ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, ferric citrate and reduced iron for 14 d. Hemoglobin was determined at the end of depletion and repletion periods. The phytate concentration was lower in wheat flour (114 mg/100g) than in lime-treated corn flour (501 mg/100g). Iron bioavailability and utilization by rats were higher from fortified and unfortified wheat flour than from the lime-treated corn flour counterparts. Iron utilization was greater in rats fed wheat flour supplemented with ferrous sulfate, followed by fumarate and citrate than in rats fed reduced iron. In lime-treated corn flour, iron utilization by rats fed unfortified flour and flour fortified with reduced iron did not differ, but utilization was higher in rats fed corn flour fortified with iron sulfate, fumarate and citrate than with reduced iron. We conclude that fortification of lime-treated corn flour with reduced iron has no effect on iron bioavailability or utilization, probably due to the high phytate content. Other iron compounds must be selected to fortify lime-treated corn flour when intended for public nutrition programs.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Deterioration of the seventeenth-century warship Vasa by internal formation of sulphuric acid.

The seventeenth-century Swedish warship, Vasa, was recovered in good condition after 333 years in the cold brackish water of Stockholm harbour. After extensive treatment to stabilize and dry the ship's timbers, the ship has been on display in the Vasa Museum since 1990. However, high acidity and a rapid spread of sulphate salts were recently observed on many wooden surfaces, which threaten the continued preservation of the Vasa. Here we show that, in addition to concentrations of sulphate mostly on the surface of oak beams, elemental sulphur has accumulated within the beams (0.2-4 per cent by mass), and also sulphur compounds of intermediate oxidation states exist. The overall quantity of elemental sulphur could produce up to 5,000 kg of sulphuric acid when fully oxidized. We suggest that the oxidation of the reduced sulphur--which probably originated from the penetration of hydrogen sulphide into the timbers as they were exposed to the anoxic water--is being catalysed by iron species released from the completely corroded original iron bolts, as well as from those inserted after salvage. Treatments to arrest acid wood hydrolysis of the Vasa and other wooden marine-archaeological artefacts should therefore focus on the removal of sulphur and iron compounds.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1970

Immunity, transferrin, and survival in kwashiorkor.

In a study of 40 children with kwashiorkor, serum albumin, transferrin, and immunoglobulin levels were measured. Treatment included chloroquine, pyrimethamine, multivitamins, folic acid, iron compounds, and a high-protein diet. After two weeks the mean serum transferrin values in the children who survived and those who died were 1.30 mg./ml. and 0.33 mg./ml., respectively. Many of the children died immediately after treatment started, and it is suggested that in children with severe kwashiorkor and low serum transferrin levels any increase in free-circulating iron may result in overwhelming infection and death. Thus the appropriate time for instituting iron therapy in such patients should be reconsidered.

Child, Preschool↗