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PubMed2006

Evidence for effects of weight on reproduction in women.

Body weight, and its constituent components of fat mass and lean tissue, plays an important role modulating reproductive development and functioning. Body weight influences the timing of menarche and the capacity to achieve a pregnancy. The nature of this relationship appears to be some variant on a 'U' shape. Extremes in body weight are associated with infertility and a range of adverse outcomes for both mother and baby across the course of pregnancy and perinatal period. Whereas underweight is associated with poor fetal growth and elevated pregnancy loss, overweight is more strongly associated with diseases in pregnancy, pregnancy loss and stillbirth and high birth weight. An emerging area of interest is the role of obesity on fertility, and the intergenerational 'tracking' of high maternal body weight into the second and subsequent generations, resulting not only in an increased risk of metabolic disease, but also perturbed reproductive functioning in the offspring.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Appraisal, coping, and social support as mediators of well-being in black and white family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) commonly have high levels of psychological distress. Black caregivers often report less depression than White caregivers, but the process underlying this difference is poorly understood. With the use of a stress process model, 123 White and 74 Black family caregivers of patients with AD and other progressive dementias were studied. Black caregivers appraised patient problems as less stressful and reported higher self-efficacy in managing caregiving problems and less depression than did White caregivers. White and Black caregivers also differed significantly in coping responses but not in social supports. Structural equation analyses indicated that the correlational structure of the stress process was similar in White and Black caregivers. Caregiving stressors and race did not affect well-being through direct paths, but they were mediated by effects for appraisal, social support and activity, and coping. Possible cultural mechanisms explaining the better adjustment among Black caregivers are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of kin propinquity on infant mortality.

This study tests the grandmother hypothesis and analyzes the effect of kin propinquity on infant mortality in a 19th century American frontier communal, polygynous population. The study shows that the presence of maternal grandmothers, aunts, uncles, and paternal aunts were significantly associated with increased infant survivorship while grandfathers, paternal grandmothers, and paternal uncles showed little effect. This study has implications for understanding the evolution of a long postreproductive life span, postmarital residential strategies, and behavioral strategies that enhance inclusive fitness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Unobservable family and individual contributions to the distributions of income and wealth.

"This paper uses combinations of full brothers, half brothers, and fathers and sons to measure the effect of common family background on a household's income and wealth. While the data are drawn from a nineteenth-century [U.S.] population, the intraclass correlation for income ranges from .13 to .18, which is similar to that found in modern samples. Intraclass correlations for wealth are significantly higher (.18-.35) than are those for income. Intraclass correlations of half brothers compared to those for full brothers suggest that fathers play a dominant role in the transmission of the common family effect. When unobserved background is decomposed into individual and family effects, the individual effect dominates the family effect for income, while the family effect dominates the individual effect for wealth." A comment by Sherwin Rosen is included (pp. 80-2).

Americas↗
PubMed2006

Transcript levels of the intermediate size or grey zone fragile X mental retardation 1 alleles are raised, and correlate with the number of CGG repeats.

BACKGROUND: Grey zone or intermediate alleles are one of the three recognised classes of the X-linked fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene showing intergenerational instability. These classes are defined according to the number of CGG repeats in the FMR1 5'-untranslated region. Although large CGG expansions (>200 repeats) cause a neurodevelopmental anomaly through silencing of the gene, resulting in a deficit of FMR1 specific protein, smaller expansions (approximately 55-200 repeats) are associated with an increased transcription and late-onset specific phenotypes. Those alleles with a CGG repeat number ranging between approximately 41 and 55 are relatively poorly defined with regard to both transcriptional and translational activity, and also potential phenotypic effects. METHODS AND RESULTS: Based on a sample of 33 males carrying FMR1 alleles within the grey zone range, defined here as 41-60 CGGs, we show an increased transcriptional activity relative to that seen in common alleles (5-40 CGGS). This is the first study to report a significant relationship between FMR1 mRNA levels and CGG repeat number within the grey zone range (p<0.001). From a piecewise linear regression model, the threshold for onset of the increase in mRNA levels as a function of CGG repeat size has been determined at approximately 39 repeats (standard error (SE) 3.24), and that for the reduction in the rate of this increase at approximately 54 repeats (SE 4.27). CONCLUSIONS: The ambiguities associated with the definition and transcription dynamics of the FMR1 gene within the grey zone range are dealt with. There may be specific phenotypes associated with the toxic "gain-of-function" effect of raised mRNA.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed1983

Epidemic suicide among Micronesian adolescents.

Suicide rates since 1960 in Micronesia (the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) have undergone an epidemic-like increase. This phenomenon is focused narrowly within the 15--24-year male age-group. Extremely high rates and culturally patterned motives and methods are now characteristic of this group. Survey research throughout Micronesia suggests that the epidemic increase in adolescent male suicide is a cohort effect among the first post-war generation. Traditional adolescent socialization in pre-war Micronesia largely involved village-level subsistence activities organized around communal lineage-houses. This extra-familial level of socialization served as a cultural solution to the residential and psychological distance post-pubertal males maintained from their domestic families. With the post-war social change in Micronesia, the communal village-level of organization has largely disintegrated, causing adolescent socialization functions to be absorbed by the nuclear family. The resulting situations of intergenerational domestic discord appear the primary social triggers for adolescent suicide. At the same time, suicides have acquired subcultural significance among male youth, giving rise to fad-like and imitative acts. A 3-year research project is now being undertaken to conduct an ethnographic study of factors contributing to adolescent stress and suicide in one Micronesian community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Coping strategies and its effects on depression among caregivers of impaired elders in Japan.

The purpose of this study was to explore the coping strategies of Japanese family caregivers and to investigate relationships between coping strategies, caregiving stressors,and family caregivers' mental health. We conducted a survey by mail among family members who provided care for physically or mentally impaired elderly. In this study, we used 166 responses from family caregivers for analysis. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicated three factors,categorized 'Resignation,' 'Consulting and complaining' and 'Distancing'. In addition, results of structure equation modelling suggested a significant effect of 'Resignation' on the mental health of caregivers. Although the factor structure of coping strategies was similar to other studies conducted in Western countries, the effects of coping strategies were quite different. In conclusion, the effects of coping strategies on caregivers' mental health were confirmed in this study, but different types of coping strategies from those of Western countries were found to be associated with mental health of Japanese family caregivers.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1992

Long-term care personnel assess their attitudes and knowledge of the older adult.

The purpose of this study was to compare long-term care employees' attitude and knowledge about myths of ageing and normal age changes, before and after exposure to formal educational sessions. The researchers investigated if there was a difference in knowledge level and change in attitudes of long-term care employees after educational sessions. The subjects for this study were defined as persons who had any contact with the residents at St Charles Care Center. The final data set used in the analysis contained 84 observations. Each participant attended three 1-hour classes which consisted of simulation of handicaps, normal age-related changes, and myths and realities of ageing. Overall, there was a significant increase in knowledge from the pre-test to the post-test. The study also tested for a negative (anti-aged) bias attitude and a positive (falsely pro-aged) bias attitude among the individuals. At the end of the study there was still a slight negative biased attitude towards ageing. The data suggest that continuing education is an effective means of influencing the knowledge and attitudes of personnel in long-term care facilities. Recommendation for future research should be that this study be replicated in another long-term care facility with the addition of a job satisfaction tool.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Path analysis of familial resemblance of pulmonary function and cigarette smoking.

The techniques of path analysis were utilized to assess the relative importance of genetic factors, personal smoking behavior, and shared environment in the resemblance of pulmonary function among relatives using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data from nuclear families. Data on 1-s forced expiratory volume, FEV1 (adjusted for age, sex, race, height, and ascertainment group) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day were available on 978 individuals in 384 nuclear families residing in the Baltimore metropolitan area. All these individuals were seen twice between 1971 and 1981, with an average of 5 yr between visits. The direct effect of an individual's own smoking explained 10 and 3% of variation in adjusted FEV1 among parents and offspring, respectively. Shared environmental factors influencing personal smoking behavior accounted for 5% of the parent-offspring correlation in adjusted FEV1 and 3% of the sibling correlation in adjusted FEV1 in this sample. Undefined environmental factors that influenced an individual's smoking habits and could be shared among relatives were found to explain 19% of the familial correlations in smoking. Genetic heritability estimates ranged between 36 and 40%, with no evidence of intergenerational differences in the expression of apparent genetic control of pulmonary function.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Grandparents raising grandchildren: the role of social support in coping with caregiving challenges.

In this investigation of 133 grandparents with primary responsibility for their grandchildren, we examined the potential moderating role of social support in the association between caregiver stressors and grandparents' general well-being. Enacted formal support buffered the association between grandchild health problems and both grandparent caregiving stress and life satisfaction. Enacted formal support also buffered the association between parenting daily hassles and life satisfaction. Compensatory or main effects of perceived informal and formal social support were found for both grandparent caregiving stress and life satisfaction. Findings highlight the importance of professional assistance and community services in minimizing the negative impact of child-related challenges on grandparents' well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of retirement and grandchild care on depressive symptoms.

This study explores how grandchild care in conjunction with grandparents' retirement affects depressive symptoms, using data from the Health and Retirement Survey. The findings demonstrate that retirement moderates the influence of grandchild care obligations on well-being, measured by depressive symptoms. For retired men, freedom from grandchild care obligations is associated with heightened well-being. Among women, continued employment seems to protect against potential negative effects of extensive grandchild care obligations on well-being. The results for men seem most in line with the argument that family care obligations spoil retirement, whereas the results for women suggest a scenario that is most compatible with the role enhancement thesis.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Black grandparents: curriculum development.

The performance of Black grandparents was examined to determine the most suitable content for an educational program intended to assist them in their role. A sample of 626 non-consanguineous subjects included 204 grandparents, 128 parents, and 294 grandchildren. Each generation group completed a separate version of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory to identify the favorable qualities of grandparents and aspects of their relationships in which further growth was necessary. A combination of multivariate analysis of variance procedures, univariate analysis of variance tests, and t-tests were used to analyze scores, confirm results, and assist with interpretation of data. All groups described aspects of grandparents success and made known specific realms of learning that grandparents should acquire in order to become more effective. Analysis of the responses revealed significant main effects for generation, gender of grandchild, age of grandchild, and amount of time that grandparent and grandchild spent together. Considerations were identified for improving grandparent influence and guiding the development of grandparent education programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Development of African children: influence of the home environment].

The purpose of this report was to show how special features of the African home environment affect child development. Special emphasis was placed on the traditional social structure and the roles of various players. The different stages of development are described in relation to the major social events in African families and communities. Psychomotor development in African children presents several particularities in relation to children in the industrialized world but differences tend to decrease as a result of ongoing social upheaval. Modernization or globalization has had a profound effect on family organization and child care. These changes must be taken into account by officials in charge of child-psychiatry services. Preventive initiatives should taken into account and, insofar as possible, preserve traditional familial resources.

Africa↗
PubMed2006

The family environment and American adolescents' risk of obesity as young adults.

In this article, the effects of the family environment and adolescents' behaviors while in school grades 7 through 12 on their weight status 6 years later are examined using data from the United States National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Ordinal regression models of 6378 adolescents reveal that their family environments exert an influence on their weight that lasts into young adulthood. Parental obesity puts both males and females at greater risk for being overweight or obese as young adults, as does already having excessive weight in adolescence. The findings also reveal significant gender differences in the intergenerational transmission of body weight within families. Higher parental educational attainment, a stronger perception that parents care about them, and a higher self-esteem reduce female adolescents' risk for excessive weight as young adults, while being African American or Native American increases it. In contrast, only a perception that their parents are trying to control their diets and a higher degree of closeness with a parent put male adolescents at greater risk for excessive weight as young adults. Adolescents' participation in physical activities does not predict subsequent weight for either males or females, although the amount of time spent in sedentary activities does for females, but not males. The only adolescent behavior examined that influenced male weight in young adulthood was eating breakfast.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Like mother, like daughter: evidence for non-genomic transmission of parental behavior and stress responsivity.

Considerable evidence demonstrates that the quality of the early environment influences patterns of development that, in turn, determine the health and productivity of the individual throughout their life span. However, the processes through which early life influences health are not clearly understood. Through the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) pathways, prolonged or exaggerated responses to stress have profound effects on physiological and cognitive functions. Early maternal separation or handling of neonatal rats can program widespread and lifelong changes in various transmitter systems that regulate the HPA and CRH systems. Our studies show that a high level of maternal licking/grooming, and arched-back nursing correlates with reduced CRH mRNA expression and enhanced glucocorticoid negative feedback, and lower stress responses in the adult. This behavior is stably transmitted between generations and cross-fostering studies show that the offspring inherit the behavior from the nursing mother and not the biological mother. Such intergenerational transmission of maternal behavior is seen in rodents, primates and humans, and may underlie adaptive changes in the HPA axis. The neural basis of this inheritance pattern appears to reside in the central oxytocin system which determines features of maternal behavior. Through these various adaptive neural mechanisms the environmental demand on the mother is reflected in the quality of maternal care to her offspring. This, in turn, programs stress reactivity and maternal behavior patterns of the offspring. This not only determines certain health outcomes but also establishes the relationships between mother and offspring in the next generation. These findings suggest that for neurobiologists, the function of the family is an important level of analysis and the critical question is that of how environmental events regulate neural systems that mediate the expression of parental care.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections.

The Global Burden of Disease caused by the 3 major intestinal nematodes is an estimated 22.1 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost for hookworm, 10.5 million for Ascaris lumbricoides, 6.4 million for Trichuris trichiura, and 39.0 million for the three infections combined (as compared with malaria at 35.7 million) (World Bank, 1993; Chan et al. 1994); these figures illustrate why some scarce health care resources must be used for their control. Strongyloides stercoralis is the fourth most important intestinal worm infection; its nutritional implications are discussed, and the fact that its geographic distribution needs further study is emphasized. Mechanisms underlying the malnutrition induced by intestinal helminths are described. Anorexia, which can decrease intake of all nutrients in tropical populations on marginal diets, is likely to be the most important in terms of magnitude and the probable major mechanism by which intestinal nematodes inhibit growth and development. We present a revised and expanded conceptual framework for how parasites cause/aggravate malnutrition and retard development in endemic areas. Specific negative effects that a wide variety of parasites may have on gastrointestinal physiology are presented. The synergism between Trichuris and Campylobacter, intestinal inflammation and growth failure, and new studies showing that hookworm inhibits growth and promotes anaemia in preschool (as well as school-age) children are presented. We conclude by presenting rationales and evidence to justify ensuring the widest possible coverage for preschool-age children and girls and women of childbearing age in intestinal parasite control programmes, in order to prevent morbidity and mortality in general and specifically to help decrease the vicious intergenerational cycle of growth failure (of low-birth-weight/intrauterine growth retardation and stunting) that entraps infants, children and girls and women of reproductive age in developing areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Dissociation as a mediator of child abuse across generations.

To test the hypothesis that dissociative process is the mechanism that accounts for the transmission of maltreatment across generations, a group of mothers who were abused and maltreated their children were compared to a group of mothers who broke the cycle of abuse. Mothers who were abused and are abusing their children were rated higher on idealization, inconsistency, and escapism in their description of their childhood and they scored higher on the Dissociative Experience Scale compared to mothers who broke the cycle. Mothers who were abused and abused their children recalled the care they received as children in a fragmented and disconnected fashion whereas those who broke the cycle integrated their abusive experience into a more coherent view of self. Even after partialing out the effects of IQ, large differences were found indicating that dissociative process plays a part in the transmission of maltreatment across generations. Possible reasons why some maltreated individuals coped with the trauma by dissociating and others integrate the experience were discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Managing the new generation.

As the Silent Generation quickly approaches retirement, and the Baby Boomer generation moves into management and supervisory roles, a new generation is entering the workforce. Generation Xers were born between 1965 and 1975, at a time when the country experienced high prices, wage inflation, stagnant consumer demands, and increased unemployment. Perhaps as a result, newcomers to today's workforce often have different characteristics, behavioral traits, and belief systems from their predecessors. To effectively supervise and motivate individuals from this unique generation, health care managers must begin by understanding the evolutions that have shaped each generation and influenced the workforce. In doing so, managers can create a thriving multigenerational work environment and embrace supervisory concepts that attract and motivate the new generation.

Adult↗