Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Insect Repellents”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Human ecology and behaviour in malaria control in tropical Africa.

Since about 250 BC, human modification of African environments has created increasingly favourable breeding conditions for Anopheles gambiae. Subsequent adaptations to the increased malaria risk are briefly described and reference is made to Macdonald's mathematical model for the disease. Since values for the variables in that model are high in tropical Africa, there is little possibility that simple, inexpensive, self-help primary health care initiatives can control malaria in the region. However, in combination with more substantial public health initiatives, simple primary health care activities might be done by communities to (1) prevent mosquitos from feeding on people, (2) prevent or reduce mosquito breeding, (3) destroy adult mosquitos, and (4) eliminate malaria parasites from human hosts. Lay methods of protection and self-care are examined and some topics for further research are indicated. Culturally appropriate health education methods are also suggested.

Africa↗
PubMed1995

Can we control mosquitoes without pesticides? A summary.

Up to now insecticides have remained the main tool for both killing mosquitoes and controlling mosquito-borne diseases, but perhaps we should broaden our horizons by looking at the effectiveness of traps in controlling tsetse flies. The problem is that we have not developed any really efficient mosquito traps, and of course population densities and reproduction rates of mosquitoes are far greater than those of tsetses. To interrupt disease transmission we do not need to eradicate vectors, but must reduce their populations to a critical threshold (breakpoint). Despite much enthusiasm, true biological control agents have not generally proved very effective, especially against floodwater species. Insect growth regulators and insect repellents have their uses but they do not provide any panacea for control. Understanding the ecology of mosquitoes is usually of paramount importance in developing control programs, especially those employing biological agents. We need, for example, to understand the intricacies of density-dependent population regulation, and computer modeling can help us to do this, as well as assist in identifying the most efficient control strategies. We need to promote noninsecticidal control of mosquitoes, but until we have developed more efficient methods, there will continue to be reliance on chemical control.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metabolism of N,N-diethylbenzamide and N,N-diethyl-alpha,alpha'-13C-benzamide by rat liver microsomes.

The O2 and NADPH-dependent metabolism of N,N-diethylbenzamide (DEB), a topically applied insect repellent, has been investigated in liver microsomal suspensions from phenobarbital-pretreated male Wistar rats. Incubation conditions for the enzymatic production of N-ethylbenzamide (EB) from DEB (0.2 mM) were studied by use of HPLC with UV detection. With the microsomal enzymes suspended in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and the substrate delivered in acetone (10 microliter), the yield of EB was 81.9 +/- 2.9% in five replicated experiments with NADPH (2 mM) and MgCl2 (4 mM). Conversion of DEB to EB was strongly inhibited by carbon monoxide, a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor. A sample of N,N-diethyl-alpha,alpha'-13C-benzamide was synthesized and was used, in conjunction with high-resolution 13C NMR spectroscopy, to identify the metabolites arising from oxidation of the ethyl group. Using the distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer pulse sequences and a substrate concentration of 0.4 mM, 13C-labeled acetaldehyde and glycolaldehyde, both detected as the hydrates, were found in the microsomal incubates. N-Ethyl-N-(alpha-hydroxyethyl)benzamide, the presumed metabolic progenitor of acetaldehyde, was not detected in these metabolic experiments. A pathway is proposed to account for the metabolic generation of glycolaldehyde by hydroxylation of both carbons of the N-ethyl group.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Remedies for common family ailments: 5. Sunscreen creams and lotions.

Prolonged exposure to strong sunlight significantly increases the risk of skin cancer. Sunscreens provide useful protection from sunburn if correctly used. Some sunscreens contain chemical compounds which work by absorbing UVB wavelengths. Others contain chemicals which act as reflectants of UVA waves, eg titanium dioxide. Stars on the packet indicate how much UVA protection the product provides-the more stars, the more protection. Products are labelled with their sunscreen protection factor (SPF). The higher the factor, the greater the protection. Products used on children should have an SPF of at least 15. Fair-skinned and freckled people also need a high SPF as they burn easily. Use products according to the manufacturer's instructions and reapply at intervals and after swimming. Some products combine sunscreen properties with being water resistant perspiration-resistant or insect-repellent. Avoid folklore remedies like coconut oil. It is better to go or a scientifically formulated, branded product. A properly formulated after-sun lotion is advisable in order to counteract the drying effects of the sun on the skin.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Insecticide impregnated cotton fabrics of different hydrophobicity against Aedes aegypti (Diptera:Culicidae).

Residual efficacy of synthetic pyrethroids, viz, permethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and an insect repellent DEPA in cotton fabrics of different hydrophobicity was tested against Aedes aegypti. Amino silicone was used for enhancing the hydrophobicity of the fabrics. The results showed that there was an increasing trend in repellency/feeding deterrency with the increase in hydrophobicity up to 17.5 weeks at an optimum level of 30g/l. The adulticidal effect lasted for 1 to 4 weeks and this lower residual activity was attributed to the repellency of the treated fabrics. The results indicated that the residual efficacy of cotton fabrics could be enhanced by treating with an hydrophobic agent that increases the availability of the insecticide on the surface.

Aedes↗
PubMed1997

[Traveller counseling by embassies and consulates].

BACKGROUND: Before travelling to developing countries is necessary to seek accurate health advice. This paper evaluate the quality of travel information given out in Spain by other embassies and consulates of different countries. METHODS: The information was regarded through a telephone survey calling to 32 embassies and consulates of countries in Asia, Africa and South and Central America posing as potential travellers seeking advice. RESULTS: Of the 15 countries where yellow fever is endemic only 53% advised the appropriate immunization. Malaria prophylaxis was recommended in over 41% of the countries in areas of risk for malaria, denning the existence of malaria the 25%. Other immunizations such as hepatitis, tetanus, typhus was recommended by the 12.5% and over 25% mentioned additional precautions (water purification, insect repellents, food ...). 53% referred us to other sources of information in public health departments and travel clinics. CONCLUSIONS: Diplomatic representations are still not an ideal source of pretravel advice. An accurate advice should be sought from health units of international vaccines and Tropical Medicine.

Counseling↗
PubMed1998

Influence of inert ingredients in pesticide formulations on dermal absorption of carbaryl.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of solvent plus various mixtures on percutaneous absorption and disposition of the carbamate insecticide, carbaryl (CA). ANIMALS: Skin was obtained from the dorsum of 14 female weanling specific-pathogen-free Yorkshire pigs. PROCEDURE: In this 8-hour in vitro flow-through diffusion study, porcine skin sections were dosed with 40 micrograms of CA/cm2 of surface area, different amounts of solvents (40 or 80% acetone or dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), different amounts of a surfactant (0, 1, or 5% sodium lauryl sulfate [SLS]), an insect repellent (0 or 15% diethyl-m-toluamide [DEET]), an insecticide synergist (0 or 2% piperonyl butoxide [PB]), and a CA metabolite (40 micrograms/cm2 1-naphthol [1-NA]). RESULTS: In general, CA absorption was greater from acetone than from DMSO mixtures, and CA penetration into skin and stratum corneum was greater from DMSO at 8 hours. This is consistent with the flux-time profiles, which depicted initial peak flux within 2 to 3 hours for most acetone mixtures, but a slow increase in flux for DMSO mixtures. Irrespective of the solvent, increasing water content in pesticide dosing mixtures significantly increased CA absorption from SLS mixtures only. The SLS also enhanced CA absorption, especially at low solvent concentrations. The DEET significantly reduced CA absorption from acetone, but not from DMSO mixtures, and 1-NA enhanced CA absorption from acetone, but not from DMSO mixtures. Piperonyl butoxide significantly enhanced CA absorption from acetone and DMSO mixtures. However, addition of PB or PB plus SLS did not significantly increase CA flux above that observed from solvent plus surfactant mixtures. CONCLUSIONS: Inert ingredients can modulate percutaneous absorption of toxicologically important pesticides and their effect or activity on CA disposition is dependent on solvent specificity and solvent concentration. Whereas SLS, PB, and 1-NA can enhance pesticide absorption, DEET can reduce absorption.

Acetone↗
PubMed1998

Gulf War syndrome--a model for the complexity of biological and environmental interaction with human health.

Since the end of the Gulf War, tens of thousands of American, Canadian and British soldiers who participated in that war have claimed to be suffering from a variety of incapacitating symptoms which are generally termed as Gulf War Syndrome (GWS). The symptoms are multiple but mainly consist of excessive tiredness, muscle and joint pain, loss of balance, sensory symptoms, neurobehavioural manifestations, diarrhoea, bladder dysfunction, sweating disturbances, and respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and skin manifestations. These veterans have been exposed to a variety of damaging or potentially damaging risk factors including environmental adversities, pesticides such as organophosphate chemicals, skin insect repellents, medical agents such as pyridostigmine bromide (NAPS), possible low-levels of chemical warfare agents, multiple vaccinations in combinations, depleted uranium, and other factors. A large number of basic research findings, clinical epidemiological studies, and case control studies are reviewed to try and link them together to produce a coherent picture and to demonstrate the complexity of the interaction of biological systems, environmental and genetic factors, combinations of drugs and toxins with human health. The findings of these studies so far have demonstrated that many of the previous assumptions made about the 'safety' of certain drugs and toxic substances or vaccines must be radically reviewed. Many of the findings have far reaching implications not only in terms of explanation of what might have gone wrong during the Gulf War, but also have wider implications for many occupational groups who are exposed daily to some of these risk factors. More open-mindedness and much less prejudice are required concerning the basic biology of interactions of the above factors and their effects on cell functions and wider intelligent research is urgently required with high priority. This review highlights the importance of intelligent research for answers for a new phenomenon, and demonstrates the necessity for a combination of this approach with high quality epidemiological research. The reader will notice an emerging clear picture that the majority (if not all) of these advances have been achieved from studies funded by independent or charity organizations rather than by the responsible authorities who are supposed and are duty bound to take on this task.

Chemical Warfare Agents↗
PubMed1998

Holidaying abroad: practical advice for a young family.

Try to tailor your advice to the individual family. Keep it simple and practical. Find out who is going, where and whether the family has any particular health needs. Encourage the family to plan ahead, finding out as much as they can about facilities for young children at their destination. Likely discussion points are vaccinations, infant and toddler feeding, managing the journey, avoiding sunburn and diarrhoea, and contraception. Depending on destination it may be advisable for the family to take some items with them from the UK, e.g. infant formula and feeding equipment, contraceptives, sun protection and insect repellents.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Self-reported chemical sensitivity and wartime chemical exposures in Gulf War veterans with and without decreased global health ratings.

This cross-sectional telephone survey study assessed prevalence rates of current chemical sensitivity, frequency of chemical odor intolerance, and self-reported Persian Gulf chemical exposures among 41 randomly sampled Department of Veterans Affairs outpatients who were Persian Gulf War (PGW) and PGW-era veterans. The participants were drawn from an initial random list of 100 veterans, of whom 28 PGW and 20 era veterans had correct telephone data on file. Of those contacted, 86% of PGW veterans (24/28) and 85% of era veterans (17/20) agreed to participate. Significantly more PGW veterans with poorer global health after military service reported considering themselves now "especially sensitive to certain chemicals" (86%, 12/14) than did the PGW veterans or era veterans in stable health (both comparison groups 30%, 3/10). Among PGW veterans, the subset with worse health associated with marked increases in chemical odor intolerance since their military service had a significantly higher odds ratio for exposure to multiple chemicals, notably wartime pesticides and insect repellent, than did comparison groups. The high rate of chemical sensitivity of PGW veterans with deteriorated health is almost three times that in PGW-era veterans and in elderly primary care outpatient veterans at the same Department of Veterans Affairs medical center and in community-based civilian samples (i.e., 30%). These preliminary findings suggest the need for further study of chemical sensitivity, including tests for acquired increases in neural sensitizability to multiple low-level chemicals, in ill PGW veterans.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Preparation and study of composite insecticido-repellent aerosols.

Insecticido-repellent mixtures sprayed on clothes, nets etc. are useful as a means of protection against attack by bloodsucking arthropods. These sprays provide repellence of insects sensitive to the repellent and kill those that are only weakly repellent sensitive. Combined formulae for aerosols including repellent DETA and the synthetic pyrethroid neopynamin ("Neorepellent-2") or sumithrin ("Sumirepellent") were proposed. The composite sprays were studied in an olfactometer fleas (X. cheopis) and under practical conditions by treating clothes with 7-15 g of mixture per 1 m2. The composite sprays gave 100% repellence for fleas and mosquitoes, 80-50% repellence for simuliids, 65-70% repellence for ceratopogonids and tabanids, 90-95% for ticks, and they killed 100% of insects having contacted treated surface. As regards Ixodes ticks, "Sumirepellent" was more effective than "Neorepellent-2" and caused irreversible paralysis. Toxicological tests showed the composite sprays to be safe in broad-scale practical use provided that measures of precaution were kept.

Aerosols↗