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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Effect of inhaled glycopyrrolate and atropine in asthma. Precipitated by exercise and cold air inhalation.

We compared the effects of inhaled glycopyrrolate (G), 1.3 mg, and atropine (A), 2.6 mg, and placebo on FEV1 and specific conductance (sGaw) before and after exercise in six men with exercise-induced asthma. Subjects exercised with cold air (-2 degrees C) 30 and 120 minutes after each aerosol treatment. Spirometry was performed and sGaw determined before aerosol treatment (baseline) and before and after exercise. Decreased airway tone was noted before exercising with A and G but not with placebo. The decreases in FEV1 and sGaw resulting from exercise were not significantly different among the three treatment groups at either exercise session. Postexercise FEV1 and sGaw were significantly higher after A and G compared to P. Dry mouth, flushing, and resting tachycardia were prominent with group A. Symptoms in G did not differ from those in P. This study suggests that A and G do not prevent bronchoconstriction induced by exercise and cold air but improve postexercise pulmonary function by achieving preexercise bronchodilation. Systemic side effects were minimal with G compared to A.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Aerosol metallic paints: deliberate inhalation. A study of inhalation and or ingestion of copper and zinc particles.

The preliminary and limited study was made in an area where the metallic spray paints are used as an intoxicant by a significant percentage of the student-population. Laboratory tests show that individuals misusing these unique products are ingesting and/or inhaling large amounts of copper and zinc which are excreted in the urine and are possibly retained in body tissue. No previous reports have been found on this form of substance misuse, and apparently no studies have been conducted to determine the physiological effects of such an overload of heavy metals.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2006

[Comparison of tiotropium inhalation capsules and ipratropium metered dose inhaler in a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, efficacy and safety study in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety between tiotropium capsule and ipratropium MDI in a 4 week treatment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: A multi-center, randomized, double blind, double dummy and parallel comparison clinical trial was conducted in 221 stable moderate to severe patients with COPD. They were randomized into tiotropium 18 microg once per day arm or ipratropium 2 puffs qid. arm for four weeks. The spirometry was conducted at 5 minutes pre-medication; and 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes post-medication before; 2 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) trough response, the primary endpoint, was significantly higher in the tiotropium arm than that of the ipratropium with (0.063 +/- 0.024) L (95% CI 0.016 - 0.111 L, t = 2.63, P = 0.009) after 4 weeks of treatment. Meanwhile the clinical evidences indicated the continuous improvement of bronchodilation in the tiotropium arm. Forced vital capacity (FVC) trough response was also significantly higher in the tiotropium arm 4 weeks after treatment with (0.133 +/- 0.047) L (t = 2.83, P = 0.005). By comparison with baseline, no significant differences were found between these two arms in the average change of FEV(1) as well as FVC 0 - 3 hours after inhalation (all P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in rescue medication consumptions (t = 0.60, P = 0.548). Adverse events occurred in 12 (10.9%) patients in the tiotropium arm and 18 (16.2%) in the ipratropium arm, without statistical difference (chi(2) = 1.326, P = 0.249). The major adverse event in the tiotropium group was dry mouth (5, 4.5%). No cardiac disorder or abnormal electrocardiogram was reported. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that tiotropium 18 microg once per day is more potent than ipratropium qid. in bronchodilation to COPD patients with the similar tolerance of ipratropium.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1991

Experimental studies in rats on the effects of asbestos inhalation coupled with the inhalation of titanium dioxide or quartz.

Rats were exposed for 1 year, with a 2-year follow-up, to dust clouds consisting of a mixture of amosite or chrysotile asbestos with either titanium dioxide or quartz. The addition of titanium dioxide to asbestos did not increase levels of pulmonary fibrosis above the amounts produced by chrysotile or amosite alone. Quartz, however, greatly increased fibrosis above that produced by the asbestos types alone. Both particulate dusts caused an increase in the numbers of pulmonary tumours and mesotheliomas compared to asbestos alone but while tumours in animals treated with asbestos and quartz tended to occur earlier than tumours with asbestos alone, in animals treated with dusts containing titanium dioxide, tumour production occurred later than with asbestos alone. In animals treated with mixtures of asbestos and quartz, there was evidence of increased transport of fibres across the visceral pleural surface and this may be associated with the finding of a higher proportion of pleural mesotheliomas than previously reported in experimental inhalation studies from any laboratory using the main asbestos varieties. The presence of particulate dusts made little difference to the amounts of amosite fibre retained in the lung tissue but, with chrysotile, titanium dioxide appeared to increase retention while quartz reduced it.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Inhalation bioassay chemistry--Walton Horizontal Smoking Machine for inhalation exposure of rodents to cigarette smoke.

Studies of experimental tobacco smoke carcinogenesis have suffered from the lack of a conveniently available and well-characterized device for exposing animals to tobacco smoke for inhalation. The Walton Horizontal Smoking Machine, a commercially available system designed to expose up to 20 mice to the smoke of a single cigarette, may fulfill this need. This system produced a uniform smoke aerosol of predictable concentration and appropriate composition for cigarettes with high delivery of nicotine (40 mg total particulate matter, 2.6 mg nicotine, and 17 cm3 carbon monoxide per cigarette) and with low delivery of nicotine (30 mg total particulate matter, 0.3 mg nicotine, and 17 cm3 carbon monoxide). In this experiment C57BL and DBA/2Bd strains of mice were used. Limitations of the concept of exposing animals to standing smoke were defined.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Bronchoconstriction due to exercise combined with cold air inhalation does not generally influence bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine in asthmatic subjects.

We investigated immediate and late changes in airway responsiveness to histamine, after bronchoconstriction due to exercise combined with inhalation of cold air, in ten asthmatic subjects who came on six days. On the first visit, the provocation concentration producing 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) histamine was obtained. After functional recovery, each subject walked on a treadmill whilst breathing dry, cold air. This resulted in an immediate fall greater than 15% (mean +/- SD = 31.9 +/- 11.0%) in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Following recovery, PC20 was measured again. FEV1 was then monitored for up to 6-8 h. PC20 was measured then and on the two following days at the same time of the day. Subjects were studied on three control days using the same design except that a resting period replaced the exercise with cold air. The mean changes in PC20 at each interval after exercise combined with cold air were not statistically significant. Physiologically significant changes were obtained in only two subjects, reaching a maximum 8 h after the manoeuvre. In these subjects, changes in PC20 were reproducible during a second series of visits. It is concluded that bronchial responsiveness to histamine is not generally influenced by the bronchoconstriction due to exercise combined with cold air.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Pressurized aerosol inhaler technique: how important are inhalation from residual volume, inspiratory flow rate and the time interval between puffs?

Forty-three patients with obstructive airways disease took part in three studies designed to determine the importance of three modes of inhalation of a beta 2-agonist on bronchodilator response. Under the conditions of the test, lung volume at the time of aerosol release and the time interval between the 2 puffs had no significant effect upon bronchodilator response, but a fast inspiratory flow rate was found to be associated with a significant reduction in response.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

An inhalation method for testing the toxicity of volatile compounds in small laboratory animals. A study on short-term and long-term toluene inhalation in rats.

A coupola-shaped Plexiglass inhalation chamber (volume 190 I) with continuous infusion of toxicant and air flow was constructed for small laboratory animals. The method guarantees an even distribution of vapourized toxicant to 16 animals at the same time, and is convenient both in short-term and long-term experiments. As a volatile toxicant, toluene was used. The short-term and long-term effects of toluence on rats were studied using psychomotor tests, blood glucose, serum ALAT and ASAT values as well as hematocrit. Short-term exposure, but not long-term, impaired the performance in psychomotor tests, elevated blood glucose and serum ALAT and ASAT levels, and slightly increased hematocrit. Body weight decreased as compared to controls in short-term toluene exposure, but showed no difference in long-term treatment between toluene-and control groups at the end of exposure. The differences between the two exposures are probably due to the development of tolerance during long-term exposure either on receptor or metabolic level.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1980

[Correlation between the fetotoxic effect of benzol inhalation in CFY rats and benzol concentration in the inhaled gas].

CFY rats from the 7th to the 14th days of pregnancy were given benzole to inhale during 24 hours a day in doses 150, 450, 1500 or 3000 mg/m3 (50, 150, 500 or 1000 ppm). It was established that benzole has no teratogenous effect in rats. Frequency of the obvious malformations of the scelet and soft tissues has not increase at any doses given. The concentration of benzole 150 mg/m3 has induced moderate, 450 mg/m3 marked maternal and foetal toxicity i.e. increase of the maternal mortality rate, damage to the circulation, decrease in the gain of the body weight and that of the placenta, increase of the foetal mortality rate (early and late) and retardation of the foetal development. Further increase of the concentration of the benzole was not followed by more severe toxical symptoms. Authors conclude, that women already before the onset of the planned pregnancy should avoid benzole exposition.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1992

Fourteen-day inhalation study in rats, using aged and diluted sidestream smoke from a reference cigarette. I. Inhalation toxicology and histopathology.

Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed 6 hr per day for 14 consecutive days to aged and diluted sidestream smoke (ADSS), used as a surrogate for Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS), at concentrations of 0.1 (typical), 1 (extreme), or 10 (exaggerated) mg of particulates per cubic meter. Animals were exposed nose-only, inside whole-body chambers, to ADSS from the 1R4F reference cigarette. End-points included histopathology, CO-oximetry, plasma nicotine and cotinine, clinical pathology, and organ and body weights. The only pathological response observed was slight to mild epithelial hyperplasia and inflammation in the most rostral part of the nasal cavity, in the high-exposure group only. No effects were noted at medium or low exposures. The minimal changes noted were reversible, using a subgroup of animals kept without further treatment for an additional 14 days. Overall, the end-points used in the study demonstrated that there was no detectable biological activity of ADSS at typical or even 10-fold ETS concentrations and that the activity was only minimal at very exaggerated concentrations (particle concentrations 100 times higher than typical real-world concentrations).

Administration, Inhalation↗