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PubMed2003

Infant sleeping position and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in California, 1997-2000.

To assess the association between infant sleeping position and risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in an ethnically diverse US population, the authors conducted a population-based case-control study in 11 counties in California from May 1997 through April 2000. The authors conducted in-person interviews with the mothers of 185 SIDS cases and 312 randomly selected race/ethnicity- and age-matched controls to collect information on sleeping positions. Infants who had last been put down to sleep in the prone or side position were at greater risk of SIDS than were infants who had last been put down on their backs (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.6 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5, 4.5) and AOR = 2.0 (95% CI: 1.2, 3.4) for the prone and side positions, respectively). The risk of SIDS was especially high for an unstable side position in which an infant was placed on its side and found prone (AOR = 8.7, 95% CI: 3.3, 22.7). Infants who were usually placed on their backs to sleep but had last been put down in the prone or side position (an unaccustomed position) had a significantly high risk of SIDS (AOR = 8.2 (95% CI: 2.6, 26.0) and AOR = 6.9 (95% CI: 2.3, 20.6) for the prone and side positions, respectively). Infants placed in an unaccustomed prone or side sleeping position had a higher risk of SIDS than infants who were always placed prone or on the side.

California↗
PubMed1996

Population-based recurrence risk of sudden infant death syndrome compared with other infant and fetal deaths.

To investigate the recurrence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) among siblings, the authors analyzed data for all 352,475 mothers whose first and second single births were reported to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway during 1967-1988. Recurrence of stillbirths from the 16th week of gestation onward and infant deaths other than SIDS were also studied. Relative risk of recurrence for SIDS was 5.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1-13.2); for asphyxia- and immaturity-related infant deaths, 12.5 (9.2-17.4); for congenital malformations, 7.2 (4.7-11.0); and for other causes of infant death, 8.0 (2.0-22.1). Deaths due to infections did not recur. Similar categories of infant deaths had higher overall relative risk, 9.1, compared with 1.6 for dissimilar categories. Previous early stillbirth (16-27 weeks) had a high recurrence (relative risk (RR) = 21.8, 95% CI 17.5-26.9), while late stillbirth (> or = 28 weeks) had lower recurrence (RR = 4.6, 95% CI 3.7-5.8). Previous SIDS was associated with an increased risk of all other types of loss. In contrast, previous late stillbirth and previous asphyxia- and immaturity-related infant deaths were associated with a reduced risk of subsequent SIDS (RR = 0.31, 95% CI 0.08-0.84, and RR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.01-1.13, respectively). In conclusion, as with other infant and fetal deaths, SIDS deaths showed strong sibship aggregation consistent with a genetic susceptibility in subsets of SIDS that may interact with environmental factors. The authors also suggest common pregnancy-specific risk factors for late stillbirths, asphyxia- and immaturity-related infant deaths, and SIDS.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed2004

Effects of long-term consumption of a fermented infant formula (with Bifidobacterium breve c50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) on acute diarrhea in healthy infants.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether long-term consumption of a fermented infant formula could influence the incidence of acute diarrhea and its severity in healthy infants. METHOD: Nine hundred seventy-one infants, ranging in age from 4 to 6 months, were included in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial during a period of 5 months. They consumed daily either a fermented infant formula (FF) (fermentation with Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) or a standard infant formula (SF) of the same nutritional composition. EVALUATION CRITERIA: Number and duration of acute diarrhea episodes were evaluated. Severity of the episodes was determined by the number of hospital admissions, incidence of dehydration, number of medical consultations, number of oral rehydration solution prescriptions, and number of formula switches. RESULTS: Growth of the infants and acceptability of the formulas were identical in the two groups. Incidence, duration of diarrhea episodes, and number of hospital admissions did not differ significantly between groups. Episodes were less severe in the FF (fermented formula) group. There were fewer cases of dehydration 2.5%versus 6.1% (P = 0.01), fewer medical consultations (46%v 56.6%, P = 0.003), fewer ORS prescriptions 41.9%v 51.9% (P = 0.003) and fewer switches to other formulas (59.5%v 74.9%, P = 0.0001) in FF infants compared to SF. CONCLUSION: A fermented formula may reduce the severity of acute diarrhea among healthy young infants. This outcome may be linked to the bifidogenic effects of fermentation products and their interactions with the intestinal immune system.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Responsiveness of the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) in infants born preterm.

PURPOSE: The responsiveness of the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) was examined in infants born preterm. Infant variables predictive of changes in TIMP scores were also identified. METHODS: Twenty-five infants born <or=30 weeks' gestational age were assigned a risk score and administered the TIMP at 32 and 36 weeks postconceptional age (PCA). Paired t-tests and analyses of variance examined differences between TIMP scores across time and between groups. Correlations and regression analyses determined the relationship between infant variables and TIMP score changes. RESULTS: TIMP scores significantly increased between 32 and 36 weeks PCA. A significant effect of time for risk groups was found. No significant correlations between infant variables and TIMP score changes were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: The TIMP was responsive to changes in infants born preterm but did not discriminate based on risk classification. The infant variables did not predict changes in TIMP scores. Further research with a larger sample size is warranted.

Developmental Disabilities↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of active motor items in infants born preterm and infants born full term.

PURPOSE: The study was designed to compare active motor items at term age of infants born very preterm, very low birth weight (VPT-VLBW) and without impairments with infants born full-term (FT) and healthy and to evaluate a method of assessment using video recordings and computer software. METHOD: Video recordings of head lag and head righting on pull to sit, head control in sitting, and hip flexion in prone were obtained at term age for 29 infants born VPT-VLBW and 22 infants born FT. Motor items were analyzed using digitizing computer software. RESULTS: Infants born VPT-VLBW had less head lag on pull to sit than infants born FT, p = 0.005. No other differences were found for the remaining motor items. The method of assessment demonstrated high intrarater reliability (intraclass coefficient correlation (3,1) = 0.77-0.997). CONCLUSIONS: Infants born VPT-VLBW who are at "low risk" performed at term age similarly to healthy infants born FT on four active motor items. The reliability of the measurement method supports the method's further development.

Child Development↗
PubMed1985

Thiamine deficiency--a neglected problem of infants and mothers--possible relationships to sudden infant death syndrome.

An unexpectedly high incidence of biochemical thiamine deficiency (erythrocyte transketolase) was found in groups of mothers and infants, selected for apparent health from a westernized Caucasian community in Australia. Deficiency was common in mothers at term but not their infants, and in apparently healthy older infants but not their mothers. These findings can be explained by preferential delivery of thiamine to the fetus, at the expense of the pregnant mother; after delivery the mother recovers, and the infant becomes depleted. The incidence of thiamine deficiency was high in 'near-miss' sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) infants and their mothers, and in siblings of SIDS. The thiamine deficient infants had a high familial incidence of SIDS deaths. These 'high risk families' might reflect poor nutrition or genetic defects of thiamine uptake and metabolism. Since apparently thriving infants with thiamine deficiency can sometimes die unexpectedly, thiamine status deserves more attention in clinical practice and research.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A probabilistic estimation of fluoride intake by infants up to the age of 4 months from infant formula reconstituted with tap water in the fluoridated regions of Ireland.

Two probabilistic models were developed to estimate the acute and chronic exposure to fluoride of exclusively formula-fed infants aged 0-4 months as a result of the consumption of infant formula reconstituted with fluoridated tap water in Ireland. The estimates were based on calculated infant formula consumption and accepted body weight standards, together with reported concentrations of fluoride in infant formula powder and measured values for the fluoride content of water in Ireland. The mean acute exposure of infants to fluoride on any single day in areas served by 387 fluoridated water supplies was estimated to be between 0.11 and 0.14 mg/kg body weight depending on age group (95th percentiles 0.2 and 0.26 mg/kg b.w., respectively). These predicted intakes were well below the intake of fluoride associated with acute toxic effects, which is considered to be 5 mg fluoride (F(-))/kg body weight. The mean chronic exposure of infants to fluoride was estimated to be between 0.106 and 0.170 mg/kg b.w./day depending on body weight (95th percentiles 0.108 and 0.172 mg/kg b.w./day, respectively). This estimate described the average daily fluoride intake of infants during the first 4 months of life residing in the areas served by 226 water supplies that achieved an average yearly fluoride concentration below 1.03 mg/l. Dental fluorosis may be considered to be the only risk at these low doses and from our work it is estimated that there is a very low risk of moderate dental fluorosis of the permanent dentition in infants exposed to fluoride at these levels.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Blind ratings of mother-infant interaction in home movies of prepsychotic and normal infants.

Home movies of infants later diagnosed as having early childhood psychoses were compared with movies of normal control infants. A scale of attachment indicators measured mother-infant dyadic avoidance and reciprocity in the first 6 months of the infant's life. Three judges blind to diagnosis saw a general trend to dampened interaction for prepsychotic infants and their mothers. Prepsychotic and normal infants were not significantly different in touching and eye gaze behaviors, whereas mothers of prepsychotic infants exhibited less adequate eye gaze and touching than mothers of normal infants.

Eye↗
PubMed1995

Infant sleep position and the sudden infant death syndrome. A survey of pediatric recommendations.

A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the impact of the April 1992 American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force Statement, "Infant Positioning and SIDS," on the routine advice provided by pediatricians in Minnesota to families with newborn infants regarding sleep practices, including sleep position. There was a trend toward more discussion between all pediatric practice groups and families regarding infant sleep practices following the AAP Sleep Position Statement (P < 0.001-0.003). Prone sleep recommendations ranged from 9.2% for newborn infants to 21.4% for infants 6 months of age. Recommendations for the supine or lateral sleep positions predominated at all infant ages. Pediatricians in private practice were more likely to identify the AAP Statement as establishing a medicolegal standard (P < 0.05). We conclude that the 1992 AAP Statement has had a significant impact on the routine advice provided to families regarding infant sleep practices, including infant sleep position.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

[Effects of sensory stimulation program conducted by primipara on the physical growth and mother-infant feeding interaction for full term infant].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of sensory stimulation program administered by primipara on the physical growth and mother-infant feeding interaction for the first 6 months of infancy. METHOD: Data were collected from December 1, 2001 to June 30, 2003. A total of 35 mothers and their infants were assigned to a control (n=17) and an experimental (n=18) group. Mothers in the experimental group received education related to sensory stimulation program and administered to their infants twice a day for 6 months. Both groups were measured the weight, length, head circumference and chest circumference of infants at 6 weeks, 10 weeks, 14 weeks, 18 weeks, and 22 weeks and the mother-infant feeding interaction at 6 weeks, 10 weeks through the home visiting. RESULT: Compared to the control group, the experimental group had significantly larger increases in head circumference for intervention period. In addition to, the experimental group showed significantly higher score in mother-infant interaction than control group. CONCLUSION: These data suggested that sensory stimulation program administered by primipara may improve the physical growth of full term infant and mother-infant feeding interaction.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Birth rate, stillbirth rate and infant mortality of legitimate and illegitimate newborn infants in Austria 1987-1996: an ecological study].

BACKGROUND: The infant mortality in babies of single mothers in Great Britain is 33% higher than in babies of married mothers. There exists hardly any recent publication on infant mortality and stillbirth rate in association with the marital state of the mother from other European countries. METHODS: From 1987 to 1996 birth weight, stillbirth rate and infant mortality of all Austrian legitimate and illegitimate births were registered by the Austrian Central Statistical Office. Differences between the legitimate and illegitimate newborns were analysed. RESULTS: Within the observation period there was a clear overall reduction (48%) of infant mortality from 9.8 to 5.1 per 1000. Overall stillbirth rate remained stable at 3.7 per 1000 births. The birth weight of illegitimate infants was significantly lower and their weighted average stillbirth rate was 20.4% higher (range -10% to +48%) over the ten year observation period. The weighted average infant mortality during the observation period was 24% higher (range 0% to +44%) for illegitimate infants. CONCLUSION: In Austria illegitimate birth was associated with lower birth weight, higher stillbirth rate and increased infant mortality between 1986 and 1997.

Austria↗
PubMed1987

[Detection of reduced flow velocities in the anterior cerebral artery in premature and newborn infants and in older infants with cerebral hemorrhages using pulsed Doppler sonography].

34 infants with intracerebral haemorrhage (intraventricular haemorrhage 26; subdural haemorrhage 2; epidural haemorrhage 2; subarachnoidal haemorrhage 4) were investigated by pulsed Doppler-sonography. Absolute flow velocities were measured in the anterior cerebral arteries in infants with intracranial haemorrhage and compared with the flow velocities of a healthy control group of identical gestational age, actual age and weight. All flow velocities were significantly reduced in premature and full-term infants with intracranial haemorrhage, whereas the pulsatility-index was significantly increased. 10 infants with severe intracranial haemorrhage developed a shunt-depending posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus. These children showed a significant reduction of all flow velocities in the anterior cerebral arteries in comparison to the healthy control group. The diastolic forward flow was more reduced than the maximal systolic velocity resulting in a significant increase of the pulsatility index. In rapidly progressive hydrocephalus, often no diastolic flow or even a retrograde diastolic flow could be found. After shunt-implantation normalisation of the flow velocities could be observed. Reduced flow velocities could be observed. Reduced flow velocities in the anterior cerebral arteries in infants with subdural, epidural and subarachnoidal haemorrhage were associated with a bad outcome: 1 infant died, 1 infant developed severe leucomalacia, and 1 infant showed atrophy of one cerebral hemisphere. Normal flow velocities in the intracranial arteries in subdural, epidural and subarachnoidal were associated with a favourable prognosis. Absent or even retrograde diastolic flow indicates a dramatic decrease of cerebral perfusion. The longer the pathologic flow patterns were demonstrable the worse was prognosis.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1985

Nutrient intakes of formula-fed infants and infants fed cow's milk.

Twenty-four-hour dietary intake data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II), 1976-1980, were analyzed to compare nutrient intakes among infants 7 to 12 months of age who were fed mixed diets containing solid foods and either infant formula or cow's milk. Solid foods fed to the infants in both groups were low in iron and linoleic acid, and high in sodium, potassium, and protein, relative to Recommended Dietary Allowances. Infants who were fed cow's milk received lower median intakes of iron (7.8 mg v 14.9 mg), linoleic acid (1.8 g v 6.1 g), and vitamin C (39 mg v 64 mg), and higher median intakes of protein (41 g v 25 g), sodium (1,000 mg v 580 mg), and potassium (1,630 mg v 1,020 mg) than formula-fed infants. Seventy-five percent of the infants fed cow's milk had iron intakes below the Recommended Dietary Allowance; 69% had sodium intakes above the range of estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake. Linoleic acid provided less than 3% of energy intake for 74% of the infants fed cow's milk. Differences in nutrient intakes were due not only to different concentrations of nutrients in each of the milk feedings but also to the different amounts and types of solid foods fed to the two groups of infants.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The relationship between neonatal characteristics and three-month mother-infant interaction in high-risk infants.

The behavior of 4 groups of infants--healthy term, healthy preterm, sick preterm, and sick full-term--was assessed in the neonatal period using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). At 3 months postterm, infants and their mothers were observed and videotaped in a free-play session. Both the NBAS and mother-infant interaction data were analyzed to assess the effects of maturity (term vs. preterm), illness (sick vs. healthy), and their interaction. Results revealed that illness of the infant affected both NBAS performance and maternal behavior during the interaction at 3 moths. Infants who were ill performed poorly on the NBAS orientation dimension; this dimension was found to be significantly associated with maternal and infant behaviors at 3 months. These data demonstrate an association between early infant characteristics and subsequent mother and child interactive behaviors. They also identify postnatal illness as an important influence on the development of the mother-infant dyad.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1981

Iron intake of infants: the importance of infant cereals.

Since 1976 many baby foods have been reformulated and the iron used to fortify infant cereals has been changed to a more bioavailable form. Therefore, the dietary intake of iron by infants from 1 to 18 months of age was assessed in a longitudinal survey conducted in Toronto and Montreal between 1977 and 1979. Except in the 1st and 18th months the mean daily iron consumption of the infants was above that recommended in the Dietary Standard for Canada. The main source of this nutrient was infant cereals. Examination of the diets of the infants who did not have the recommended daily intake of iron showed that they did not consume sufficient amounts of infant cereals and other iron-rich foods. These results indicate that without such cereals it is difficult to provide infants with the amount of iron they need. Therefore, infants should receive these cereals during the first 2 years of life.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed1997

Maternal anthropometry and infant feeding practices in Israel in relation to growth in infancy: the North African Infant Feeding Study.

Relations between maternal anthropometric status during pregnancy and infant feeding practices and growth from birth through the first 6 mo of life were examined in a cohort of 351 Israeli mother-infant pairs of North African descent. Maternal weight, height, and triceps skinfold thicknesses were determined at 6 and 9 mo of pregnancy, while infants' weights and lengths were measured at birth and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 mo of age with concurrent collection of age-specific maternal-reported infant feeding data. On the basis of multiple-linear-regression analysis that adjusted for potential covariates, mean maternal weight at the first prenatal visit and at 6 and 9 mo of pregnancy were positively associated with birth length (P for trend in all cases < 0.0001) and with linear growth between birth and 1, 3, and 6 mo of age. Maternal skinfold thickness at 9 mo of pregnancy and maternal height were also significantly associated with birth length. Moreover, maternal height, weight, and skinfold thickness at 6 and 9 mo of pregnancy were positively associated with mean birth weight. After adjustment for morbidity in the past month and other covariates, infants breast-fed exclusively had greater attained weight and weight gain in the first 3 mo compared with infants who were bottle-fed exclusively, breast-fed and bottle-fed, or solid-fed exclusively. These findings underscore the need for programs that improve the nutritional status of women before, during, and after pregnancy, and encourage exclusive breast-feeding of infants for at least the first 3 mo of life.

Africa, Northern↗