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PubMed2000

Effect of prolonged fasting on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoprotein B in 12 physicians participating in a hunger strike: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia and obesity serve as risk factors for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Fasting is sometimes recommended for treating these conditions. This study was undertaken to try to resolve conflicting results reported in the literature. OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of fasting (0 calories, with free intake of fluids) for 3-5 days on plasma concentration of triglyceride, cholesterol and apolipoprotein B. METHODS: Physicians, about to begin a hunger strike, were divided into four groups: normolipidemic non-obese men (group 1), two moderately obese men and two men with type IV hyperlipidemia (group 2), healthy non-obese women (group 3), and healthy non-obese women on oral contraceptives (group 4). Adherence to fasting was monitored daily by detailed interviews, loss of weight, drop in plasma glucose, presence of ketonuria, progressive rise in serum creatinine and uric acid, and decrease in plasma pH. We monitored their serum glucose, electrolytes, liver function, lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoprotein B on days 0, 3, and 5. RESULTS: Physicians who adhered to complete fasting lost more than 1.5% of their body weight after 3 days of fasting (n = 12), and more than 3.2% at 5 days (n = 5). All non-obese normolipidemic males and females (groups 1 and 3) showed an increase in plasma triglyceride (by 28-162%) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 22-316%) after 3 days of fasting. The obese and hyperlipidemic men (group 2) showed a decrease of 17-63% in their VLDL cholesterol, and the women on oral contraceptives (group 4) showed a 20% decrease in their plasma triglyceride on day 3. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol increased by 13% in group 2, decreased by 7.3% in group 4, and remained unchanged in group 1 and 3. Apolipoprotein B level correlated well with LDL cholesterol in all groups. High density lipoprotein cholesterol changes were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS: These results help to explain and reconcile previous published reports. The metabolic background of the individual together with the amount of energy consumed affect the behavior of plasma lipids and lipoproteins levels during fasting.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Hunger and intellectual development].

Severe hunger in infancy and early childhood is associated with reduced head size, reduction in cell number and impaired chemical composition of the brain. Intellectual deficits correlating with malnutrition persist into later life. Because malnutrition and poor socio-economic conditions often exist together the additional unfavorable influence or lack of environmental stimuli on intellectual development has to be taken in account.

Brain↗

PubMed1981

The historiography of hunger: changing views on the world food problem, 1945-1980.

The author discusses changing views on the world food problem since 1945. "The extent of the problem has been a matter of debate as hunger cannot be directly measured; estimated minimum requirements for energy have been reduced since 1945 and the causes of malnutrition reappraised. World food production has kept up with population growth since 1945, as it has in all major regions except Africa. But when individual countries are considered, food output per head has been declining since 1961-5 in many countries in Africa and Asia. Food output has been increased in the developing countries by expanding the area under cultivation and by increasing yields." In addition the author concludes that "the Green Revolution has however not achieved early expectations and has had some adverse economic and social consequences. Because world food output per caput has risen considerably since 1945, some have argued that the world food problem is one of distribution, not production. Data on food output per caput suggest this is not always so."

Agriculture↗

PubMed1991

Hunger in Africa: problems of population growth and agricultural productivity.

The problem of hunger in Africa is examined using data from the U.N. Food and Agricultural Organization for the period 1960-1988. The author discusses the relationship between the continent's population growth, agricultural productivity, and environmental damage that have combined to decrease the average daily food intake per capita. He states that "in Africa...the population not only faces problems of uneven food distribution and suffers from the lack of purchasing power; the continent also is confronted by a widening gap between the capacity of its agriculture and the growth of its population. Put very bluntly, Africa is rapidly losing its ability to feed itself."

Africa↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Hormonal regulation of sodium excretion by the kidneys during hunger therapy of obese patients].

Sodium excretion and the blood levels of aldosterone, renin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and insulin were investigated in 9 women with obesity of alimentary-constitutional type during hunger therapy and resumed nutrition. It has been assumed that restricted sodium excretion with the kidneys during fasting is mainly caused by activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, with ANP contributing to it, insulin not playing the major role in this process.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Hunger and malnutrition: the determinant of development: the case for Africa and its food and nutrition workers.

Hunger and malnutrition in Africa have been on the increase since 1960's reaching a climax in the 1980's when over 150 million people were affected by one form or another. Methods so far used to solve the problem do not seem to succeed, but the scientists and leaders in Africa could now take the opportunity to consider and act on the problem in their own way. The formation of an African food and nutrition group to work with others on the problems, could give an impetus to this kind of initiative. A call is made to all African food and nutrition workers to combine efforts to harness Africa resources, which have not been fully utilized in solving the problem.

Africa↗

PubMed2003

Tuberculosis screening among immigrants holding a hunger strike in churches.

SETTING: In January 2001, approximately 600 immigrants held a sit-down and hunger strike in several churches in Barcelona to force the Spanish government to comply with demands to regulate their immigration status. Following the diagnosis of a case of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in one of the immigrants, we performed a large contact investigation. OBJECTIVES: To describe contact investigation procedures used in this setting and to evaluate contact investigation results. METHODS: Demographic variables were collected, and tuberculin skin tests (TST) and chest radiograph examinations were performed. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and logistic regression was used for multivariate analyses. RESULTS: A total of 541 TSTs were performed. Of these, 86% were read and 40.5% yielded a positive reaction with an induration >14 mm. In a multivariate analysis, the risk of presenting a TST induration >14 mm was found to be three times higher among those aged >35 years compared to those <24 years (OR 3.40; 95%CI 1.76-6.59), and for immigrants from Bangladesh (OR 3.14; 95%CI 1.16-6.10) and Pakistan (OR 2.04; 95%CI 1.11-3.73) compared to those from India. A total of 314 chest radiographs examinations were performed and three additional cases of TB were identified, yielding a TB prevalence of 0.7%. CONCLUSIONS: By focusing efforts and conducting targeted TB screening in this high-risk population, it was possible to complete the intervention in only 3 days. A high prevalence of TB infection and TB disease was found.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Laboratory bioassays of deltamethrin, topically applied, during the hunger cycle of male Glossina tachinoides.

The susceptibility of mature and immature male Glossina tachinoides to topically applied deltamethrin was tested on successive days of their hunger cycle. Both in mature and immature flies, significant changes in tolerance were observed correlated to the digestion of the bloodmeal. In mature tsetse, the fly's fat level is also correlated to its susceptibility.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1964