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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

[Identification of the public health nurse within the public health work force in the Regional Health Department-6 of Ribeirão Preto, SP, (Brazil)].

The general purpose of this study was the identification of the nurse within the public health work force in the Regional Health Department of Ribeirão Preto of the State Health Secretariat of S. Paulo. A questionnaire the options of which included: identification, level of training, progress in career, function, future professional expectations and membership of professional associations, was the chief data source. Of the group studies 35 were female, 40% of whom were between 20 and 39 years old, 51.5% were married and 77.2% had been in service for from zero to fifteen years. Regarding the other categories, distribution was as follows: 1 nurse per 13.5 assistants; 1 nurse per 9.1 doctors. Concerning professional training, 71.5% were qualified in Public Health Nursing and 8.6% specialized in Public Health. No career opportunities were available in the nursing profession and their salaries ranged from two to seven minimum salaries, only one receiving ten. All condemned the system of performance assessment. All nurses performed largely administrative services and the inspectors did so for some 65% of their time. Among nursing assistants this percentage rose to 73.3% for those in charge. The nurses were prepared to participate in primary care programmes and 84.3% intended to continue working until retirement.

Brazil↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards and the National Center for Health Statistics/WHO international growth reference: implications for child health programmes.

OBJECTIVES: To compare growth patterns and estimates of malnutrition based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards ('the WHO standards') and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO international growth reference ('the NCHS reference'), and discuss implications for child health programmes. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of longitudinal data to compare growth patterns (birth to 12 months) and data from two cross-sectional surveys to compare estimates of malnutrition among under-fives. SETTINGS: Bangladesh, Dominican Republic and a pooled sample of infants from North America and Northern Europe. SUBJECTS: Respectively 4787, 10 381 and 226 infants and children. RESULTS: Healthy breast-fed infants tracked along the WHO standard's weight-for-age mean Z-score while appearing to falter on the NCHS reference from 2 months onwards. Underweight rates increased during the first six months and thereafter decreased when based on the WHO standards. For all age groups stunting rates were higher according to the WHO standards. Wasting and severe wasting were substantially higher during the first half of infancy. Thereafter, the prevalence of severe wasting continued to be 1.5 to 2.5 times that of the NCHS reference. The increase in overweight rates based on the WHO standards varied by age group, with an overall relative increase of 34%. CONCLUSIONS: The WHO standards provide a better tool to monitor the rapid and changing rate of growth in early infancy. Their adoption will have important implications for child health with respect to the assessment of lactation performance and the adequacy of infant feeding. Population estimates of malnutrition will vary by age, growth indicator and the nutritional status of index populations.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1994

Health promotion in child and family health care: the role of Finnish public health nurses.

Starting from a theoretical model for the work of public health nurses, we explored the knowledge, skills, and decision making of Finnish public health nurses in the context of their efforts to maintain and promote child and family welfare. The results indicate that the nurses' knowledge basis and skills cover the concepts included in the theoretical model. The nurses tackle existing situations in the lives of children and their family, attempt to solve the current problems, and together with parents, make collaborative decisions. No attempts are made to produce long-term health care plans. The model seemed to work fairly well in promoting children's welfare, but less so in the case of families. Finnish public health nurses follow the official guidelines governing the work of child welfare clinics, but they set fewer individual goals for children and families.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Office of Research on Women's Health. National Institutes of Health and the women's health agenda.

The historical precedent underway in women's health research in the 1990s provides the basis for more equitable health promotion and disease prevention and treatment of women in the second millennium. The success of this enterprise rests on the collaboration and cooperation of all concerned--the scientific community, health care providers, and the women themselves. The goal is improved health and prevented disease for all women. Thucydides avowed that "history is philosophy learned from examples." We can do no less.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Improving the quality of community health surveys and community health promotion campaigns by feedback from the community: experience from the Wallsend community and health project.

A lifestyle and health risk survey was conducted in two socially disadvantaged Collector's Districts, as the basis for a health promotion intervention in one of the Districts. After community input into the planning, and local advance publicity, 395 people responded to the survey (a response rate of 39%). Three sources of community feedback were used: (i) reasons for refusal to participate; (ii) written comments solicited at a two-month follow-up; (iii) later, in-depth interviews with a subset of respondents. The data from this feedback related both to the process and outcomes of the survey; the latter included increased personal and community awareness of health, as well as lifestyle changes. The data are discussed in terms of their representativeness and the factors influencing participation, the implications of the low response rate, the stages of health behaviour change, and the potential conflict between scientific and human value-systems in community research.

Australia↗
PubMed1985

Self-reported physical health practices and health care utilization: findings from the National Health Interview Survey.

Cross-sectional physical health practice and health care utilization data from the 1977 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed. After adjusting for the effects of age, sex, race, income, education, and marital status, there were significant relationships between hours of sleep and both doctor visits and hospital days; increased physical activity was associated with fewer doctor visits. Prospective intervention studies are needed to determine whether changes in health practices will lead to decreased utilization.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

State child health; State Children's Health Insurance Program allotments and payments to states. Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), HHS. Final rule.

This rule sets forth the methodologies and procedures to determine the allotments of Federal funds for each Federal fiscal year (FY) available to individual States, Commonwealths and Territories under title XXI of the Social Security Act. This rule also specifies the allotment, payment, and grant award process that will be used for the States, the Commonwealths and Territories to claim and receive Federal financial participation (FFP) for expenditures under the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) and related Medicaid program provisions. Established by section 4901 of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (Public Law 105-33), amended by technical amendments (made by Public Law 105-100), and most recently amended by the Medicare, Medicaid and SCHIP Balanced Budget Refinement Act (BBRA) of 1999 (Public Law 106-113, enacted November 29, 1999), the State Children's Health Insurance Program provides Federal matching funds to States to initiate and expand health insurance coverage to uninsured, low-income children. Aggregate Federal funding is limited to a fixed amount for each Federal fiscal year. This aggregate amount is divided into allotments for each State. State allotments are determined based on a statutory formula that divides the total available appropriation among all States with approved child health plans. Once determined, the amount of a State's allotment for a fiscal year is available for 3 years. We are publishing this final rule in accordance with the provisions of sections 2104 and 2105 of the Act that relate to allotments and payments to States under title XXI.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Launching a problem service--the organisation of an occupational health service in the primary health care context. The case of the Alexandra Workers' Health Outreach Programme.

The planning and development of an occupational health service (OHS) in a primary health care setting is described. A number of questions are addressed, including the relevance of an OHS for a developing country, the appropriate base for OHSs, and how to go about developing them. On the basis of early experiences with the Alexandra Health Centre project, it seems that the primary health care is an appropriate base for OHS provision and that it is possible to develop the service as a model for future OHS provision.

Health Promotion↗
PubMed1990

[Mental health topics presented at annual meetings of Japanese Society of Public Health: 1969-1988--from a perspective of community mental health].

This study was conducted to clarify the trends in the presentations on mental health at annual meetings from the standpoint of community mental health (C.M.H.). A review of all of the 428 mental health topics of proceedings, "Shoroku-shu", presented from 1969 to 1988 including background data was performed. The results were as follows; 1. Fifty four percent of the 428 topics were contributed by staff of public health centers, the "frontier" of C.M.H. 2. As for content, in the early 1960's, a high rate of 'ad hoc' research was observed. Around 1970, the number of presentations based on research decreased, and case studies of daily activities increased. Another finding was that around 1970 there was an increase in preliminary reports based on the model of C.M.H. In 1980's, topics on rehabilitation (e.g. Day Care) increased. 3. Finally, close attention should be paid to the increase in topics on alcohol related disability in recent years.

Community Mental Health Centers↗
PubMed1981

Health policy and the politics of health: priorities and planning for health care in Puerto Rico.

Puerto Rico, with the rest of the Caribbean, inherited the historical legacy of colonialism, slavery, and ethnic diversity. With its neighbors, Puerto Rico shares a tropical climate, a strategic location, and an agricultural past. Despite such similarities, Puerto Rico's health systems have evolved at rates and in directions different from its Caribbean neighbors. The ways in which services are organized have varied as a function of each country's political relationship with its respective metropolitan power, its stage of economic development, its endowment in terms of natural and other resources, its size and population, and its cultural environment, among other factors. For this reason, the Caribbean presents a veritable kaleidoscope of patterns of delivering health care. The following comments are primarily devoted to Puerto Rico, where the author is directly involved with health policy and the politics of health.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Is the patient's charter a tool for the implementation of health policies promoting health care quality? Results of a survey on Italian local health units over the period 1995-98].

Patient's Charter was introduced in Italy in the last decade with the aim of increasing community participation to the quality of health care. The Charter with reference to primary care services, should include information about the admission and standards of service that people can expect to receive. The purpose of the study was to assess, on the basis of a series of indicators, the presence of differences among different organisational model of Local Health Unit Districts. As regards Prevention Department, the association between quality indicators and geographic location was studied. We evaluated 112 Charters, 49.3% on the total amount of Italian Local Health Unit (LHU) that were issued during the period 1996-1998, using a data form with multiple choice questions. 104 out of 112 Charters showed quality items for Districts and Prevention Departments. Significant differences among the different groups of district organization model were shown for three indicators (waiting time, administrative details and chief in charge) respectively in General Practitioner area and in Psychiatric one. As regards Prevention Departments, no association was shown between geographic area and frequency of quality indicators, although a trend of higher frequence was found in Northern Area versus Central Area and Southern one. This study emphasizes the fact that data drawn from Patient's Charter can show the impact of different organisational and geographic conditions on quality of healthcare.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed2004

[Public health, local health units, and the Brazilian health system].

This article focuses on the development of public health in Brazil, with the aim of analyzing the present process of decentralization of health care. The authors argue that the neoliberal or conservative position is unable to offer a reasonable solution to problems in the health care system. On the other hand, the reformist position concentrates its attention on the health system and its administration, taking as its model a positivistic approach to natural and administrative sciences. The authors further argue that only a radical change in the prevailing medical paradigm and a predominance of social over biological aspects would meet the health needs of the population.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1998

Interim rules for group health plans and health insurance issuers under the Newborns' and Mothers' Health Protection Act--IRS; DoL; HCFA. Interim rules with request for comments.

This document contains interim rules governing the Newborns' and Mothers' Health Protection Act of 1996 (NMHPA). The interim rules provide guidance to employers, group health plans, health insurance issuers, and participants and beneficiaries relating to new requirements for hospital lengths of stay in connection with childbirth. The rules contained in this document implement changes to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) and the Public Health Service Act (PHS Act) made by NMHPA, and changes to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (Code) enacted as part of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (TRA '97). Interested persons are invited to submit comments on the interim rules for consideration by the Department of the Treasury, the Department of Labor, and the Department of Health and Human Services (Departments) in developing final rules.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed1992

A triaxial classification of health problems presenting in primary health care. A World Health Organization multi-centre study.

Over the past two decades, research in a variety of countries and settings has revealed the extent to which psychological morbidity and social problems constitute an important proportion of primary health care contacts, either in their own right or in association with physical ill-health. The development of appropriate responses, medical and non-medical, to such problems is, in part, hindered by the relatively low level of awareness concerning the significance of such problems and by currently inappropriate methods of describing and classifying health care problems in the primary care setting. There is a pressing need for an appropriate, relatively simple and flexible classification or list of problems presenting in primary care. This study describes the development, under WHO auspices and in an international setting, of a triaxial classification of health problems and the testing and modification of the classification by means of an international case vignette rating exercise. A psychological problem list and a social problem list, together with detailed glossaries, suitably modified in the light of experience derived from the study, are described, and proposals enumerated of possible ways in which these lists might be further developed and used in research and clinical undertakings in primary care.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1999

Health care providers and purchasers and evaluation of interactive health communication applications. Science Panel on Interactive Communication and Health.

Health care providers and purchasers of health services have an opportunity to improve patient care and potentially save costs through the wise purchase of interactive health communication applications for patients and employees. Purchasing decisions based on evaluation and evidence should drive the design and development of new systems. The cycle of evaluation includes a needs assessment before system development, usability testing during development, and studies of use and outcomes in natural settings. This type of evidence is critical to our understanding of how best to provide health information and decision assistance to patients, employees, and others.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1984

Health education in the National Health Service: the differing perceptions of community physicians and health education officers.

Community physicians and health education officers (HEOs) are the two key health professionals with a particular responsibility for the delivery of health education services to the community. For this reason it is important that they achieve some measure of consensus in terms of the aims, objectives and methods employed by such a service. The results of a study based on a questionnaire and detailed interviews with both groups, indicate that this consensus is rarely achieved. It shows that community physicians and HEOs have important differences of opinion in a number of key areas, including both the level of intervention and methods employed in health education.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Preventive health behaviors, health-risk behaviors, physical morbidity, and health-related role functioning impairment in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder.

An examination of the relationships between health behaviors (preventive and risk-related), physician-diagnosed medical problems, role-functioning impairment because of physical morbidity, and post-traumatic stress disorder was conducted on a large cohort of consecutive treatment-seeking cases (N = 826) presenting to an outpatient Veterans Affairs post-traumatic stress disorder clinic. Results revealed that the sample rates of several medical conditions were markedly elevated when compared with general population rates for men of comparable age. The rates of smoking and other behavioral risk variables were greater than rates among men in the general population. Moreover, the majority of the sample did not engage in preventive health behaviors such as exercise and medical screening at levels consistent with health care guidelines. Physical role functioning indices of the SF-36 reveal greater role-functioning impairment because of physical morbidity in this psychiatric sample relative to the age adjusted general population norms. The health care implications of these data are discussed, as are areas for future research.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Health maintenance organizations; Health Central--Health Resources and Services Administration.

On October 29, 1982, the Office of Health Maintenance Organizations (OHMO) notified Health Central, 17th and N Streets, Lincoln, Nebraska 68508, a federally qualified health maintenance organization (HMO), that Health Central had successfully reestablished compliance with its assurance to the Secretary that it would maintain a fiscally sound operation. This determination took effect on October 1, 1982.

Health Maintenance Organizations↗