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PubMedDate not supplied

Hearing handicap scores and categories for subjects with normal and impaired hearing sensitivity.

The hearing handicap scale, a commonly used self-assessment measure, was administered to 50 subjects with normal hearing and hearing impairment. These subjects were then divided into three groups based on pure tone test results so that the range of hearing handicap scale scores could be determined for different hearing sensitivities. Subjects in one group of 20 exhibited hearing sensitivity of 10 dB hearing threshold level or better. A second group of 10 subjects had hearing sensitivity of 11--25 dB hearing threshold level. The third group of 20 subjects had sensitivity poorer than 25 dB hearing threshold level. Percentage scores for the subjects with the most sensitive hearing clustered from 0 to 20% with a mean score of 7.8%. The intermediate group had a mean score of 25.6%. Scores for the hearing-impaired group clustered between 40 and 70% with a mean score of 54%. Score variability was about twice as great in the two groups with poorer sensitivity. It is suggested that hearing handicap performance may be classified into one of four categories, ranging from no handicap to severe handicap.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Is "handicap" affected by a hospital based rehabilitation programme?

"Handicap", categorised according to the ICIDH, and "Disability", measured by the Smith Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Index, were assessed in over 300 patients (suffering from strokes, lower limb amputations, cardiac disorders, low back pain and other diseases) on admission to and after discharge from a hospital based rehabilitation programme. Statistically significant improvements were found in Physical Independence and Mobility Handicaps which correlated with improvements in ADL Self-care (R = 0.58, p less than 0.001) and ADL Mobility (R = 0.53, p less than 0.001) averages. Small but significant improvements were also found in Orientation, Occupation and Social Integration Handicaps but there was no change in Economic Self Sufficiency Handicap. Thus it is possible to use the Handicap categorisations to assess disabled people sequentially during a rehabilitation programme. The problems of data collection, however, are so formidable that its usefulness must be limited.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1979

[Attempt of a definite statement on dental care for the handicapped].

A survey made in cooperation with various institutions for the handicapped ascertained the dental coverage and care of the handicapped. Participating in the survey were 634 institutions for the handicapped. The study included 98,737 handicapped individuals treated on both an in-patient and an out-patient basis in these institutions. The results of the survey tend to indicate that dental care for the handicapped is in need of improvement.

Dental Care↗
PubMed2006

[The importance of family coherence for mentally handicapped children].

A lack of perseverance, attention and poor modulated behaviour are important criterions of handicapped children (Dilling et al. 1993). Therefore, instructions have to be repeated quite often, sometimes even by different family members. For this reason, good family coherence might reduce symptoms significantly (Döpfner and Lehmkuhl 1995). The handicapped child might cause less disagreement in families with good coherence, which improves family;s features (Saile et al. 1995). Families of 15 handicapped children were included for evaluation and compared with a matched, healthy control group. Parents were asked to complete a form assessing the family;s features ("Familienklima-Testsystem", Schneewind et al. 1985), "Erziehungspraktiken", (Schneewind et al. 1985). Group comparison was made by the Mann-Whitney-U-Test. Our results strongly suggest, that good coherence seems to have positive effects on family;s features, especially by handicapped children. So we think, that on the one hand good coherence might reduce symptomatology and that on the other hand family's features have protective effects on handicapped children.

Anger↗
PubMed2006

[Orthodontics for mentally handicapped patients].

The mentally handicapped exhibit a 3 times higher incidence of malocclusions and related functional problems than the general population. In contrast there is little available literature relating to the orthodontic treatment of handicapped patients. Based on published articles on orthodontic treatment of disabled patients the following recommendations can be given. First of all for each patient a 'problem list' should be drawn up, based on the diagnosis. In this list the orthodontic problems are formulated. Additionally, the list makes clear who is responsible for providing services related to orthodontic care, such as oral hygiene and transportation of the patient to the orthodontist. When deciding whether or not orthodontic treatment should be administered to a patient with a mental handicap the same functional and aesthetic considerations as with any other orthodontic case must be taken into account. Furthermore, the severity of the handicap and possible associated psychosocial and medical limitations as well as the extent to which it will be possible to treat the patient have to be considered. Contraindications are a severe mental handicap, inability to remain still in the dental chair, insufficient co-operation of parents/carers, open bite resulting from abnormal oral function, and a mild malocclusion. The orthodontic treatment should aim for an acceptable result, and not for orthodontic perfection.

Dental Care for Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1991

[Impression management in behavior toward handicapped patients].

A previous study (Tröster, 1989) showed that nonhandicapped persons preferred a physically handicapped interaction partner to a nonhandicapped partner in an attributionally unambiguous situation. In order to test whether this "sympathy effect of physical handicap" is based on tendencies of impression management, 48 female subjects had to choose to sit next to either a physically handicapped or nonhandicapped female interaction partner in order to view a film together. Attributional ambiguity was varied by either confounding the choice of an interaction partner with a second, socially acceptable alternative (attributionally ambiguous situation: a choice between two films) or not confounding it (attributionally unambiguous situation: no choice between films). Public responsibility was manipulated by informing the subjects about their freedom to choose where they wished to sit either in public (public responsibility) or in private (no public responsibility). The results supported the impression management hypothesis: The handicapped interaction partner (in a wheelchair) was only preferred when the subjects had to anticipate that observers would deduce a preference of the chosen partner from the subjects' choices because of the attributionally unambiguous situation and the public announcement of their freedom of choice. Results suggest that the nonhandicapped strive to exhibit positive and nondiscriminative behavior toward the handicapped in order to avoid creating a disadvantageous impression in an observer.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The image on dental environment in mothers. A comparison of handicapped and normal children's mother].

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the image on the dental environment of the mothers of handicapped and normal children. To investigate the image on dental environment, the Semantic Differential Method was applied to mothers of 42 handicapped and 35 normal children. They rated 4 items--'dentist', 'my child', 'dental treatment' and 'dental operating room'--on the adjective-scales 12 pairs. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. In comparing the mean of the rating score, it observed that the mothers of handicapped children have a more positive image than the mothers of normal children. This tendency appeared more clearly at 'dental treatment' and 'dental operating room'. 2. By principal factor analysis and varimax rotation, 2 factors were extracted from every 4 items. 3. Factor scores at factor 1 and factor 2 of the mothers of handicapped children were different from those of the mothers of normal children. The mothers of handicapped children had views that a dental treatment is ease and acceptable, and that a dental operating room is comfortable and safe.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1990

[Sterilization of the mentally handicapped according to section 1905 of the German Civil Code in relation to developing a patient management regulation].

Discussions on the sterilization of the mentally handicapped are still overshadowed to a great extent by the dire consequences of National Socialist policies which were only poorly concealed in the legislation of the period. These laws have meanwhile been rescinded but that has not eradicated the phenomenon itself. In fact, in recent years about 1,000 mentally handicapped persons have been sterilized--without their consent and without any firm legal basis for such action--shortly before reaching the age of 18. In most cases, the parents and the physicians involved joined forces in taking the matter into their own hands. Against this background there is a clear need for legislative action. Virtual agreement has been reached on this between the political groupings represented in the Bundestag and the organizations working for the welfare of the handicapped. Nonetheless, the recently submitted draft of a new bill is for the most part unacceptable. It is an improvement of earlier drafts in asmuchas the attempt to establish a close and often inappropriate link with Sect.218 a of the Penal Code (concerning abortion) has at least partly been given up. But the fact remains that handicapped women are still subjected to greater burdens than their male counterparts. Under the planned amendment to Sect.1905 Para. 1 (4) of the Civil Code, the act itself will define the requirements for a sterilization to be carried out "for medical reasons" (i.e. if life or health of the expectant mother are in jeopardy). Sect.1905 of the Civil Code contains no specific regulations as to when a sterilization is permissible "for eugenic reasons," but the fact remains that it can still be quite easily carried out under the general grounds. Pursuant to Sect.218a of the Penal Code an abortion can be exempt from punishment under special circumstances (i.e. on "social grounds") if the mother is at the time in a desperate situation which cannot be rectified in any other way. It certainly reflects very poorly on us if we do not succeed in giving the handicapped the help and support they need in their life situations which are so completely different from ours.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Perinatal events and handicaps].

It is difficult to assess how large is the proportion of handicap in the pediatric age related to perinatal events; this is mainly due to the following reasons: lack of uniform criteria and accuracy in defining both "handicap" and the "perinatal period"; variable involvement of perinatal factors in the genesis of the different types of impairment; and multifactorial origin of most sensory, neural and developmental damages. For the same reasons it is no easy to assess if handicaps of perinatal origin are declining or increasing with time. Cerebral palsy (CP), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), deafness and relational problems are probably the clinical conditions most strictly related to perinatal events, tough recently biological and familial prenatal factors have also been proposed as important antecedents of CP. No important variation in the incidence of CP has been reported for the last 20 years, notwithstanding a supposed better perinatal care as documented by the decreased neonatal mortality; on the contrary a new epidemic of ROP is being described. This is probably the consequence of the increasing survival of babies at highest risk for subsequent handicap, namely those weighing less than 1500 gm and, chiefly, those weighing less than 1000 gm. Available data on the incidence or prevalence of deafness in infancy do not permit a meaningful analysis of their variations with time. Perinatal asphyxia, neonatal convulsions, intraventricular hemorrhage, CNS leukomalacia, mechanical ventilation and mother-infant separation are probably the most important "markers" of risk for subsequent sequelae; they must be distinguished from the "causes", which are unknown in many instances. Owing to this difficulty it is not possible to establish a straight correlation between perinatal care and handicap. The strategy of intervention must be aimed at the prevention of the situations outlined above, and it must rely both on technical and political solutions, which include the prevention of preterm birth, an effective regionalization of care and a constant evaluation of the results.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1987

Relationship between degree of infant handicap and clarity of infant cues.

Dunst (1983) suggested that severely handicapped infants' intentional and unintentional communicative behaviors may be less interpretable or less easily "read" than are those of less handicapped infants. This hypothesis was tested in a sample of 15 pairs of mothers and their handicapped 11-month-old infants. As expected, the results indicated that coders agreed on the occurrence of an infant cue a lower percentage of the time when coding severely handicapped infants than when coding less handicapped infants.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Severely handicapped infants with life-threatening conditions: federal intrusions into the decision not to treat.

In recent years the federal government has attempted to intervene in certain family-medical decisions to withhold treatment from seriously handicapped newborns with life-threatening conditions. Invoking section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibits discrimination against "otherwise qualified handicapped" individuals, the Reagan Administration promulgated regulations allowing federal government investigations of such decisions. Recently, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld lower court decisions invalidating these "Baby Doe" regulations. The federal government's fall-back position is reflected in the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Amendments of 1984, requiring states accepting funds under the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act to establish and maintain procedures to assure that cases of medical neglect of handicapped infants are investigated by the states. Although the primary oversight of parental decision-making has been returned to the states where it has traditionally belonged, the federal government's definition of medical neglect of handicapped infants with life-threatening conditions is an ethically inadequate response to the complex needs of the handicapped child, the family, the medical profession, and society as a whole. After examining the relevance of Kantian, utilitarian, and Rawlsian ethical positions, the author contends that an effective governmental policy, capable of enforcement and acceptance by the public, must utilize the strengths of each philosophy and reflect the pragmatism of American society.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1985

At-risk toddlers and their mothers: the special case of physical handicap.

Previous studies of school-aged children with physical handicaps indicate passivity, inhibition, and deficits in cognitive-linguistic functioning, sometimes interpreted as consequent to parent-child problems. The present study examined the functioning of toddlers with physical anomalies (but without CNS damage) in comparison to premature toddlers (who share deviant early experience but not deviant physical appearance) and to normal toddlers. 14 mother-child pairs in each group were videotaped at 9, 12, 18, and 24 months in a variety of semistructured situations. Both premature and handicapped toddlers performed more poorly in measures of social initiative, focused play, language production, and 2-year IQ. In addition, handicapped toddlers manifested increased distractibility, decreased compliance, and reluctance to separate from their mothers. Mothers of both prematures and handicapped toddlers were more initiating and less responsive than controls, while mothers of handicapped children were also more likely to both encourage and ignore their toddlers. Patterns previously reported for older children are therefore found here with toddlers. Maternal patterns are interpreted as supporting Bell's model of compensatory "lower-limit" effects.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1968

The educationally handicapped child. The physician's place in a program to overcome learning disability.

Under California Assembly Bill 464, special classes may be provided by school districts for children designated as educationally handicapped. An educationally handicapped child is not mentally retarded or physically disabled. He may have neurological handicap or emotional disorder, but he must show impaired achievement in relation to his tested abilities.A physician may be asked to participate in the program, either as a specified member of the admissions committee of the school district or to provide a medical clearance for entrance of one of his own patients into the program.He does a thorough history and physical examination but adds special examination of attention, activity, coordination and attitudes.The educationally handicapped child is helped most by the physician who does not reject the idea of educational handicap even if the medical examination is negative; who treats his minor ills; who medicates, when it is indicated, for hyperactivity, distractibility or extreme anxiety; who cooperates with parents and school personnel.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

A review of attachment formation and disorder of handicapped children.

Research pertaining to attachment formation of handicapped children against a backdrop overview of the general attachment literature was examined. Attachment development and disorder of handicapped populations was reviewed categorically by handicap and by the procedures used to study attachment and analogous behavior with populations of handicapped children. In general, evidence to date suggests that attachment between young handicapped children and their mothers or caretakers may be delayed, dulled, or even absent. Some critical methodological issues were discussed, and implications of the study of attachment for developing theory, providing services, and understanding child abuse were delineated.

Child Abuse↗
PubMed1983

High risk appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and small for gestational age (SGA) preterm infants. Neurological handicap and developmental abnormalities at five years of age.

Outcome at five years of age of 110 high risk AGA, 71 high risk SGA preterm infants with similar birth weight and 102 term control infants was studied. Mean IQ in the 3 groups was not statistically different. Major handicaps were found in 16.3% of the AGA and in 8.5% of the SGA preterms. There was no major handicap among the controls. Minor neurodevelopmental abnormalities were present in 25.6% of AGA, 28.2% of SGA and 19.6% of controls. The types of neurodevelopmental handicaps were different in the 3 groups and generally more severe in the AGA group. All the major handicaps among AGA preterms were found in children with severe neonatal complications. In the SGA preterm group, only 1/3 of the major handicaps can be related to perinatal complications. Affective and behavior disorders were probably related in some way to neurodevelopmental achievement. This study showed that preterm infants with GA less than or equal to 32 weeks are more at risk than more mature SGA preterms with similar birth weight.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1981

Dental care for severely handicapped children.

Dental care for the physically and mentally handicapped ought to be a normal part of the responsibilities of the pedodontist. In the case of severe handicap, however, it may be difficult to achieve an acceptable standard of care under general practice conditions. An account is given of the regimen followed in the Tokyo Metropolitan Rehabilitation Institute for the Severely Handicapped where a team approach to dental care has been in existence for the past 10 years. Data are presented which demonstrate the incidence of dental disease in various categories of handicap and examples are given of the improvement in the quality of life of the institutionalized handicapped as a result of regular, high quality dental care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Mental retardation and multiple handicaps (author's transl)].

Handicaps in childhood often go by 2 or 3, more often than usually said. Multiple handicaps create difficult problems as to their diagnosis and care. On the basis of an epidemiological survey conducted in the Paris area, the authors underline the frequency of behavioral problems as supplementary handicap, and the role and importance of the mental deficiency in multiple handicaps in childhood, the most frequency associations according to the level of mental deficiency, the social factors significantly associated with the mental handicap, in terms of inequality of risks and inequality of access to health care and rehabilitation.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Integrating severely adaptive handicapped seventh-grade students into constructive relationships with nonhandicapped peers in science class.

The effects of cooperative and individualistic learning experiences were compared on interactions and relationships between severely adaptive handicapped (not adapting to regular classroom demands) and nonhandicapped seventh-grade students in science classes. We investigated the predictions that (a) requiring cooperation between the two groups of students would result in increased rejection of the severely adaptive handicapped students and (b) cooperation would promote increased interpersonal attraction regardless of the heterogeneity of the students. Forty-eight suburban junior-high-school, seventh-grade students (41 nonhandicapped, 9 severely adaptive handicapped) were assigned to conditions on a stratified random basis controlling for handicap, sex, and ability level. They participated in the study for 10 days, 55 minutes per day. Results indicated that cooperative learning procedures, compared with individualistic ones, promoted more interaction and interpersonal attraction between severely adaptive handicapped and nonhandicapped students.

Achievement↗