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The 'wild geese'.
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Helping youth decide: "when the fox preaches, beware the geese".
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[Lipid overloading of the liver during embryonic development (historical study in geese)].
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Population studies of Hanford geese and gulls. BNWL-480.
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[Studies on some quantitative relations between the metabolism of nitrates and nitrites in domestic animals. Normal values of nitrates and methemoglobins in the blood of poultry and geese. Formation and production of methemoglobin in poultry blood].
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[1. Deaths of geese in a village pond. 2. Unusual finding of mites (Leiodinychus krameri) in a horse].
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Protein polymorphism of egg white and yolk in geese and ducks.
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On leadership: lessons learned from geese.
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Limited pathogenicity of usutu virus for the domestic goose (Anser anser f. domestica) following experimental inoculation.
Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis virus group, which has been associated with avian mortality in Austria since 2001. The affected birds are predominantly Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula). In the present study, the pathogenicity of USUV for domestic geese (Anser anser f. domestica) was investigated. Eleven 2-week-old geese were inoculated intramuscularly with 5 x 10(4) 50% tissue culture infectious dose of USUV strain Vienna-2001 blackbird. No clinical signs were seen during the observation period. Four inoculated and one in-contact geese died without preceding clinical signs. Two of the deaths could be attributed to bacterial septicaemia and strangulation, respectively. The cause of death of two experimental and one in-contact animals remained unclear, but lack of evidence for viral lesions and viral antigen in their tissues argued against association with the USUV infection. Although in organs of the majority of inoculated geese (9/11) USUV was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry for USUV antigen was negative in all tissues of all geese. Evidence of plasma viraemia or viral excretion was found in one goose only. Seroconversion was detected in three inoculated geese 10 days post-inoculation. Geese placed in contact with inoculated geese and control animals did not exhibit USUV in their internal organs or plasma and lacked USUV-specific antibodies. This experiment shows that USUV is able to replicate in geese, but does not induce clinical disease, is unlikely to induce mortality, and only infrequently leads to viraemia or virus shedding.
Typhlocolitis associated with spirochaetes in goose flocks.
The role of Brachyspira bacteria in the aetiology of increased mortality observed in two breeder goose flocks (Flock A consisting of 1,500 and Flock B comprising 4,500 laying geese) at the end of the first egg-laying season, in the period of moulting, was studied. In Flock A 415 geese (28%) died during an 8-week period while in Flock B 834 geese (18%) died during a 12-week period. On gross pathological examination, the geese were found to have haemorrhagic-to-necrotic inflammation of the large intestine (colon and rectum) and fibrinonecrotic typhlitis accompanied by severe degeneration. Often, fibrosis of the kidneys, and in five of the geese secondary visceral urate deposition ("visceral gout") was also observed. Histopathological examination consistently demonstrated spirochaetes in the mucous membrane of the affected large intestine. This was confirmed by the results of immunohistochemical and electron microscopic examination. In addition, Trichomonas stages were also detected from the large intestine of 11 geese. On the basis of their cultural and biochemical properties, and PCR sequencing analysis, eight out of the nine spirochaete strains isolated from the geese by culture on special media under anaerobic conditions were identified as Brachyspira alvinipulli. This is the first report on the isolation of B. alvinipulli from laying geese affected with fibrinonecrotic typhlocolitis.
Differential channelling of liver lipids in relation to susceptibility to hepatic steatosis in the goose.
In response to overfeeding for the production of "foie gras," the Poland goose differs from the Landes goose by a lesser susceptibility to hepatic steatosis, resulting in a lower accumulation of hepatic triacylglycerol (TG), together with a greater exportation of hepatic phospholipid (PL) in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) (Fournier et al., 1997). A study was designed 1) to compare the liver composition in overfed and nonoverfed geese of the two breeds of geese and 2) to determine whether the differential channelling of lipids in response to overfeeding is reflected in the PL and fatty acid profiles of the different hepatic lipids, whether stored or secreted. In nonoverfed geese, there were no breed-related differences in liver weight (approximately 90 to 100 g), hepatic lipid content (3 to 4%), and lipid and PL composition. However, plasma VLDL and HDL of the Landes breed contained a higher phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio than those of the Poland breed (20.7 and 33.8 vs 12.6 and 25.6 in VLDL and HDL, respectively). After 14 d of overfeeding, hepatic PL profiles were identical in the two breeds and similar to that in control livers; choline-containing PL accounted for 95% of total PL. In contrast, plasma HDL concentrations of the Landes geese were lower than those of the Poland geese (9.4 vs 12.9 g/L) and their PC:PE (13.6%) and PL-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content (25%) were decreased compared with the Poland geese (21.2 and 30%). It is likely that the higher susceptibility to fatty liver of the Landes breed involves a differential channelling of PL, resulting in a greater hepatic retention of PC and PUFA that are necessary for plasma membrane growth and cell hypertrophy.
Description of the goose coccidium Eimeria stigmosa (Klimes, 1963), with evidence of intranuclear development.
Oocysts of Eimeria stigmosa isolated from a wild juvenile lesser snow goose (Anser caerulescens caerulescens) were used in experimental infections of laboratory-reared geese. The structure of oocysts is described; a peculiar bumpy surface and a calyx-like thickening around the micropyle are illustrated by scanning electron microscopy. Experimentally infected geese had reduced feed intake and passed blood in their feces. Six days post-inoculation (p.i.) oocysts were passed for about 24 hr. Oocyst production was not increased in dexamethasone-treated geese. Complete sporulation of oocysts occurred after about 3.5 days. Developmental stages in lesser snow geese were occasionally present throughout the intestine, but were concentrated at Meckel's diverticulum, and at foci in the ileum and colon. Meronts were found 2, 3 and 4 days p.i. and gamonts and developing oocysts were observed 4, 5 and 5.5 days p.i. All endogenous stages of E. stigmosa were present in the nucleoplasm of enterocytes, primarily at the apical half of villi. Nuclear hypertrophy occurred in infected cells and nuclei containing gamonts were enlarged up to 4 times their normal size. Mild lesions were observed in the intestine of infected geese. Patent infections were established in lesser snow, Canada (Branta canadensis) and domestic (Anser anser domesticus) geese, but oocysts were not passed by inoculated ducks.
Characterization of avian H5N1 influenza viruses from poultry in Hong Kong.
The transmission of avian H5N1 influenza viruses to 18 humans in Hong Kong in 1997 with six deaths established that avian influenza viruses can transmit to and cause lethal infection in humans. This report characterizes the antigenic and biological properties of the H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from chickens, ducks, and geese from farms and poultry markets in Hong Kong during 1997 and compares them with those of virus isolated from the index human case. Each of the H5N1 viruses from Hong Kong poultry markets that were tested were lethal in chickens, possessed polybasic amino acids at the carboxy-terminus of HA1, and by definition were highly pathogenic in poultry. The available nonpathogenic H5 influenza viruses and the pathogenic H5N1 virus from Hong Kong were analyzed with monoclonal antibodies prepared to A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/83 (H5N2). The analysis revealed limited antigenic drift in 15 years and established that monoclonal antibodies are useful reagents for identification and antigenic analysis of avian strains that may transmit to humans in the future. One of the monoclonal antibodies permitted separation of the H5N1 influenza viruses from poultry into two groups that correlated with the presence or absence of a carbohydrate at residue 158 adjacent to the receptor binding site on HA. The H5N1 viruses examined replicated in geese, pigs, rats, and mice, but to only a very limited extent in ducks. It is noteworthy that all infected geese shed virus and that the H5N1 viruses caused disease signs and death in a portion (3 of 16) of the geese, with evidence of systemic spread to the brain. The tropism for geese is unusual and may provide insight into the origin of these viruses. In mice, the H5N1 virus caused lethal pneumonia and spread systemically to the brain. Mice would thus provide an ideal model system for studying immune responses and pathogenesis. Transmission experiments in chickens revealed that the H5N1 viruses are spread by fecal-oral transmission rather than by aerosol, and that the viruses are inactivated by drying of feces at ambient temperature. However, infectivity is maintained for at least 4 days in wet feces at 25 degreesC. There were differences in the morphology of the H5N1 viruses isolated from birds and humans. The perpetuation of H5N1 influenza viruses in the poultry markets in Hong Kong and the transmission of these viruses to humans emphasize the importance of these markets in the epidemiology of influenza. The poultry markets are of critical importance in the perpetuation and transmission of influenza viruses to other avian species and to mammals, including humans.
Integrative WGBS and ATAC-seq profiling reveals epigenetic and chromatin accessibility signatures associated with clutch length in goose ovaries.
Clutch length is an important reproductive trait in geese, but its epigenetic basis remains poorly characterized. Daily egg production was recorded for 280 individually housed Zi geese, and clutch-related indices were calculated as described in our previous study. Based on these records, six geese with contrasting clutch-length phenotypes were selected and assigned to the long-clutch (LC) and short-clutch (SC) groups. Ovarian tissues from three geese per group were subjected to whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) to identify candidate epigenetic signatures associated with clutch length. WGBS identified 630,909 differentially methylated regions (DMRs), whereas ATAC-seq identified 902 differentially accessible regions (DARs). Integrated analysis revealed distinct patterns of ovarian DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility between the two groups, suggesting that clutch length variation may be accompanied by epigenomic differences in ovarian tissue. Genes associated with DMRs and/or DARs were enriched in biological processes related to granulosa cell differentiation and endocrine competence, follicular fate regulation, and periovulatory cytoskeletal and signaling remodeling. RERE was prioritized as a candidate locus because it was supported by changes in both DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility, whereas FOXL2, STAR, BAK1, FGF17, PRSS35, ACTR3, and AXIN1 were supported mainly by evidence from a single omics layer. RT-qPCR analysis of selected genes showed expression trends broadly consistent with the corresponding epigenomic differences, providing additional supportive evidence for these candidate associations. Collectively, this study provides an exploratory ovarian epigenomic resource and identifies candidate epigenetic signatures, genes, and biological processes associated with clutch length variation in geese.
The photorefractoriness in domestic goose: effect of gonads and thyroid on the development of postbreeding prolactinemia.
Blood samples were taken from adult male and female geese, and from gonadectomized (GX), thyroidectomized (TX) and gonadectomized+thyroidectomized (GX+TX) ones during the reproduction peak period (March 16), at the beginning of photorefractoriness (June 14), in the second half of the photorefractory period (August 14), and at the beginning of the postrefractory period (October 2). Surgeries were carried out at the age of 10-13 weeks. The birds were kept under natural light conditions. From the blood plasma prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), progesterone (P4), 17 beta-oestradiol (E2) as well as thyroxine (T4) and triiodo-tironine (T3) were determined by RIA methods. At the beginning of photorefractoriness in intact geese the LH and E2 levels significantly decrease, relative to sexually active period, whereas the P4 remains at a high level. In ganders the LH shows only a slight decrease but the T level is significantly lower than in spring. The PRL, T4 and T3 levels increase after reproduction and give a peak value in both sexes. In both GX ganders and geese decreased T, P4 and T3 levels are observable and the PRL is decreased in females, and the LH is increased in both sexes. Gonadectomy does not influence the E2 in females, the PRL in males and the T4 in both sexes. In TX birds the PRL is higher in March and lower in June than the control level, but these changes are significant only in females. In TX females the P4 level is lower during reproduction and at the beginning of photorefractoriness. The T and E2 levels do not change during the photorefractoriness. In the second half of photorefractoriness a low PRL and P4 level, an increasing LH, T and medium high T4 and T3 levels characterized the intact male and female geese. In GX animals an increase of LH levels is occurred in both sexes. The T4 is higher in castrated-, and lower in ovarectomized geese. In TX birds the P4 is higher than in controls, but the difference is significant only in males. The levels of PRL, LH, T and E2 remain unchanged in TX animals. At the beginning of the postrefractory phase the T (in males) and the P4 and the T4 level increase in both sexes. The PRL and LH show a low value. In GX animals the high LH level refer to the increased sensitivity of hypothalamo-gonadotropic system, because of the absence of negative feed-back of sexual steroids.4+ in both sexes and a high thyroid hormone level and a transitional slight reactivation of gonadotropic-gonadal system occur then.
Variation in the response of plasma enzyme activities in avian species dosed with carbophenothion.
The response of various species of Anser and Branta geese and other avian species to the ingestion of carbophenothion (S-[[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]methyl] O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate) has been investigated. Optimum assay conditions for measurement of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and cholinesterase in avian plasma were developed for the study. The administration of acutely toxic doses of carbophenothion to Japanese quail, pigeons, and chickens, and to Greylag, Pink-footed, Greenland White-fronted, and Canada geese led to species-dependent responses for both plasma glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and cholinesterase levels. Carbophenothion administered to Japanese quail at several dose levels produced changes in plasma enzyme levels which were dependent on dose and time. The level of plasma glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase after dosing in the Anser family of geese rose more rapidly than in the Branta species but no change was found in this enzyme in either chickens or pigeons. In contrast to geese and pigeons, chickens exhibited no plasma cholinesterase inhibition for 3 hr after dosing. These enzyme changes demonstrate a species variation in the toxicological response of birds to a pesticide and indicate the desirability of using more than one avian species for pesticide toxicity testing.
Formation of associations of colored and flavored food with induced sickness in five avian species.
Domestic ducks, geese, pigeons, quail, and chickens were given colored, flavored, or colored and flavored food and then injected with lithium chloride. Each species showed learning of color and taste aversions. Flavor facilitated the formation of color aversions in ducks, geese, and pigeons but not in quail or chickens. Color interfered with the formation of flavor aversions in quail and chickens but not in the other three species. These findings indicate that all birds can probably associate both colored and flavored food with induced sickness and that colored food is more easily associated with induced sickness than is colored water. Moreover, these findings suggest that the capacity to associate colored and flavored food with induced sickness and the interaction between color and flavor in food vary between species. Birds, such as quail and chickens, that eat relatively tasteless food rely more on color than on flavor cues when forming learned food aversions. Birds that can select their food on the basis of taste, such as ducks and geese, rely more on flavor than on color when forming aversions to food. Birds, such as pigeons, that are initially raised on tasty food before switching to predominantly tasteless food show tendencies that are similar to those of ducks and geese.