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PubMed2003

Facial expression recognition across the adult life span.

We report three experiments investigating the recognition of emotion from facial expressions across the adult life span. Increasing age produced a progressive reduction in the recognition of fear and, to a lesser extent, anger. In contrast, older participants showed no reduction in recognition of disgust, rather there was some evidence of an improvement. The results are discussed in terms of studies from the neuropsychological and functional imaging literature that indicate that separate brain regions may underlie the emotions fear and disgust. We suggest that the dissociable effects found for fear and disgust are consistent with the differential effects of ageing on brain regions involved in these emotions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The generalized discrimination of facial expressions by seven-month-old infants.

2 experiments were conducted to examine 7-month-old infants' perception of the facial expressions happy and fear. Using a paired-comparison procedure, infants in the first experiment were able to generalize their discrimination of these 2 expressions across the faces of 4 male and female models if they were first presented with the set of happy faces, but not if they were first presented with the set of fear faces. A second experiment was conducted to examine the source of the stimulus presentation order effect. Here a second group of 7-month-old infants was presented with a single male or female face posing both the happy and fear expressions simultaneously. The results revealed significantly longer looking to the fear face. This preference to look at fear faces is discussed, as are its implications for studies of expression recognition in general.

Facial Expression↗
PubMed1995

Self-other perception of the intensity of facial expressions of emotion: do we know what we show?

Participants' self-reports of the intensity of their facial expressive responses to an amusing stimulus were compared with judges' ratings in 2 studies. In Experiment 1, 24 men and 24 women who were alone and assigned to either a spontaneous or facial attention condition perceived their facial behavior to be significantly more expressive than judges' ratings indicated it had been. In Experiment 2, 36 men and 36 women who presumed themselves to be under observation were assigned to an uninstructed, pose, or communicate condition. Self-reports of expressive responses to an amusing stimulus again significantly exceeded judges' ratings in the first 2 conditions but not when participants were told to communicate their feelings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

What do facial expressions convey: feeling states, behavioral intentions, or action requests?

Emotion theorists assume certain facial displays to convey information about the expresser's emotional state. In contrast, behavioral ecologists assume them to indicate behavioral intentions or action requests. To test these contrasting positions, over 2,000 online participants were presented with facial expressions and asked what they revealed-feeling states, behavioral intentions, or action requests. The majority of the observers chose feeling states as the message of facial expressions of disgust, fear, sadness, happiness, and surprise, supporting the emotions view. Only the anger display tended to elicit more choices of behavioral intention or action request, partially supporting the behavioral ecology view. The results support the view that facial expressions communicate emotions, with emotions being multicomponential phenomena that comprise feelings, intentions, and wishes.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

A study of facial expression in Parkinson's disease using a novel microcomputer-based method.

The aim of this study was to compare the smiling behaviour of a group of Parkinson's disease sufferers with a control group of a similar age using a novel microcomputer-based approach, which utilises a mathematical model of the face to quantify facial expression. The findings indicate that the Parkinson's group differed from the control group in the frequency of smiling while watching a series of cartoons and in the degree of mouth opening during smiling. Both groups completed the Levine-Pilowsky Depression questionnaire, and patients with Parkinson's disease had significantly higher depression scores than those of the control group. Significant negative correlations between depression score and frequency of smiling, and depression score and inner eyebrow separation were also found.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Accuracy and latency of judgment of facial expressions of emotions.

The aim of the experiment was to study the relation between accuracy of judgment of facial expressions of emotions and time for judgment. The results for 34 college students confirmed previous data showing high performance in identification of all emotions, although there were some important differences between emotions. Also, times for judgment were longer for the emotions which were more difficult to identify.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Threat is in the eye of the beholder: social anxiety and the interpretation of ambiguous facial expressions.

The current study investigated the tendency of individuals with high levels of social anxiety to interpret ambiguous facial expressions in a threatening manner. Results obtained from self-report measures were consistent with previous studies in which highly socially anxious individuals endorsed threatening interpretations for ambiguous social information. More importantly, highly socially anxious participants showed relative facilitation of processing of threatening faces following neutral faces when a priming technique was used to eliminate artifact due to response selection bias. These findings support the hypothesized social anxiety-linked interpretive bias.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Photographs of facial expression: accuracy, response times, and ratings of intensity.

Equal numbers of male and female participants judged which of seven facial expressions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutrality, sadness, and surprise) were displayed by a set of 336 faces, and we measured both accuracy and response times. In addition, the participants rated how well the expression was displayed (i.e., the intensity of the expression). These three measures are reported for each face. Sex of the rater did not interact with any of the three measures. However, analyses revealed that some expressions were recognized more accurately in female than in male faces. The full set of these norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/.

Facial Expression↗
PubMed1984

Judgment of facial expressions of emotion as a function of exposure time.

The purpose of this experiment was to study the accuracy of judgment of facial expressions of emotions that were displayed for very brief exposure times. Twenty university students were shown facial stimuli that were presented for durations ranging from 10 to 50 msec. The data showed that accuracy of judgment reached a fairly high level even at very brief exposure times and that human observers are especially competent to process very rapid changes in facial appearance.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

MR imaging in two cases of subacute denervation change in the muscles of facial expression.

SUMMARY: Denervation changes in muscle following damage to cranial and peripheral nerves can be observed on both CT and MR imaging studies. These findings are well described for cranial nerves (CN) V, X, XI, and XII. The CT findings of denervation atrophy due to CN VII dysfunction have been reported. We describe the MR imaging findings in two patients with perineural spread of tumor along CN VII. Both patients showed T2 prolongation and postcontrast enhancement in muscles of facial expression, suggestive of subacute denervation changes.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Categorical perception of faces and facial expressions: the age factor.

Effects of normal aging on categorical perception (CP) of facial identities and facial emotional expressions were investigated. The stimuli were morphs of three identities and of three expressions. In Experiment 1, 38 healthy participants (22 to 79 years old; three age groups) had to identify morphed identities (three continua) and expressions (three continua) varying with respect to their distance from the original photographs. This experiment allowed the computation of the boundary between categories (expressions and identities). The results showed that the locus of this boundary was not affected by age (except for the continuum disgust-happiness), but that the rate of intrusions and latencies of responses increased with age. In addition, CP was suggested, as latencies increased as a function of the distance between the displayed morph and the original, unmorphed photograph. CP predicts an easier discrimination of two morphs located on both sides of the boundary than discrimination of two morphs located on the same side. This was investigated in Experiment 2 (48 new participants; three age groups). For expressions, the prediction was verified in all groups for both accuracy and correct latency; in addition, an effect of age was observed only for morphs located on both sides of the boundary. For identities, the same pattern of results emerged, with one exception: for accuracy, the predicted advantage of pairs located on both sides of the boundary was not verified in the oldest group. Thus, CP of facial identities seems to vanish with normal aging, whereas CP of facial expressions appears to be more robust.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in posed facial expression of emotion across the adult life span.

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the facial expression of emotion across the adult life span. Two positive and two negative emotional expressions were posed by 30 young (21 to 39 years), 30 middle-aged (40 to 59 years), and 30 older (60 to 81 years) healthy, right-handed women. Photographs of the four emotional expressions were rated by independent judges for intensity, accuracy, and confidence. Special features of this study were the use of a neutral face as a nonemotional control, as well as careful cognitive and affective screening procedures for posers and judges. Overall, the expressions of older posers were rated as significantly less accurate and with significantly less confidence than those of younger posers. Although the neutral faces of older posers were rated as significantly more intense than those of younger posers, there were no significant age-related intensity differences for positive and negative emotions. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical models of aging.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Affective facial expression in infants with focal brain damage.

Children are fluent affective communicators by their first birthday. The development of affective facial expression in infants with focal brain damage thus provides a promising context in which to investigate the developing neural substrates of emotions. We examined both positive and negative affective expression in 12 infants (6-24 months) with pre- or perinatal unilateral focal brain damage (6RHD and 6LHD) and their age- and gender-matched controls. Infants were videotaped in free and semi-structured tasks. Interactions were microanalytically coded, including the use of FACS. Both normal and babies with posterior LHD exhibited the full range of appropriate affective expressions. In contrast, infants with posterior RHD showed marked affective impairment to positive, but not to negative simulation.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Categorical perception of anger and disgust facial expression is affected by non-clinical social anxiety: an ERP study.

Anxiety has been associated with a bias for interpreting threatening information. Faces expressing anger seem to be more easily detected by socially anxious individuals than by non-anxious individuals. Similarly, disgust on a face may also reflect a negative social judgment. We tested the hypothesis that individuals displaying non-clinical social anxiety would be as sensitive to disgust as to anger interpretation by comparing individuals scoring high or low on the fear of social evaluation scale (FNE, Watson and Friend, 1969). Event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded in response to repetitions of a particular facial expression (e.g. anger) and in response to two deviating (rare) stimuli obtained by a morphing procedure, where one depicted the same emotion as the frequent stimulus, while the other depicted a different facial expression (e.g. disgust). The classic effect of categorical perception was reproduced: at a behavioral level, people detected more easily rare faces depicting a different emotion than faces depicting the same emotion. ERP results suggest that deviant faces depicting a different emotion evoked an earlier attentional N2b/P3a wave complex, together with an earlier and enhanced P3b. More interestingly, participants with non-clinical social anxiety manifested a reduced N2b wave when they had to detect a change in intensity of anger presentation. However, these individuals did not show facilitation to disengage from disgust when they have to detect angry faces, which was displayed by control participants. Implications and suggestions for further research about the role played by anger and disgust in psychopathology are outlined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Suboptimal exposure to facial expressions when viewing video messages from a small screen: effects on emotion, attention, and memory.

The authors examined the effects of suboptimally presented facial expressions on emotional and attentional responses and memory among 39 young adults viewing video (business news) messages from a small screen. Facial electromyography (EMG) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were used as physiological measures of emotion and attention, respectively. Several congruency priming effects were found. In particular, happy facial primes prompted increased (a) pleasure ratings, (b) orbicularis oculi EMG activity, (c) perceived trustworthiness, and (d) recognition memory for video messages with a positive emotional tone. Emotional and other responses to video messages presented on a small screen can be modified with suboptimal affective primes, but even small differences in the emotional tone of the messages should be allowed for.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Kinematical analysis of emotionally induced facial expressions: a novel tool to investigate hypomimia in patients suffering from depression.

OBJECTIVE: A novel technique for the kinematic analysis of emotionally induced facial expressions was applied to detect subtle mimic dysfunction in patients with depression. METHODS: Using ultrasound markers at certain points on the face, facial movements were exactly measured while subjects watched a witty sketch ("Mr Bean"). Twenty five medicated patients with depression (11 men, 14 women; mean age, 55.8 years; mean total Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score, 17.1) and 25 healthy controls, matched by sex distribution and handedness, were studied. RESULTS: Depressed patients were characterised by abnormally slow velocity at the beginning of laughing and voluntary facial movements, in addition to reduced laughing frequency. A higher severity of symptoms of depression was significantly associated with slow initial velocity of laughing movements of the left mouth angle (r = -0.45). CONCLUSION: The execution of voluntary and non-voluntary facial movements is abnormally slow in depressed patients, reflecting hypomimia. This mimic slowing is closely associated with the severity of depression. The response of depressed patients to emotional stimuli is also abnormally low, but emotional estimation of the stimuli is similar to normals. This pattern parallels the motor-emotional features known from patients with Parkinson's disease.

Adult↗