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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

["Alarm substances" as biological markers indicating emotional state before death].

This scientific project presents the results of preliminary examinations aimed to identify alarm pheromones secreted by mammals. Wistar male rats were used for the experiment. Animals were treated by aversive sensoric stimuli and fear conditioning procedures. The animals' behaviour was registered. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of air samples taken from their environment was conducted with the use of GC-FID and GC-MSD technics. In the rhinocephalon structures (olfactory bulb, olfactory tract) the concentration of glutamate was measured. During the progress of the experiment increasing behavioral reactions of anxiety were observed in the rats. In their atmosphere organic compounds were identified. Some of them can be considered to be alarm substances. In the examined structures of the rhinocephalon on increased concentration of glutamate in each individual was revealed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Chemical danger signal in the "predator-prey" system in fishes].

Studies have been made on peculiarities of defensive reaction in Phoxinus phoxinus to external metabolites produced by the pike Esox lucius and excreted into the basin. It was shown that the skin and mucose of the pike contain low molecular weight substances (m. w. about 1300) which being introduced into the basin serve as a chemical signal of danger to Phoxinus phoxinus.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed2001

Asynchronous swimmeret beating during defense turns in the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii.

Swimmeret beating was monitored in freely moving specimens of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii as they exhibited defense turn responses to tactile stimuli. Analysis of videotape records revealed alterations in swimmeret beating during turning responses compared to straight, forward walking. During turns, swimmerets beat with shorter periods and smaller amplitude power strokes than during straight walking. Coordination between swimmerets also changed. Swimmerets on the side toward which the animal turned tended to lag behind their contralateral partners, rather than beat in synchrony as in straight walking, and ipsilateral coordination was loosened relative to straight walking. Asynchronous swimmeret beating accompanied asymmetric motions of the uropods in a manner similar to that observed during statocyst-dependent equilibrium reactions in P. clarkii, but removal of the statoliths did not eliminate turn-associated responses of the swimmerets. The coordinated action of the swimmerets and uropods may contribute to the torque that rotates the animal in the yaw plane. Implications of the observed changes in swimmeret coordination for understanding the underlying neuronal control system are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Predator-elicited flight responses in Swiss-Webster mice: an experimental model of panic attacks.

1. The nosological status of panic disorder is still a matter of debate. Nevertheless, evidence is emerging that panic attacks have a different pattern of drug responsiveness from other forms of anxiety. 2. Several experimental animal models of panic attacks have been developed. These vary in the extent to which they meet criteria for face validity, predictive validity and construct validity, normally applied to such models. 3. In the present review, the authors examine the possibility that predator-elicited flight responses in Swiss-Webster mice might serve as an experimental model for the screening of panic-modulating drugs. 4. Drug effects on flight responses clearly indicate that this model has good predictive validity as panic-promoting agents increase flight reactions, while panicolytic drug challenge induces opposite effects. In addition, drugs devoid of any effect on panic attack, also do not alter flight behavior. 5. These findings strongly suggest that the model of predator-elicited flight responses in Swiss-Webster mice is useful for the investigation of panic-modulating drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Patterns of cardiovascular and respiratory responses evoked by stimulation of the defense area in the white-belly opossum (Didelphis albiventris).

The present study describes, for the first time, the autonomic changes concomitant to the defense reaction in the opossum. Electrical stimulation of 2305 sites in the hypothalamus and brain stem evoked from 7% of them patterns of response including 40-240% muscle vasodilatation, characteristic of the defense reaction in anaesthetized animals. These responses also included a rise in arterial blood pressure, tachy- or bradycardia, and variable changes in ventilaton ranging from apneusis to polypnea. It is suggested that the defense areas of the opossum are similar to those described for other species, but the defense responses resemble those of the rabbit.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative study of the action of tranquilizers on reinforcement systems].

In experiments on rats the benzodiazepine tranquilizers diazepam (0.5 -- 1 mg/kg), nitrazepam (0.5 -- 5 mg/kg), phenazepam (0.5 -- 5 mg/kg) and grandaxin (5 mg/kg) facilitated the reaction of self-stimulation (RS), with electrodes implanted in the area of the lateral hypothalamus and medial fascicle of the forebrain. Increased doses of the tranquilizers (up to 10 mg/kg) depressed RS, diminished the searching activity and muscle tone. The tranquilizer elroquil belonging to the phenothiazine series depressed RS in doses 15--35 mg/kg. Diazepam (0.2 and 1 mg/kg), nitrazepam (0.2 and 0.5 mg/kg) and phenazepam (0.2 and 1 mg/kg) reduced the latent period of the reaction of active avoidance (RA) during aversive electric stimulation of the medial lemnisk. In doses of 10 mg/kg the drugs inhibited RA. Elroquil and grandaxin raised the latent period of RA within the dosage range studied. The drug effects and efficacious dose ranges varied among the tranquilizers.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effects of beta-carotene supplementation on chick growth, immune status and behaviour in the grey partridge, Perdix perdix.

Carotenoids are important for various functions during chick development. Since these pigments cannot be synthesized, they can be considered limited resources that the mother optimally allocates between herself and her offspring (maternal effect). Some studies have examined the effects of carotenoids on growth and immune function but little is known about their role in behaviour. In this study of the grey partridge, we conducted two supplementation experiments: (1) laying females were fed with beta-carotene enriched or impoverished diets; (2) chicks were fed directly with beta-carotene enriched or impoverished diets. We then evaluated the effects of this carotenoid on chick growth, immunocompetence and anti-predator behaviour (reactions to a raptor model). In the first experiment, the beta-carotene enriched diet given to mothers did not cause any difference in chick physiology. In the second experiment, beta-carotene supplementation of chicks had a significant beneficial effect on their growth and immune response, although their behavioural reactions did not differ in relation to the diet. Therefore, beta-carotene supplementation had beneficial effects on growth and immunocompetence only when directly supplied to chicks. The beneficial effect reported in other species for begging or pecking behaviours was not confirmed for the anti-predator behaviour of grey partridge chicks.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1986

[Piracetam correction of deficient GABA-ergic inhibition due to early postnatal exposure to cycloheximide].

Cycloheximide, administered to 7-day-old rats, caused the delay of CNS activity changes in grown-up rats. The animals showed impaired memory function, expressed in the decrease of habituation in the "open field" test, and the alteration of passive avoidance reflex. The increased number of intersignal reactions due to hypermotility was found during elaboration of avoidance reflex. The analysis of evoked potential recovery revealed the deficiency of GABA-ergic inhibition in the neocortex. Piracetam was shown to prevent completely behavioural disturbances and deficiency of GABA-ergic processes in grown-up animals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of bemitil on conditioned-reflex memory in normal rats and under stress exposures].

The authors studied the effect of the actoprotector bemitil on the conditional-reflex memory of rats and its functional disorder by disturbance of the cause-effect (abatement of the avoidance reaction) or space relations. Intraperitoneal injections of 1.8 mg/kg of bemitil were given daily 30 min before the experiment. The training of animals improved authentically from experiment to experiment. Thus, the drug, possesses the nootropic properties. Exposure to stressogenic factors of various depth demonstrated the stress-protective effect of bemitil.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Interrelationship between grape snail alimentary and defense behavior command neurons].

Food stimulus (carrot juice), releasing feeding behaviour in intact snails, evoked spike discharges in giant meta-erebral cells (considered to be command neurones of feeding behaviour) and subthreshold EPSPs in giant parietal cells (command neurones of avoidance behaviour) of a half-intact preparation. Tactile stimulation, eliciting avoidance reactions in intact snails, evoked hyperpolarization in command neurones of feeding behaviour and a spike discharge in command neurones of avoidance behaviour. Spikes induced into either of command neurones produced no changes in activity of other command cells. Inhibition of command neurones of feeding behaviour is assumed to be the basis of behavioural choice when food and tactile stimulus are presented simultaneously.

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The "circular" interaction of the signal, motivational and emotiogenic structures in food and defensive (classical and instrumental) conditioned reflexes].

In experiments with dogs was shown the role of motivational and emotional structures of the hypothalamus in reproduction of the adaptive motor reaction both in classical and instrumental conditioned reflexes (alimentary and defensive). Change of parameters of electrostimulation gave a possibility to activate differentially the motivational, emotional negative, and emotional positive structures of the hypothalamus. Electrostimulation of the motivational structures reproduced alimentary but not defensive adaptive motor reaction and decreased the threshold of the motor reaction which was used as a signal during classical alimentary conditioning. Electrostimulation of the emotional negative structures reproduced defensive adaptive reaction and inhibited alimentary unconditioned response. Elaboration of the avoidance of the stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus was a proof for the activation of the emotional negative structures. Electrostimulation of the emotional positive structures which was used as an unconditioned stimulus during self-stimulation conditioning reproduced neither defensive nor alimentary conditioned response.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1975

Reactions of migrating birds to lights and aircraft.

Midair collsions between birds and aircraft pose a hazard for both. While observing migrating birds with a tracking radar, we find that birds often react, by taking evasive maneuvers, at distances of 200-300 m to both searchlight beams and the approach of a small airplane with its landing lights on. Appropriately arranged lights on aircraft should decrease the hazard of collisions with birds.

Aircraft↗
PubMed2000

Behavioral peculiarities and reactions of brain dopaminergic systems in rats with different resistance to acute hypobaric hypoxia.

Locomotor activity in the open field test did not correlate with rat resistance to acute hypobaric hypoxia; there was a correlation between this resistance and rat behavior during acute stress. Immobility was characteristic of rats with low and particularly medium resistance to hypoxia; this reaction can be abolished by antidepressants. by contrast, highly resistant rats were mainly hyperactive. The resistance to hypoxia was associated with extreme parameters of dopaminergic neuron functioning. In low-resistant rats locomotor stereotypia was maximal, while perioral stereotypia was the minimal; highly resistant rats were characterized by an opposite pattern, and medium-resistant rats occupied an intermediate position.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adrenal activity does not mediate alarm substance reaction in the forced swim test.

Rats tested in the forced swim test were more immobile in fresh water than in water soiled by other rats, which presumably contained an alarm substance. Adrenalectomy did not affect the behavior of the rats in fresh or soiled water, nor did it affect production of or response to the putative alarm substance. The results of this study indicate that the adrenals do not mediate the response to, or production of the alarm substance.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1999

Seeing what is coming: building collision-sensitive neurones.

The image of a rapidly approaching object has to elicit a quick response. An animal needs to know that the object is approaching on a collision course and how imminent a collision is. The relevant information can be computed from the way that the image of the object grows on the retina of one eye. Firm data about the types of neurones that react to such looming stimuli and trigger avoidance reactions come from recent studies on the pigeon and the locust. The neurones responsible are tightly tuned to detect objects that are approaching on a direct collision course. In the pigeon these neurones signal the time remaining before collision whereas in the locust they have a crucial role in the simple strategy this animal uses to detect an object approaching on a collision course.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The ultrastructural characteristics of the synapses during the acquisition of a passive avoidance reaction and of imprinting in chicks].

Studies on morphometric parameters of synapses in the visual projection zone of the accessory and associative zone of the ventral hyperstriatum in both hemispheres of the brain in 4-day chicks after visual imprinting and alimentary aversive learning revealed specific changes in the longevity of postsynaptic dense regions and in the number of vesicles in active zone. The role of the structures studied in sensory perception, learning and memory is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The pharmacology of a new potent, long acting neuroleptic, piflutixol.

Piflutixol, 6-fluoro-9-[3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidino)propylidene]-2-trifluoromethyl-thioxanthene, has been shown to have pronounced neuroleptic properties. It is a very potent inhibitor of methylphenidate-induced stereotypies in mice, amphetamine and apomorphine-induced stereotypies in rats, apomorphine-induced stereotypies and vomiting in dogs. Furthermore piflutixol causes cataleptic reaction in small doses and inhibits conditioned avoidance reaction in rats. The compound is equally potent orally and parenterally and has a prolonged effect. Piflutixol has up to the present proved to be the most potent inhibitor of dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase in rat striatum in vitro. Piflutixol has a stron sedative effect (inhibition of spontaneous motor activity, induction of ptosis and potentiation of barbiturate anaesthesia) and in addition inhibits reticular arousal reaction in very low doses. Thus piflutixol constitutes a unique combination of potent anti-stereotyped activity with potent sedative effects. This means that piflutixol may prove to be a low-dose basic neuroleptic with long duration of action.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗