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PubMed1986

Explosive pleuritis. Manifestation of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection.

Two young adults had clinical and roentgenographic evidence of explosive pleuritis that was caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Persistent high fever and intense pleuritic pain following severe pharyngitis should suggest streptococcal pleural infection and prompt careful roentgenographic investigation. These cases show that group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection can cause explosive pleuritis in the absence of apparent bronchopneumonia.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Gas explosion during diathermy gastrotomy.

The first report of rupture of the stomach due to diathermy-elicited gas explosion during gastrotomy in a patient with intestinal ischemia resulting in obstruction and jejunal and gastric dilatation is presented. In the obstructed stomach or small bowel, a proliferation of hydrogen- and methane-producing bacteria can occur, leading to the accumulation of these combustible gases in explosive concentrations. In cases of gastrointestinal tract obstruction, the diathermy knife should not be used in entering the gastrointestinal lumen.

Diathermy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of microgravity on muscular explosive power of the lower limbs in humans.

The maximal explosive power of the lower limbs of one astronaut has been measured before launch, and 2, 6 and 11 days after re-entry from 31 days on the MIR Station (EUROMIR '94). The subject, sitting on the carriage-seat of a Multipurpose Ergometer-Dynamometer (MED) constructed ad hoc in our laboratory, pushed maximally with both feet on two force platforms (knees angle 110 degrees). The carriage was free to move backwards on two rails inclined 20 degrees upwards. The force (F) of the lower limbs and the speed of the carriage (v) were recorded and the instantaneous mechanical power (w) was calculated as w = F * v. The average value of the mechanical power (w max) throughout the explosive effort was then obtained. The overall duration of the push was on the average about 0.3 s. It was observed that, at day R+2, mean force, maximal velocity, maximal power (mean and peak), maximal acceleration and overall mechanical work, were all reduced between 60 and 80% of pre-flight values. However, the recovery was remarkably fast, since all these parameters attained about 90% of pre-flight values by day R+11.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1984

Genotoxic activity of nitroaromatic explosives and related compounds in Salmonella typhimurium.

A number of nitroaromatic explosives and related compounds were examined for mutagenic activity with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. 9 of 11 nitroaromatics tested were mutagenic, including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, the most widely produced military explosive. All the nitroaromatics, except 2,4,6-trinitrophenol and 2,3,5-trinitroresorcinol, were at least an order of magnitude more mutagenic than 3 dinitrotoluene (DNT) isomers. The most active compound was 2,3,5-trinitronaphthalene, which was approximately 5000 times more mutagenic than DNT isomers. These compounds induced predominantly frameshift mutations. The mutagenic activity did not require S9 activation, but was largely dependent on the presence of an intact nitroreductase capability in the test bacteria. This implied that reduced metabolites, possibly hydroxylamines, are the proximal mutagenic intermediates.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Burn due to a sawdust explosion.

Burns due to explosions of various types of inflammable dust have been reported, including coal dust, flour and grain dust. A 33-year-old worker was burned over 33 per cent of his body surface area in a sawdust explosion. Recovery was uneventful. This is the first reported case due to this mechanism as far as we have been able to ascertain.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Unpolluted fractionation of wheat straw by steam explosion and ethanol extraction.

An unpolluted process of wheat straw fractionation by steam explosion coupled with ethanol extraction was studied. The wheat straw was steam exploded for 4.5 min with moisture of 34.01%, a pressure of 1.5 MPa without acid or alkali. Hemicellulose sugars were recovered by water countercurrent extraction and decolored with chelating ion exchange resin D412. The gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis results indicated that there were organic acids in the hemicellulose sugars and the ratio of monosaccharides to oligosaccharides was 1:9 and the main component, xylose, was 85.9% in content. The total recovery rate of hemicellulose was 80%. Water washed materials were subsequently extracted with ethanol. The optimum extraction conditions in this work were 40% ethanol, fiber/liquor ratio 1:50 (w/v), severity log(R)=3.657 (180 degrees C for 20 min), 0.1% NaOH. The lignin yield was 75% by acid precipitation and 85% ethanol solvent was recovered. The lignin was purified using Björkman method. Infrared spectrometry (IR) results indicated that the lignin belonged to GSH (guaiacyl (G) syringyl (S) and p-hydroxyphenyl (H)) lignin and its purity rate reached 85.3%. The cellulose recovery rate was 94% and the results of electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and infrared spectrometry (IR) showed that hemicellulose and lignin content decreased after steam explosion and ethanol extraction.

Chemical Fractionation↗
PubMed2006

Lignin depolymerization/repolymerization and its critical role for delignification of aspen wood by steam explosion.

Steam explosion is an important process for the fractionation of biomass components. In order to understand the behaviour of lignin under the conditions encountered in the steam explosion process, as well as in other types of steam treatment, aspen wood and isolated lignin from aspen were subjected to steam treatment under various conditions. The lignin portion was analyzed using NMR and size exclusion chromatography as major analytical techniques. Thereby, the competition between lignin depolymerization and repolymerization was revealed and the conditions required for these two types of reaction identified. Addition of a reactive phenol, 2-naphthol, was shown to inhibit the repolymerization reaction strongly, resulting in a highly improved delignification by subsequent solvent extraction and an extracted lignin of uniform structure.

Biomass↗
PubMed2004

Determination of mono-, di- and trinitronaphthalenes in soil samples contaminated by explosives.

We investigated the extraction of eight mono-, di- and trinitronaphthalenes from soil samples by ultrasonic, respectively, soxhlet extraction. Sonication was the more convenient procedure with a usually higher repeatability than the soxhlet method. All extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. These methods were used to determine the concentration of nitronaphthalenes in five soil samples polluted by explosives. The most abundant contaminants were 1,5- and 1,8-dinitronaphthalene as well as 1,3,5-, 1,3,8- and 1,4,5-trinitronaphthalene. In all samples the sum of trinitronaphthalenes exceeded the sum of mono- and dinitronaphthalenes. It is recommendable to include these eight compounds in the analytical exploration of sites contaminated by explosives.

Chemistry Techniques, Analytical↗
PubMed2001

Detection of the cyclic nitramine explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro- 1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro- 1,3,5,7-tetranitro- 1,3,5,7-tetrazine (HMX) and their degradation products in soil environments.

The cyclic nitramine explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazine (HMX) were examined in field and microcosm soil samples to determine their patterns of degradation and environmental fates. A number of analytical techniques, including solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography with electron-capture detection, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and micellar electrokinetic chromatography were required for the analyses. Two different classes of intermediates were detected, both of which lead ultimately to the formation of nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The first class was identified as the nitroso derivatives formed by the sequential reduction of -NO2 functional groups. The second class of intermediates, which was favored at higher humidities and in the presence of anaerobic sludge amendments, consisted of ring cleavage products including bis-(hydroxymethyl)-nitramine and methylenedinitramine. Rye-grass (Lolium perenne) present in field samples was found to extract and accumulate HMX from soil without further degradation. In all cases (excepting the plant samples), the indigenous microbes or amended domestic anaerobic sludge consortia degraded the cyclic nitramine explosives eventually to produce N2O and CO2.

Azocines↗
PubMed2003

Structural characteristics of modified activated carbons and adsorption of explosives.

Several series of activated carbons prepared by catalytic and noncatalytic gasification and subsequent deposition of pyrocarbon by pyrolysis of methylene chloride or n-amyl alcohol were studied by FTIR, chromatography, and adsorption methods using nitrogen and probe organics (explosives). The relationships between the textural characteristics of carbon samples and the recovery rates (eta) of explosives on solid-phase extraction (SPE) using different solvents for their elution after adsorption were analyzed using experimental and quantum chemical calculation results. The eta values for nitrate esters, cyclic nitroamines, and nitroaromatics only partially correlate with different adsorbent parameters (characterizing microporosity, mesoporosity, pore size distributions, etc.), polarity of eluting solvents, or characteristics of probe molecules, since there are many factors strongly affecting the recovery rates. Some of the synthesized carbons provide higher eta values than those for such commercial adsorbents as Hypercarb and Envicarb.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Extracorporeal stone disintegration using chemical explosive pellets as an energy source of underwater shock waves.

Extracorporeal renal stone disintegration using a chemical explosive pellet (lead azide 10 mg.) as an energy source of underwater shock waves has been successfully performed in animals. The shock wave was observed by holographic interferometry. Shock wave generation was performed by a reflector whose configuration was part of a pseudoellipsoid. The explosions were conducted 10 to 100 times for each animal and the stone (extracted human renal calculus or model calculus of activated alumina) placed in the renal pelvis was disintegrated satisfactorily. Negative findings in explorative laparotomy and histological examination, except for minor bleeding in several tubular lumina of the kidney, indicated that the method was clinically applicable.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Nondestructive evaluation of explosively welded clad rods by resonance acoustic spectroscopy.

A resonance acoustic spectroscopy technique is assessed for nondestructive evaluation of explosively welded clad rods. Each rod is modeled as a two-layered cylinder with a spring-mass system to represent a thin interfacial layer containing the weld. A range of interfacial profiles is generated in a set of experimental samples by varying the speed of the explosion that drives the copper cladding into the aluminum core. Excellent agreement is achieved between measured and calculated values of the resonant frequencies of the system, through appropriate adjustment of the interfacial mass and spring constants used in the wave scattering calculations. Destructive analysis of the interface in the experimental specimens confirms that key features of the interfacial profile may be inferred from resonance acoustic spectroscopy analysis applied to ultrasonic measurements.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2003

Stimulating the anaerobic biodegradation of explosives by the addition of hydrogen or electron donors that produce hydrogen.

The anaerobic biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by a methanogenic mixed culture was investigated. Microcosms containing a basal medium and the mixed culture were amended with ethanol, propylene glycol (PG), butyrate or hydrogen gas as the electron donor and a mixture of TNT (50 microM), RDX (25 microM), and HMX (8 microM). After 29 days TNT and RDX were completely transformed to unidentified endproducts in the bottles amended with ethanol, hydrogen, or PG, while 53%, 40%, and 22% of the HMX was transformed, respectively. There was no loss of RDX or HMX in the electron donor unamended control bottles. The ethanol and PG were transformed to near stoichiometric amounts of acetate and propionate, suggesting the immediate electron donor supporting the transformation of the explosives was the H2 evolved during the metabolism of the parent substrate. Our findings suggest that the addition of H2 or electron donors that produce H2 may be a useful strategy for enhancing the anaerobic biodegradation of explosives in contaminated groundwater and soils.

Azocines↗
PubMed1999

Environmental behavior of explosives in groundwater from the Milan Army Ammunition Plant in aquatic and wetland plant treatments. Uptake and fate of TNT and RDX in plants.

Uptake and fate of TNT and RDX by three aquatic and four wetland plants were studied using hydroponic, batch, incubations in explosives-contaminated groundwater amended with [U-14C]-TNT or [U-14C]-RDX in the laboratory. Substrates in which the plants were rooted were also tested. Plants and substrates were collected from a small-scale wetland constructed for explosives removal, and groundwater originated from a local aquifer at the Milan Army Ammunition Plant. This study demonstrated rapid uptake of [U-14C]-TNT derived 14C, concentration at the uptake sites and limited transport in all plants. Per unit of mass, uptake was higher in submersed than in emergent species. Biotransformation of TNT had occurred in all plant treatments after 7-day incubation in 1.6 to 3.4 mg TNT L-i, with labeled amino-dinitrotoluenes (ADNTs), three unidentified compounds unique for plants, and mostly polar products as results. Biotransformation occurred also in the substrates, yielding labeled ADNT, one unidentified compound unique for substrates, and polar products. TNT was not recovered by HPLC in plants and substrates after incubation. Uptake of [U-14C]-RDX derived 14C in plants was slower than that of TNT, transport was substantial, and concentration occurred at sites where new plant material was synthesized. As for TNT, uptake per unit of mass was higher in submersed than in emergent species. Biotransformation of RDX had occurred in all plant treatments after 13-day incubation in 1.5 mg RDX L-1, with one unidentified compound unique for plants, and mostly polar products as results. Biotransformation had occurred also in the substrates, but to a far lower extent than in plants. Substrates and plants had one unidentified 14C-RDX metabolite in common. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of RDX in most plants and in three out of four substrates at the end of the incubation period.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed2001

Validation of the Interview Module for Intermittent Explosive Disorder (M-IED) in children and adolescents: a pilot study.

We identified a subset of impulsive, aggressive children as having symptoms that met criteria for Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) using the Interview Module for Intermittent Explosive Disorder (M-IED). The M-IED was administered to 34 children and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 17. These data provide initial evidence for the M-IED as a useful instrument in the diagnosis of IED in adolescents. The M-IED displayed a high level of inter-rater reliability and adequate test-retest reliability. Construct validity was supported by the fact that the subjects with IED symptomatology had significantly more lifetime aggression, oppositionality, inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity compared to community controls. In addition, the subjects with IED symptomatology had a significantly greater number of episodes of lifetime physical aggression and documented episodes of aggression while in residential treatment compared to psychiatric controls. The subjects with IED symptomatology had a greater number of positive screening questions for DSM-IV diagnoses using the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham questionnaire (SNAP-IV), particularly those related to IED and posttraumatic stress disorder than psychiatric controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Innovative technology for tissue disruption by explosive-induced shock waves.

We have developed a novel, less invasive, shock wave source that can be introduced into an arbitrary position in a human body percutaneously. Using this technique we can disrupt cells locally. The shock wave source consists of an explosive, an optical fiber, a balloon catheter, and a Nd:YAG laser, which generates a spherical explosive shock wave. The destructive potential of the present source for injuring tissue was confirmed and the subsequent cell elongation and split in the direction of the shock wave has been observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Explosives detection in soil using a field-portable continuous flow immunosensor.

A field method for quantitative analysis of explosives in contaminated soil samples is described. The method is based on a displacement immunoassay performed in a commercial instrument, the FAST 2000, engineered by Research International Inc. The method can be used on-site to measure 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) within 5min. For this study, replicate analyses were performed on soil extracts prepared from each field sample as well as appropriate controls, blanks, and laboratory standards. Statistical analyses were done to assess accuracy, bias, and predictability of the method. The results demonstrated that the immunosensor could be used effectively to screen environmental samples for the presence or absence of explosives. In most samples, the method also provided quantitative values that were in good agreement with standard laboratory analyses using HPLC. A limited number of sample matrices interfered with the immunoassay and produced results that varied significantly from the laboratory data. In each case, the compounds causing the problem have been identified and efforts are being made to minimize these matrix interferences in future field evaluations.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗