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PubMed1984

[In vitro study of the synergistic effect of cefmenoxime-aminoglycoside combinations apropos of 148 strains of Enterobacteriaceae].

The synergistic effect of cefmenoxime -aminoglycoside combinations against 148 Enterobacteriaceae strains selected for their resistance to beta-lactams was studied. Against the 89 Enterobacteriaceae with cefmenoxime MICs greater than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml, the rates of synergy were high : 73 % (netilmicin), 67 % (amikacin), 64 % (gentamicin) and 56 % (tobramycin). In contrast, cefmenoxime-susceptible strains (CMI less than 2 micrograms/ml) had lower rates : 47 % (gentamicin), 44 % (tobramycin), 43 % (netilmicin), and 42 % (amikacin). Synergistic effects on these bacteria are correlated to cefalotin resistance.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunological study of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Enterobacteriaceae; taxonomic value].

The antigenic structure of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of the most representative Enterobacteriaceae species were compared with an antiserum to Escherichia coli glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The results of the immunodiffusion experiments were confirmed and specified by micro-complement fixation studies. They demonstrated a total immunological identity between the E. coli enzyme and the enzymes of Alcalescens-dispar and the Shigella species, a marked relatedness of the Salmonella species enzyme and a more or less significant relation of the enzymes of the other Enterobacteriaceae species. Moreover, the micro-complement fixation had the same sensitivity and a better selectivity than the DNA/DNA hybridizations. The results show that, like DNA polymerase, this enzyme has evolved more slowly than the other enzymes studied at this time.

Complement Fixation Tests↗
PubMed1982

Rapid and automated identification of Enterobacteriaceae with the abbott MS-2 system and API-20E versus conventional methods.

The ability of the MS-2 (Abbott Laboratories, Diagnostic Division, Dallas, Texas) to rapidly identify Enterobacteriaceae, was evaluated. The results of the MS-2 and of the Analytab API-20E test strip were compared with those obtained from conventional tubed media. The MS-2 and API-20E completely agreed with the conventional method for 92% and 95% of the organisms, respectively. Only 0.5% (MS-2) to 0% (API-20E) of the organisms tested led to complete disagreement. Approximately 6% (MS-2) and 3.5% (API-20E) of the organisms would have shown complete agreement if additional tests had been done. For 1.5% of the organisms the octal code could not be found in the API-20E profile index. It was concluded that the MS-2 system provides a rapid (5 to 6 h) and accurate method for the routine identification of Enterobacteriaceae.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1980

Transmissible drug resistance in human and animal trains of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

In an investigation carried out over a period of six months, 53 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and nine strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined for antibiotic resistance and transmissible drug resistance factor. Seventeen antibiotic resistance patterns were found among 51 drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Of the 62 strains, 23 were capable of transferring a part or all of the antibiotic resistance pattern to sensitive Escherichia coli. The P aeruginosa isolated from both man and piglets harboured R-factors which were transferable at high frequencies to the sensitive recipients, while only one of the six single resistant E coli isolated from piglets transferred resistance to the sensitive recipients. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of oxytetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulphadimidine and streptomycin of the resistant E coli, P aeruginosa, Salmonella spp and Proteus spp were 500 to 625, 62 to 500, 500 to 625, 500 and 7.8 to 500 micrograms/ml, respectively.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1981

[CA antibodies (Enterobacteriaceae common antigen) in the sera of domestic animals].

Using the indirect hemagglutination test, antibodies against Enterobacteriaceae common antigen (CA) were tested in the sera of 123 horses, 142 cows, 108 sheep, 142 mature pigs and 60 piglets (3-4 weeks of age). Anti CA antibody level and antibody titers for somatic antigens (phenol-water extracts) various serogroups of E. coli (0149, 0138, 0115, 078, 09) and S. typhimurium were compared. Ca antibodies in titer equal or higher than 1:15 were found to occur in 100% of the examined horses and cows, while in the sera of 92% sheep, 80% of mature pigs and 60% of piglets antibodies to the common Enterobacterial antigen were present in titer equal or higher than 1:7.5. In all sera examined the antibody level to somatic antigens of E. coli and S. typhimurium exceeded that to Enterobacteriaceae common antigen. The influence of absorption of sera with CA preparation on the antibody level to heterologous antigens was also examined. It was found that the absorption caused a statistically significant decrease of the titers to O antigens E. coli and S. typhimurium in comparison with those found in unabsorbed sera.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Escherichia coli, other Enterobacteriaceae and additional indicators as markers of microbiologic quality of food: advantages and limitations].

The 93/43 European Union directive assigns to the food and catering industries the main responsibility for an integrated safety and quality assurance strategy in the food chain. Relying on hazard analysis, followed by design and adoption of control of all critical points and practices ("HACCP"). Hiatus-free compliance with such HACCP-based Codes of Good Practices is to be assessed by monitoring, recording results on process performance charts and gauging such data against experimentally established, attainable and maintainable references ranges ("standards"). Marker microorganisms are a major analytical tool for validating compliance in the sense of the EU directive. They should be expertly chosen amongst microbes usually present in food so that their, whose presence in quantities exceeding predetermined levels point to a lack of microbiological integrity of a food product. This may encompass (i) the potential presence of taxonomically, physiologically and ecologically related pathogens, markers are called index organisms; or else (ii) a lack of process integrity; in this case, markers are termed indicator organisms. The classical index organism was E. coli, introduced in the 1980's to monitor drinking water supplies. It is still used as an appropriate marker to assess the bacteriological safety of raw foods. In the 1920's the coli-aerogenes ("coliform") group was adopted as an indicator to validate the adequate processing, i.e. pasteurization of dairy products. Since the 1950's the entire Enterobacteriaceae taxon is preferred for the latter purpose because it is better defined in determinative sense and includes more organisms of significance. In some food and water supplies, processed for safety, more vigorous or more resistant organisms than the Gram-negative rods are reliable supplementary markers. These include Enterococcus spp., spores of the Clostridium genus, and bacteriophages of E. coli and Bacteroides fragilis mimicking the fate of enteric viruses under particular ecological conditions. Population surveys conducted by the authors provided ranges for epsilon-factors. Those factors were defined as the proportion between colony forming units (cfu) numbers of index organisms and the pathogenic agent to whose potential occurrence they are expected to point. Epsilon factor values obtained for thermotropic Enterobacteriaceae in relation to Salmonella spp. allow the calculation of the probability that the pathogen has been reliably eliminated by the processing of initially contaminated raw materials, when cfu's of the marker organisms remain below a reference range previously fixed.

Enterobacteriaceae↗
PubMed1995

[In vitro activity of six beta-lactams against 295 strains of enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa isolated from neutropenic patients].

The in vitro activity of two new beta-lactam agents, cefpirome (CPO) and cefepime (FEP), was investigated against 295 Gram-negative bacilli (250 enterobacteriaceae and 45 P. aeruginosa) isolated from neutropenic patients. They were compared with ceftazidime (CAZ), piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP), imipenem (IPM) and cefotaxime (CTX). All enterobacteriacae were susceptible to IPM, 16 strains were intermediately susceptible or resistant to CAZ (1 strain of E. coli, 4 of Morganella morganii and 11 of Enterobacter. The 250 strains of enterobacteriacea were susceptible to FEP (MIC < 1 mg/l) and only one strain among them was intermediately susceptible to CPO. Among 45 strains of P. aeruginosa, 21 strains were susceptible to CPO, 30 to FEP, 31 to TZP, 32 to CAZ and 34 to IPM. All the strains were inhibited by less than 32 mg/l of FEP and IPM.

Cefepime↗
PubMed1995

[Comparative epidemiology of the resistance of enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to fluoroquinolones in an outpatient study].

OBJECTIVES: Since the clinical introduction of fluoroquinolones in general practice for the treatment of a wide range of infections, we have carried out an annual survey of the susceptibilities of Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from domiciliary infections to quinolones (nalidixic acid and ofloxacin) as well as to amoxycillin, co-amoxyclav and co-trimoxazole. METHODS: From 1990 to 1993, within the same three month period of the year, a total of 1750 strains were collected at three private clinical laboratories in greater Paris. The in vitro activities of antibiotics were evaluated using the standard disc-diffusion test. MICs of ofloxacin were determined for all intermediate and resistant strains. RESULTS: Resistance to quinolones remained unchanged during this four year period. Among Enterobacteriaceae, less than 3% of strains were resistant to fluoroquinolones. A regular decrease in the annual percentage of co-amoxyclav susceptible strains was noted: from 82.4% in 1990 to 68.1% in 1993 (p < 0.001). Resistance (intermediate plus resistant strains) was more frequent in patients more than 60 years old, in those who had received quinolones up to one month before specimen collection or in those who had been recently (within 3 months) hospitalised. Similar data were obtained for amoxycillin or co-amoxyclav. CONCLUSION: Our study, together with those performed by other European investigators, demonstrates that the prevalence of quinolone resistant strains in general practice remains low and stable despite high consumption of fluoroquinolones.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Utility of pyrrolidonyl-arylamidase detection for typing Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria].

Detection of pyrrolidonyl-aryl-amidase activity (PYR) is an important tool to identify gram-positive cocci, such as staphylococci, enterococci, streptococci, and other related genera. However, only few studies evaluating its usefulness with gram-negative rods have been published. Thus, a prospective study including 542 and 215 unique clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermentative gram-negative rods, respectively, was undertaken. Strains were identified by conventional methods. PYR test was performed using a commercial kit, according to the manufacturer recommendations. Positive results were uniformly obtained for the PYR test with the following species: Citrobacter spp, Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter agglomerans group, Serratia marcescens and S. odorifera. On the other hand, negative results were uniformly displayed by E. coli (including inactive E. coli), Protease group, Salmonellia spp, Shigella spp, Acinetobacter spp, Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia and Flavobacterium spp. Variable results were shown in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas (xanthomonas) malthophilia, Kluyvera cryocrescens, and Enterobacter cloacae. PYR test proved to be a reliable and simple tool to rapidly distinguish certain species belonging to Enterobacteriaceae (ie. Citrobacter freundii from Salmonella spp, and inactive E. coli from K. ozaenae). Further studies, including a wide diversity of species, are required to assess usefulness of the PYR test for the identification of non-fermentative gram-negative rods.

Aminopeptidases↗
PubMed1998

Correlation of in vitro susceptibility testing results for amoxicillin-clavulanate and ampicillin-sulbactam using a panel of beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

Correlation between in vitro susceptibility results for amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMC) and ampicillin-sulbactam (SAM) was studied using 136 clinical and control strains of Enterobacteriaceae harboring TEM-1, SHV-1 or OXA-1-like beta-lactamases. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics was performed by agar dilution. The beta-lactamases were initially characterized using isoelectric focusing. Further identification was done by DNA hybridization with or without prior PCR amplification. All strains sensitive to SAM were found to be sensitive also to AMC. In contrast, among those susceptible to AMC, only 50% were sensitive to SAM while 36% gave intermediate results and 14% were resistant. Major differences were found solely among SHV-producers while minor differences occurred mostly among TEM-producers. This phenomenon is probably related to the differential activities of clavulanate and sulbactam against various beta-lactamases. In conclusion, testing of Enterobacteriaceae isolates for susceptibility to AMC and SAM should be performed and reported individually to avoid erroneous designation of susceptibility.

Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination↗
PubMed1996

Enterobacter kobei sp. nov., a new species of the family Enterobacteriaceae resembling Enterobacter cloacae.

The name Enterobacter kobei sp. nov. is proposed for a group of organisms referred to as NIH Group 21 at the National Institute of Health, Tokyo. The members of this species are Gram-negative, motile rods conforming to the definition of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The DNA relatedness of 23 strains of NIH Group 21 to the representative proposed as the type strain of this species averaged 82% at 70 degrees C, whereas the relatedness to other species within the family Enterobacteriaceae was less than 42%. Because the phenotypic resemblance to Enterobacter cloacae is very close and the DNA relatedness (12-42%) is closer to species of the genus Enterobacter than to other species of the family, the members of NIH Group 21 were placed in the genus Enterobacter. Close phenotypic and genetic relationships were also found between NIH Group 21 and a member of a group of organisms referred to as Enteric Group 69 at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA. It is suggested that the latter could be regarded as a subspecific rank of E. kobei, though this is subject to study of further strains. The majority of strains of E. kobei were isolated from clinical specimens. A culture of the type strain (NIH 1485-79) has been deposited in the Japan Collection of Microorganisms as JCM 8580.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2005

Enterobacter radicincitans sp. nov., a plant growth promoting species of the family Enterobacteriaceae.

A plant growth promoting bacterial isolate (D5/23T) from the phyllosphere of winter wheat, able to fix atmospheric nitrogen and to produce auxines and cytokinins was investigated in a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Phylogenetic analyses using the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain clearly indicated that the strain belonged to the family Enterobacteriaceae, most closely related to Enterobacter cloacae with 99.0% and Enterobacter dissolvens with 98.5% sequence similarity. Phylogenetic analysis derived from the sequence of the rpoB gene showed the highest sequence similarities to Enterobacter cowanii (93.0%) but supported the distinct position of strain D5/23T. The isolate produced a fatty acid pattern typical for members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. On the basis of the phylogenetic analyses, DNA-DNA hybridizations, and the unique physiological and biochemical characteristics, we propose that strain D5/23T represents a new species of the genus Enterobacter for which we propose the name Enterobacter radicincitans sp. nov.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of Chromocult coliform agar for the detection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae from faecal samples from healthy subjects.

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of Chromocult agar medium for isolation and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae from human faecal samples, to compare it to MacConkey agar and to evaluate its usefulness as a possible alternative selective medium in human faecal studies. The medium was shown to be effective in identifying Escherichia coli and coliforms in faeces without the need for extensive accompanying biochemical tests for confirmation of identity. A positive correlation (r=0.86) was found between the recovery of Enterobacteriaceae on the two media, and no significant difference (P>0.05) between overall mean bacterial counts for the whole study group or at different intervals of faecal collection were observed. Chromocult agar is an effective replacement for MacConkey agar in human faecal studies and has the advantage of differentiating E. coli from other coliforms.

Agar↗
PubMed2002

High prevalence of nalidixic acid resistant, ciprofloxacin susceptible phenotype among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae.

Therapeutic failure of infections during their treatment with quinolones has been often described. This may be due to the development of resistance during treatment of an infecting strain which already had diminished susceptibility to quinolones, even though the initial MIC did not exceed the breakpoint. In this study the prevalence of the nalidixic acid resistant, ciprofloxacin susceptible phenotype among Enterobacteriaceae was analyzed. The results showed that 113 out of 151 (74.83%) strains of the Enterobacteriaceae with diminished susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MICs from 0.06 to 1 microg/ml) were resistant to nalidixic acid (MICs > 32 microg/ml). The Escherichia coli strains presenting this phenotype already have a mutation in the amino acid codon Ser-83 of the gyrA gene, so that the possibility of developing a second mechanism of resistance during treatment is very high.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1980

Factors affecting the ability of various strains of Enterobacteriaceae to induce tumour resistance in mice.

Primary infection of mice with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX (11RX) confers resistance to challenge with 10(4) LD50 doses of Ehrlich Ascites tumour (EAT). A lipopolysaccharide-free protein extract of 11RX is capable of eliciting delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions in these mice and of "recalling" tumour resistance in long-term 11RX immunised mice, which no longer exhibit any resistance to tumour challenge. In the present study, we have examined the ability of five other strains of Enterobacteriaceae to induce similar effects. Primary i.p. injection of S. chester, S. luton or S. typhimurium G30 into mice resulted in persisting infections and the induction of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) which were tumouricidal in vitro. DTH reactions could also be elicited in these animals with protein extracts of the homologous or the 11RX strain of salmonella. S. friedenan and E. coli K12, which did not persist in mice, did not elicit tumouricidal PEC and did not sensitize mice for DTH reactions. However, protein extracts from all the five strains could elicit tumouricidal PEC and DTH reactions in long-term 11RX-immunised mice (but not in normal mice). The results imply that a wide range of Enterobacteriaceae may possess antigen(s) which can be involved in tumour resistance, provided that these antigen(s) are presented in such a way that a cellular immune response develops.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Molecular epidemiology of an SHV-5 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in enterobacteriaceae isolated from infants in a neonatal intensive care unit.

Klebsiella oxytoca that produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and were resistant to ceftazidime were isolated from infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). During a 30-week period, 3 infants developed infections and an additional 60 infants were colonized with these bacteria. The molecular typing data suggested transmission of a single strain of ceftazidime-resistant K. oxytoca among 48 of the 63 infants. The ESBL of 46 of the 48 similar isolates, 14 of the remaining 15 isolates, and 6 other Enterobacteriaceae appeared to be associated with a conjugative plasmid of approximately 85 kb. The ESBL gene was cloned, and DNA sequencing confirmed that the ESBL was an SHV-5. Hybridization data suggested that the SHV-5 gene was transmitted to other Enterobacteriaceae in vivo. The spread of the ESBL was reduced through adherence to infection control practices.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1976

Interaction of Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae plasmids in Aeromonas salmonicida.

We observed that Aeromonas salmonicida ARO200 will maintain either or both the Pseudomonas R-factor, pMG1, and Enterobacteriaceae R-factors. This bacterial strain, therefore, provides a unique background wherein the host ranges of Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae plasmods overlap. Co-maintenance of these plasmids resulted in behavior of plasmid aggregates that allowed transfer of R-dterminants beyond the host range of the parent plasmid. We observed that the ARO200 genetic background facilitated the redistribution of B determinants among unrelated and conjugally noninterfertile gram-negative bacteria. Aberrant behavior resulting in the deletion of R-determinants for plasmids singly maintained in ARO200 was also observed. Plasmids studied included RP1, R702, IncP; Rs-a, IncW; R192.7, IncFII; R64-11, IncI; R390, IncN; and R6K, IncX.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1966

Normal serum cytotoxicity for P32-labeled smooth Enterobacteriaceae. I. Loss of label, death, and ultrastructural damage.

Spitznagel, John K. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), and Lawrence A. Wilson. Normal serum cytotoxicity for P(32)-labeled smooth Enterobacteriaceae. I. Loss of label, death, and ultrastructural damage. J. Bacteriol. 91:393-400. 1966.-Metabolically labeled smooth Escherichia coli lost between 10 and 90% of P(32), compared with control suspensions, when suspended for 60 min in normal serum at 37 C. Similar results were obtained with several other genera of Enterobacteriaceae. The structural nature of the cell injury in E. coli was shown by electron microscopic examination of ultrathin sections. Complex injury which included all peripheral cell structures occurred and various degrees of cytoplasmic loss resulted. Injured bacteria retained their essential shape and did not collapse, evidently because sufficient rigid cell wall remained to prevent this. The cell damage was more like that reported with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid lysozyme than that reported with growth in penicillin. Damage sufficient to cause rupture of peripheral structures was unique in that it involved only localized areas of cell wall and left large sections relatively intact. The loss of P(32) in the fresh normal serum was closely related to bacterial viability loss.

Animals↗