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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Statistical methods for analyses of incomplete clinical service records: concurrent use of longitudinal and cross-sectional data.

Statistical procedures that have become routine in other social sciences were used to analyze data from clinical service records. Despite the absence of control groups, nonrandom assignment of clients to treatment conditions, and incomplete records, effective analyses of psychotherapeutic processes were possible. Multivariate regression models, with variables that were transformed to significantly improve skewness and regression linearity, were controlled for heteroskedasticity and for end-point censoring of dependent variables. They were also used to measure the effects of a categorical variable (gender) and a scalable variable (intake distress) on a reactive outcome measure (of acute distress) and on an unreactive one (of long-term life satisfaction). Graphical methods for summarizing large data sets helped identify intake variables that could control for attrition-related sampling biases. These longitudinal covariates and corrections to adjust degrees of freedom for cases with repeated measures were then used to construct statistical models that were equivalents of pure cross-sectional designs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Digital chat reference in health science libraries: challenges in initiating a new service.

Digital reference service adds a valuable new dimension to health science reference services, but the road to implementation can present questions that require carefully considered decisions. This article incorporates suggestions from the published literature, provides tips from interviews with practicing academic health science librarians, and reports on data from students' exploration of academic health science library Web sites' digital reference services. The goal of this study is to provide guidelines to plan new services, assess user needs, and select software, and to showcase potential benefits of collaboration and proactive and user-friendly marketing. In addition, tips for successful operation and evaluation of services are discussed.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Etiology as a theoretical component of hygiene science].

Analysis of experience gained by the Russian hygienic science, actual hygienic materials, and authors' own data show that hygiene as science can be justly considered as a theoretical scientific branch engaged in fundamental problems of medical science. Moreover, etiology of professional and ecology-caused diseases is one of the most important aspects of theoretical basis of hygienic science.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Methodological considerations in children's focus groups.

Focus groups are a well-known qualitative approach to gathering data in health science research. The literature on focus groups, however, primarily discusses adults as subjects. Unfortunately, the scant reports of studies using children as participants in focus groups have not described their methods in detail. This article discusses the use of children (age 6-12) in focus groups, and highlights methodological considerations in this approach, with particular attention to the integration of developmental principles. Focus groups with children can capture their perspectives, original ideas, and insights, which are often neglected in more traditional pediatric research. Focus groups can also serve as an innovative approach to understanding children's experiences from a developmental perspective. Further, focus groups free children and investigator from the data-gathering limitations placed by literacy/reading levels that plague quantitative methods using self-report. By using relatively homogeneous groups, common cultural, emotional, and cognitive processes and responses are revealed that normally would not come to light in structured data collection. Focus groups offer a rich, interactive and developmentally effective approach to planning, content and evaluation in research with children.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Management of metabolic complications associated with antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection: recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA panel.

OBJECTIVE: Alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism, lactic acidemia, bone disorders, and abnormal body fat distribution have been recognized recently as frequent complications associated with HIV-1 infection and potent antiretroviral therapy, but limited data are available regarding the appropriate management of these disorders. These recommendations were developed to guide physicians actively involved in HIV care in the management of metabolic complications that occur primarily within the context of potent antiretroviral therapy. PARTICIPANTS: A 12-member panel representing international expertise in HIV-1 patient care, antiretroviral therapy, and endocrine and metabolic disorders was selected in the spring of 2000 by the International AIDS Society-USA, a not-for-profit physician education organization. Panel members met in closed meetings beginning in May 2000. All work was funded by the International AIDS Society-USA; the panel members are not compensated for their participation. EVIDENCE: The panel reviewed published results of clinical, epidemiologic, and basic science studies and data and abstracts presented at research conferences, primarily from 1997 to 2002. The panel also considered studies of the pathophysiology and treatment of similar metabolic abnormalities in noninfected persons. Emphasis was placed on results from prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trials when available. PROCESS: For each metabolic complication, 1 or more member(s) reviewed and presented all available evidence to the panel, and then wrote a summary of the evidence and preliminary recommendations. Final recommendations were determined by full group consensus. The summaries were combined into a single working document and all panel members edited and approved all subsequent drafts. CONCLUSIONS: Carefully controlled studies to determine the incidence, etiology, risk factors, and most appropriate treatments for metabolic complications in HIV-1 infection are urgently needed. In the absence of these data, and to prevent acute illness and mitigate long-term risks, the panel recommends routine assessment and monitoring of glucose and lipid levels and assessment and monitoring of lactic acidemia and bone abnormalities if clinical signs or symptoms are detected. With the exception of body fat distribution abnormalities, specific treatments for these complications are also recommended. Successful long-term antiretroviral therapy will require diligent monitoring and preemptive treatment of metabolic complications to optimize the risk-benefit ratio of antiretroviral therapies.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2025

CAKL: Commutative algebra k-mer learning of genomics.

Despite the availability of various sequence analysis models, comparative genomic analysis remains a challenge in genomics, genetics, and phylogenetics. Commutative algebra, a fundamental tool in algebraic geometry and number theory, has rarely been used in data and biological sciences. In this study, we introduce commutative algebra k-mer learning (CAKL) as the first-ever nonlinear algebraic framework for analyzing genomic sequences. CAKL bridges between commutative algebra, algebraic topology, combinatorics, and machine learning to establish a new mathematical paradigm for comparative genomic analysis. We evaluate its effectiveness on three tasks-genetic variant identification, phylogenetic tree analysis, and viral genome classification-typically requiring alignment-based, alignment-free, and machine-learning approaches, respectively. Across eleven datasets, CAKL outperforms five state-of-the-art sequence analysis methods, particularly in viral classification, and maintains stable predictive accuracy as dataset size increases, underscoring its scalability and robustness. This work ushers in a new era in commutative algebraic data analysis and learning.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Hydroxyurea in the treatment of HIV infection: clinical efficacy and safety concerns.

Data from basic science and clinical studies suggest that hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide)-based regimens are effective treatment options for patients with HIV at various stages of disease. In vitro studies of HIV-infected lymphocytes have shown that hydroxyurea: (i) inhibits viral DNA synthesis; (ii) synergistically interacts with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI); and (iii) increases the antiviral activity of didanosine. Clinical studies have confirmed that hydroxyurea in combination with didanosine produces potent and sustained viral suppression in patients with HIV infection. However, some concerns have been recently raised on the use of hydroxyurea in association with NRTI. Hydroxyurea can cause myelosuppression, skin toxicities, mild gastrointestinal toxicity, and abnormalities of renal and liver functions. In addition, hydroxyurea may accentuate the toxic effects of nucleoside analogues. In fact, some clinical data seem to indicate an increased risk of pancreatitis and neuropathy when hydroxyurea is combined with didanosine and stavudine. Since hydroxyurea-related toxicity is dose dependent, a systematic study of hydroxyurea optimal dosage and schedule was initiated to monitor patients for possible nucleoside toxicity. In the Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy (RIGHT) 702 study it was shown that a low, well-tolerated hydroxyurea dose (600 mg daily) achieved better antiretroviral activity than higher doses, together with better CD4+ cell count increase and fewer adverse effects. In this paper the effects of hydroxyurea as salvage therapy for heavily pretreated patients with advanced HIV disease are presented. These studies have shown that some patients with extensive pretreatment experience and advanced disease can respond substantially to the addition of hydroxyurea. The addition of hydroxyurea to didanosine does not prevent the emergence of resistance to didanosine; nonetheless, the efficacy of this therapeutic regimen may not be attenuated by the presence of didanosine-resistant HIV mutants. Since CD4 T lymphocyte activation is essential for virus replication and CD8 T lymphocyte activation may contribute to pathogenesis, the combination of hydroxyurea with other drugs may lead to the inhibition of HIV, by blocking the 'cell activation-virus production-pathogenesis' cycle. Clinical data indicate that hydroxyurea may play a role in attenuation of viral rebound and immune reconstitution by decreasing CD4 T cell proliferation, as well as preventing the exhaustion of CD8 T cell populations that may result from excessive activation during HIV infection. While the combination of hydroxyurea with didanosine has provided hope, future studies including those that evaluate optimal dosing and long-term toxicity are needed to define the role for this agent in the treatment of HIV infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Comparative genomics: digging for data.

Comparative genomics is a science in its infancy. It has been driven by a huge increase in freely available genome-sequence data, and the development of computer techniques to allow whole-genome sequence analyses. Other approaches, which use hybridization as a method for comparing the gene content of related organisms, are rising alongside these more bioinformatic methods. All these approaches have been pioneered using bacterial genomes because of their simplicity and the large number of complete genome sequences available. The aim of bacterial comparative genomics is to determine what genotypic differences are important for the expression of particular traits. The benefits of such studies will be a deeper understanding of these phenomena; the possibility of exposing novel drug targets, including those for antivirulence drugs; and the development of molecular techniques that reveal patients who are infected with virulent organisms so that health care resources can be allocated appropriately. With more and more genome sequences becoming available, the rise of comparative genomics continues apace.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2001

Technology as an aid to coping with caring: a usability evaluation of a telematics intervention.

This paper presents evaluation data for an interactive software program designed to provide family carers with information, advice and psychological support by way of feedback of their coping capacity. The multimedia program consists of an information-based package that provides carers with advice on health promotion and relaxation and offers them a range of coping strategies (for example, positive self-talk, assertiveness training and relaxation tapes and videos). The program also includes a carer's self-assessment instrument, designed to provide both family and professional carers with information to assess how family carers are coping with their care-giving role. As part of the usability evaluation, casual users (family carers, professional carers and older people) were invited to test the program and were administered a program evaluation questionnaire measuring quality and efficiency in utility and usability. Quantitative data were analysed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and qualitative data were analysed by content analysis. Findings indicated that the program is visually pleasant, easily understood, responds quickly and corresponds with user expectations. A number of recommendations are made for improvement of the navigation of the program.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Integration of bioInformatics tools at the National University of Singapore (NUS).

In the past decade "Big Science" such as the Genome Project has generated an enormous amount of data in the life sciences. Concurrently, the synergy of this project with existing research has quickened the pace of biological discovery. But the major drawback that is beginning to be felt worldwide is the primitive level of organisation in the data accumulated. Without a proper framework or knowledge scaffold to hang and interconnect the various bits of data and information, the national knowledge-to-data ratio is declining rapidly. We are trying to serve a solution to this enigma by providing a World Wide Web (WWW) interface to Biosoftware and at the same time have come up with a database integration tool that can query heterogeneous, geographically scattered and disparate databases simultaneously. In this report we will talk about BioInformatics in general with specific reference to BioInformatics Centre (BIC) at the National University of Singapore.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed1987

[Coprophagy in the germfree mouse].

Coprophagy was observed in germfree (GF) ICR mice of both sexes, and the results were compared with those of conventional mice. Frequency of coprophagy per animal per day in GF mice was 5.1 in males and 5.8 in females. In conventional (CV) mice, the frequencies were 6.2 in males and 5.3 in females (data from Zoological Science 2:249-255, 1985), with no significant differences compared with GF mice. Coprophagy in CV mice was frequently observed during 6-8 hr after lighting, whereas such close time relationships tended to weaken in GF animals. In a comparison of levels of constituents per unit weight between feces and diet, fecal crude protein and crude fat exhibited lower values than those in the diet. Levels of fecal crude ash and crude fiber were higher than those in the diet, and nitrogen-free extract was almost equal to that in the diet. No essential difference in these tendencies was found compared with CV mice. Levels of fecal vitamin B1, B2, B12 and folic acid were lower than those in the diet. In CV mice, except for vitamin B1, these vitamins exhibited either almost equal or much higher levels compared with those in the diet (data from Experimental Animals 35: 381-386, 1986). From the fact that coprophagy was observed in GF mice, it is suggested that the behavior is inherent in the mouse.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Strategies for analyzing ecological momentary assessment data.

Studies incorporating repeated observations of momentary phenomena are becoming more common in behavioral and medical science. Analysis of such data requires the use of statistical techniques that are unfamiliar to many investigators. Some common ways of analyzing momentary data are reviewed--aggregation strategies, repeated measures analysis of variance, pooled within-person regression, and two-stage estimation procedures for multilevel models--and are found to be usually suboptimal, possibly leading to incorrect inferences. A broad class of statistical models for multilevel data that can address many research questions typically asked of momentary data are then described. Analytic issues that merit careful consideration include the scaling of momentary variables, allowance for serial autocorrelation of residuals, and the treatment of coefficients that vary across individuals as fixed versus random effects.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Automatic forensic face recognition from digital images.

Digital image evidence is now widely available from criminal investigations and surveillance operations, often captured by security and surveillance CCTV. This has resulted in a growing demand from law enforcement agencies for automatic person-recognition based on image data. In forensic science, a fundamental requirement for such automatic face recognition is to evaluate the weight that can justifiably be attached to this recognition evidence in a scientific framework. This paper describes a pilot study carried out by the Forensic Science Service (UK) which explores the use of digital facial images in forensic investigation. For the purpose of the experiment a specific software package was chosen (Image Metrics Optasia). The paper does not describe the techniques used by the software to reach its decision of probabilistic matches to facial images, but accepts the output of the software as though it were a 'black box'. In this way, the paper lays a foundation for how face recognition systems can be compared in a forensic framework. The aim of the paper is to explore how reliably and under what conditions digital facial images can be presented in evidence.

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMed2005

Benchmarking patient improvement in physical therapy with data envelopment analysis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to present a case study that documents how management science techniques (in particular data envelopment analysis) can be applied to performance improvement initiatives in an inpatient physical therapy setting. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The data used in this study consist of patients referred for inpatient physical therapy following total knee replacement surgery (at a medium-sized medical facility in the Midwestern USA) during the fiscal year 2002. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was applied to determine the efficiency of treatment, as well as to identify benchmarks for potential patient improvement. Statistical trends in the benchmarking and efficiency results were subsequently analyzed using non-parametric and parametric methods. FINDINGS: Our analysis indicated that the rehabilitation process was largely effective in terms of providing consistent, quality care, as more than half of the patients in our study achieved the maximum amount of rehabilitation possible given available inputs. Among patients that did not achieve maximum results, most could obtain increases in the degree of flexion gain and reductions in the degree of knee extension. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: The study is retrospective in nature, and is not based on clinical trial or experimental data. Additionally, DEA results are inherently sensitive to sampling: adding or subtracting individuals from the sample may change the baseline against which efficiency and rehabilitation potential are measured. As such, therapists using this approach must ensure that the sample is representative of the general population, and must not contain significant measurement error. Third, individuals who choose total knee arthroplasty will incur a transient disability. However, this population does not generally fit the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health definition of disability if the surgical procedure is successful. Since the study focuses on the outcomes of physical therapy, range of motion measurements and circumferential measurements were chosen as opposed to the more global measures of functional independence such as mobility, transfers and stair climbing. Applying this technique to data on patients with different disabilities (or the same disability with other outcome variables, such as Functional Independence Measure scores) may give dissimilar results. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: This case study provides an example of how one can apply quantitative management science tools in a manner that is both tractable and intuitive to the practising therapist, who may not have an extensive background in quantitative performance improvement or statistics. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: DEA has not been applied to rehabilitation, especially in the case where managers have limited data available.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee↗
PubMed1998

The implications for academic attainment of perceived gender-appropriateness upon spatial task performance.

BACKGROUND: Male superiority in spatial ability has traditionally been used as an explanation for the male domination of 'spatial' disciplines such as mathematics, science and computing. Data are presented which show the degree of male domination of these disciplines at a range of academic levels. AIMS: To evaluate the effect of describing a spatial ability test either as a measure of spatial ability (traditional format) or as a measure of empathy, upon male and female performance. Psychological gender is also assessed to evaluate the role of masculinity and femininity upon performance. METHOD: Eighty-four sixth form students were presented with the Group Embedded Figures Test in the assessment's traditional format and as a measure of 'empathy'. Levels of masculinity and femininity were also assessed using the Bem Sex Role Inventory. RESULTS: Whilst the description of the nature of the assessment did not affect male performance, female performance' varied significantly as a function of test description. Females only underperformed when the test was described as a measure of spatial ability. Additionally, those high in masculinity were found to outperform those high in femininity. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that 'apparent' sex differences in spatial ability are more accurately described as psychological gender differences which determine the motivation to attempt the assessments. COMMENT: The implications for genderised activities (such as computing) within education are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1992

Is hypomagnesemia arrhythmogenic?

An understanding of the role of magnesium in cardiac conduction is complicated by the multiplicity of intracellular events coordinated by the magnesium ion. Several reports have cited magnesium deficiency as the cause of a variety of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. On further inspection, the circumstances of each report strongly suggest the coexistence of significant potassium depletion; isolated hypomagnesemia as a cause of arrhythmia is not reported. This discussion brings together new data from basic science with that of clinical research to refute the suggestion that isolated hypomagnesemia is arrhythmogenic. However, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that hypomagnesemia will significantly exacerbate the proarrhythmic effect of hypokalemia, particularly if occurring in the presence of digoxin toxicity. Potassium and magnesium depletion are commonly concomitant, and simultaneous repletion of both ions in the presence of hypokalemia-induced arrhythmia would be both logical and effective. The beneficial effects of intravenous magnesium in the acute control of ventricular tachyarrhythmia are concluded to occur as a result of a separate antiarrhythmic action, quite independent of underlying magnesium balance.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMed2005

Capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry: survey on developments and applications 2003-2004.

The major developments and applications related to CE-MS over the last two years (2003-2004) and most of the reviews and applications found in the ISI Web of Science and publisher data bases are presented in a tabulated way. This article complements our previous review "Capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry: 15 years of developments and applications", Electrophoresis, 2003, 24, 3837-3867 for the last two years 2003-2004. All cited articles were analyzed in a way to illustrate (i) in which journals CE-MS-related papers were mostly found over the last decades and (ii) which commercial CE-, MS-instrumentations or CE-MS combinations were mostly used in the European, Asian, and American continent. Additionally, like it was done in our last review, the reader will rapidly find applications classified as forensics, environment, bioanalytics, pharmaceutics, and metabolites.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management of the mandible in oral cancer.

Modern head and neck surgery has focused on patient rehabilitation and restoration of form and function in the treatment of oral cancers. An important aspect of that process has been the conservation of the mandible in tumor ablation and the reconstruction of the mandible if segmental resection is indicated. This article outlines the science and clinical data behind rim mandibulectomy and the mandibular osteotomy and "swing" to gain access to tumors of the posterior tongues and pharynx. Additionally, the various methods of reconstruction of the mandible in use today as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each are addressed.

Algorithms↗