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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Characteristics of psychiatric patients who engage in assaultive or other fear-inducing behaviors.

The hospital records of 1687 psychiatric patients were rated for the presence of assaultive or other fear-inducing behaviors associated with the reasons for their hospital admissions. Data analyses indicated that significant associations existed between these behaviors and sex, race/ethnicity, diagnosis, previous admissions, referral source for hospitalization, legal status at admission, and legal status at discharge. No associations were found for age, education, marital status, employment status, number of days hospitalized during the index hospitalization, and referral at discharge. A comparison of these results with the results of studies by other investigators led to the conclusion that clinical variables appear to have a more consistent relation to violent behavior than demographic variables. Future research examining for the correlates of violent behavior in psychiatric patients may be more productive by focusing on the type and degree of patients' psychopathologies rather than on patients' demographic characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Elements of treatment for suicidal preadolescents.

This paper outlines basic elements used in treatment of suicidal preadolescents, namely, having current knowledge of suicidal behavior, understanding a therapist's reactions to a suicidal child, intervening to decrease risk factors, developing a network of people who are involved with a child, and establishing follow-up contacts.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2005

Predicting violence among forensic-correctional populations: the past 2 decades of advancements and future endeavors.

Research on violence prediction during the past 2 decades has evolved appreciably in terms of depicting determinants of violence and developing psychometrically sound actuarial measures to predict the probability of future violent behavior. This article provides a brief synopsis of information on predicting violence gained in the past 2 decades, the methodological advances evolved, and finally significant gaps in violence prediction that still exist for future research endeavors.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Drinking and thinking: how does personal drinking affect judgments of prevalence and risk?

In two separate university samples, the effects of individual drinking habits on perceived riskiness and estimated prevalence of drinking practices were studied. In both populations, self-reported drinking behavior was inversely related to perceived riskiness of heavy drinking and drunk driving, but inconsistently related to prevalence estimates for these behaviors. Abstainers also overestimated the commonness of heavy drinking and drunk driving much more than did drinkers who similarly did not engage in these behaviors. These findings are interpreted as consistent with self-serving motivational biases in information processing. Relative to men, women in both populations provided higher estimates of prevalence and riskiness.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A case of Cotard's syndrome associated with self-starvation.

Cotard's syndrome is a psychotic condition often associated with nihilistic delusions. This syndrome can be associated with destructive behaviors directed at the self and/or others. In this report we highlight the psychiatric-legal issues involving a case of Cotard's syndrome associated with self-starvation.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1992

Substance abuse and criminal behavior.

As forensic psychiatry develops as a clinical subspecialty, clinical skill in understanding, treating, and predicting violent behavior will become more important. This article addresses the importance of understanding the relationship between substance abuse and violent behavior. This article also discusses morbidity and mortality in substance abuse, the demographics of substance abuse and criminality, and the clinical aspects of the forensic psychiatric evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Stalking behavior in delusional jealousy.

Stalking behavior has been associated with several mental disorders, both psychotic and non-psychotic. The most frequently associated condition appears to be an individual with primitive personality psychopathology regardless of co-occurring psychotic symptomatology. Among the psychotic symptoms, erotomanic, and jealousy delusions may be the most clinically and torensically relevant. However, delusional jealousy has not been well appreciated in the psychiatric literature as an important contributor to stalking behavior. In this article, we explore the psychiatric, psychosocial, and forensic aspects of stalking in the context of delusional jealousy. We use a case example to highlight important issues in this area.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Traffic safety education: panacea, prophylactic or placebo?

Education is one of the strategies available to reduce traffic crashes and the resultant personal injury. It is seen by many as the major strategy for achieving lasting change. However, there is considerable debate as to the effectiveness of traffic safety education programs to date and, in an era when public expenditure is strongly influenced by the results of cost-benefit analyses, the more fundamental traffic safety education programs are under increasing challenge. The literature on effectiveness is indeed confusing. All too often, programs have commenced from a position of blind faith and have been implemented unsystematically, without specific objectives, targets, or evaluative milestones. The problem is compounded by the considerable methodological difficulties which confront the evaluators of long-term programs of behavior change. If traffic safety education is to survive as a viable countermeasure, program planning and execution must become far more scientific and evaluation must become an integral component. There is also an arguable case for the funds for the longer-term behavior change programs to come from the more general public health arena than from the narrower traffic safety field, while the short-term, specific educational programs should compete directly for funds with alternative traffic safety measures available for the given problem.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1985

Malignant Post-Vietnam Stress Syndrome.

A particularly severe form of Post-Vietnam Stress Syndrome is described. Its most distinctive clinical characteristic is the mutually escalating interaction among four psychological and social features: explosive, violent behavior; social ostracism and isolation; extreme self-loathing; and the exceptionally vivid and persistent reexperiencing of psychological war trauma. Recognition of these features, and consideration of their diagnostic significance and etiologic background, are essential in meeting the clinical challenge posed by these veterans.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Retained risk-taking behaviors among past alcohol dependent trauma patients.

Alcohol dependence has been associated with behavioral risk factors and risk-taking tendencies. We investigated whether past alcohol dependent trauma center patients (n=42) retain the characteristics of current alcohol dependent patients (n=67) or whether they resemble patients without history of alcohol dependence (n=262). We found that past alcohol dependence patients retain some of the risk-taking tendencies (impulsivity and sensation seeking) and risk-taking behaviors (drinking and driving, riding with a drunk driver, binge drinking, speeding for the thrill) common to current alcohol dependent patients and they remain at a higher injury risk than the non alcohol dependent population.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2006

Is an armed society a polite society? Guns and road rage.

BACKGROUND: While concerns about road rage have grown over the past decade, states have made it easier for motorists to carry firearms in their vehicles. Are motorists with guns in the car more or less likely to engage in hostile and aggressive behavior? METHODS: Data come from a 2004 national random digit dial survey of over 2,400 licensed drivers. Respondents were asked whether, in the past year, they (1) made obscene or rude gestures at another motorist, (2) aggressively followed another vehicle too closely, and (3) were victims of such hostile behaviors. RESULTS: Seventeen percent admitted making obscene or rude gestures, and 9% had aggressively followed too closely. Forty-six percent reported victimization by each of these behaviors in the past year. Males, young adults, binge drinkers, those who do not believe most people can be trusted, those ever arrested for a non-traffic violation, and motorists who had been in a vehicle in which there was a gun were more likely to engage in such forms of road rage. CONCLUSION: Similar to a survey of Arizona motorists, in our survey, riding with a firearm in the vehicle was a marker for aggressive and dangerous driver behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Opinions of normal citizens on asocial behavior--various aspects, its dimensions and stability].

At an interval of six weeks 177 so-called normal citizens were questioned in respect to their opinions on antisociality. They described as antisocial primarily those persons or behaviors, which are detrimental towards others. Criminal behavior was qualified by them as extremely antisocial. Lack of education or false education were given as major causes of antisocial behavior. In part, the opinions given on specific aspects of antisociality show a systematic relationship. The intensity of this systematism disincreased, however, between the first and the second survey. Likewise, there was a significant change of the average level of specific opinions within this interval.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Research-based guidelines for warning design and evaluation.

During the past two decades, the body of empirical research on warning design and evaluation has grown. Consequently, there are now basic principles and guidelines addressing warning design (e.g., signal words, color, symbols, and text/content), placement (e.g., location within product instructions), and how to enhance the usability of designs by considering factors internal to the user (e.g., beliefs, perceptions of risk, stress). Similarly, evaluation methods have been developed that can be used to measure the effectiveness of warnings such as the degree to which warnings are communicated to recipients and the degree to which they encourage or influence behavioral compliance. An overview of the empirical literature on warning guidelines and evaluation approaches is provided. Researchers, practitioners, and manufacturers can use these guidelines in various contexts to reduce the likelihood that injury and product damage from exposure to a hazard will occur.

Dangerous Behavior↗
PubMed2003

The Life Attitudes Schedule-Short Form: psychometric properties and correlates of adolescent suicide proneness.

The goals of the present study were to describe the psychometric properties of the Life Attitudes Schedule-Short Form (LAS-SF) in adolescents and provide criterion and construct validity data, including bivariate and multivariate associations with related risk behaviors. Anonymous questionnaires containing the LAS-SF and related measures were administered to 1,742 high school students in three states. Psychometric properties for LAS-SF items and total score were very good, and the LAS-SF was correlated with almost all of the examined risk behaviors, illustrating the broad range of problems measured by the instrument. LAS-SF total scores were associated with past suicide attempt, even after controlling for the impact of current depression. Clinical and research uses for the LAS-SF are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

HIV infection in state hospitals: case reports and long-term management strategies.

Issues facing state psychiatric hospitals as a result of the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are illustrated by five cases. These issues include use of universal precautions to prevent transmission of HIV, medical diagnosis and management of HIV-infected patients, management of threatening behavior by infected patients, management of patients' sexual behavior, and discharge planning. The authors suggest that institutions will be required to ensure that sexual behavior between patients does not occur or to offer patients condoms or other means to protect themselves from infection. They recommend upgrading the medical capabilities of state hospitals so that they can competently provide long-term combined medical and psychiatric care to HIV-infected patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Hospital communication threats and intervention.

1. Threats are indirect acts of criminal behavior designed to weaken or injure individuals, institutions, or property. 2. All threats should be analyzed and investigated quickly and with high priority. 3. An interdisciplinary hospital team should conduct periodic reviews of threats received, threat management, and case outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

An integrative neuroscience model of "significance" processing.

The Gordon [37-40] framework of Integrative Neuroscience is used to develop a continuum model for understanding the central role of motivationally-determined "significance" in organizing human information processing. Significance is defined as the property which gives a stimulus relevance to our core motivation to minimize danger and maximize pleasure. Within this framework, the areas of cognition and emotion, theories of motivational arousal and orienting, and the current understanding of neural systems are brought together. The basis of integration is a temporal continuum in which significance processing extends from the most rapid millisecond time scale of automatic, nonconscious mechanisms to the time scale of seconds, in which memory is shaped, to the controlled and conscious mechanisms unfolding over minutes. Over this continuum, significant stimuli are associated with a spectrum of defensive (or consumptive) behaviors through to volitional regulatory behaviors for danger (versus pleasure) and associated brainstem, limbic, medial forebrain bundle and prefrontal circuits, all of which reflect a balance of excitatory (predominant at rapid time scales) to inhibitory mechanisms. Across the lifespan, the negative and positive outcomes of significance processing, coupled with constitutional and genetic factors, will contribute to plasticity, shaping individual adaptations and maladaptions in the balance of excitatory-inhibitory mechanisms.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Risky eating behaviors in student population in Mexico City: trends 1997-2003].

OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this study was to identify the trends of risky eating behaviors among student population in Mexico City in the period 1997-2003 and its relationship with sex age and family head educational level. METHODS: Data from the 1997 (N = 9,755), 2000 (N = 3,286) and 2003 (N = 3,062) Drug and Alcohol Prevalence in Student Population of Mexico City Survey's were analyzed. These are representative data of students of junior high, high school and technical schools in Mexico City, with a mean age of 14.5 years (SD = 1.9). Eating behaviors were assessed with a brief questionnaire developed following DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Risky eating behaviors and the number of risk indicators were compared by sex, age and family head educational level. RESULTS: The results showed an overall increase in the percentage of males (from 1.3% in 1997 to 3.8% in 2003), and females (3.4% in 1997 to 9.6% in 2003) who showed 3 or more risky eating behaviors. The analysis by age groups showed an increase in all but 16-17 year old males, and in all females, being 12-13 year old males and 18-19 year old females the most affected. Regarding the type of risk indicators in both sexes and across all age groups, an increase in preoccupation towards gaining weight and the use of purging and restrictive methods to loose weight was observed. Body weight overestimation decreased in males, while in females showed an increase along with binges in the 2000 survey but showed a decrease after that (2003 survey). The relationship between the family head educational level and risky eating behaviors did not show a regular pattern among males, while a positive relationship between both variables was found among females. CONCLUSIONS: A first overall view of the situation of risky eating behaviors among adolescent students in Mexico City and the changes observed in the period studied. An increase of these behaviors was observed along the period of study, being younger males and older females the most affected, as well as women whose family head showed higher educational level.

Adolescent↗