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PubMed1979

Effect of a forced diuresis on the distribution and excretion (via urine and bile) of 195mplatinum when given as 195mplatinum cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II).

195mPlatinum cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (195mPt cis-DDP) was injected iv with furosemide or mannitol into male Sprague-Dawley rats. The effect of such a diuresis on the distribution, excretion, and retention of cis-DDP was measured. The mannitol-treated animals had a significant increase in the urinary excretion of 196mPt over control animals for the first five 15-minute collection times and for the 24-hour cumulative urine for the 0.01-mg/kg dose. At the 6-mg/kg dose, only the first three 15-minute and 24-hour cumulative urine collections were significant. This increased excretion, however, did not affect tissue or blood concentrations of this agent. Furosemide did not affect the excretion of 195mPt. A biliary excretion of 195mPt given as 195mPt cis-DDP is documented. The excretion is biphasic, with a rapid phase followed by a slower protracted phase. Forced diuresis, if it affords renal protection, does so during the first 90 minutes of urinary excretion.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clonidine inhibits diuresis caused by negative pressure breathing and left atrial distension: role of central adrenergic alpha 2 receptors.

1. Intravenous (10 micrograms/kg) or intracisternal (1 microgram/kg) clonidine inhibited the diuretic response elicited by negative pressure breathing (NPB) or left atrial distension (LAD) in chloralose anaesthetized dogs. The drug reduced the induced tachycardia, but not the increase in respiratory rate elicited by NPB. Blood pressure was unchanged. 2. Propranolol (1 mg/kg IV) did not change NPB-induced diuresis. 3. Intravenous yohimbine (1 mg/kg IV) restored these two diuresis inhibited by intravenous or intracisternal clonidine, whereas prazosin (0.05 mg/kg IV) was without effect. 4. These results show that the adrenergic receptor implicated in the volumetric control of vasopressin secretion could be of the alpha 2 subtype. This alpha 2 adrenoceptor could be localized at a central level. 5. The possible clinical consequences (hydrosaline retention and antihypertensive drugs; use of clonidine in aerospace medicine) of these data are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The effects of two combinations of a beta-blocker and a diuretic on diuresis in normal subjects.

Combinations of a beta-blocker and a diuretic often produce a greater fall in blood pressure than does either drug alone. Furthermore, beta-blockers prevent an increase in plasma renin activity, thereby attenuating diuretic-induced potassium excretion and also the reduction in hypotensive response to the diuretic. This study was designed to compare the effects of the two fixed-dose combinations atenolol 100 mg plus chlorthalidone 25 mg (Tenoretic; ICI) and sotalol 320 mg plus hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg (Sotazide; B-M) on the pattern of diuresis and the biochemical composition of the urine in normal subjects. These preparations differ mainly in that the plasma half-lives of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide are 60 hours and 6 hours respectively; the former therefore accumulates when given once daily while the latter does not. These two preparations were found to have similar effects on the pattern of diuresis and the biochemical values. It is therefore concluded that the relationship between the serum chlorthalidone level and the fall in serum potassium level is in keeping with the flat dose-response curves for the thiazide and phthalimide diuretics.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Severe lithium intoxication treated by forced diuresis.

In a woman who had been in coma for 4 days because of severe lithium intoxication forced diuresis led to full recovery. Forced diuresis is simpler than hemodialysis and may be as effective in some patients with severe lithium intoxication.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Flow and composition of renal hilar lymph during volume expansion and saline diuresis.

Volume expansion of 5-10% body weight in dogs was achieved by infusion of 0.9%, 1.2% or 0.4% saline. The average diuretic response for each group was 9.9 +/- 2.1, 5.5 +/- 0.6 and 3.3 +/- 0.9 (mean +/- S.E.) ml/hr/kg respectively. Flow from single hilar lymphatics increased by an average of 150%, there being no significant difference between the groups. A significant (p less than 0.02) positive correlation was found between the increase in hilar lymph flow and thoracic duct lymph flow. No correlation was found between hilar lymph flow and the extent of the diuresis. Control hilar lymph contained higher concentrations of Na+ (L/P = 1.05) and C1- (L/P = 1.12) (p less than 0.001) and lower concentrations of glucose (L/P = 0.86) (P LESS than 0.001) than did simultaneous plasma. The electrolyte lymph-to-plasma differences were maintained despite increases or decreases in plasma concentrations. The results indicate that changes in hilar lymph flow are related to volume expansion rather than to the diuresis, and that the processes responsible for lymph-to-plasma compositional differences are relatively unaffected by changes in plasma levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Influence of acute diuresis on calcium balance--a comparative study of furosemide and azosemide.

The influence of acute diuresis on calcium balance induced by furosemide (FM) and azosemide (AM) was observed and compared in the human body. The treatment resulted in significant diuresis (FM: 2488 +/- 163 ml; AM: 2930 +/- 109 ml for 6 hours) and calciuresis (FM: 132.0 +/- 15.2 mg; AM: 181.0 +/- 16.6 mg for 6 hours). In spite of the urinary calcium loss, the serum calcium concentrations were elevated by both drugs. The elevation was also found even when the correction to serum protein concentrations was performed, and the magnitude of this change was less by AM than by FM. Plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were slightly elevated by AM only at 6 hours, but they remained unchanged by FM. This mild elevation of PTH could not be explained sufficiently by the concentration changes of serum calcium as noted above, and might be caused by factors other than serum calcium. The alkaline phosphatase concentrations corrected by means of serum protein concentrations were unchanged in both drugs, and it was suggested that the calciuresis may not extend to bone calcium remodeling at least in such a short-term experiment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of chorionic gonadotropin on water diuresis and electrolyte excretion in rats].

Experiments on male rats were made to study the effect of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) on water diuresis and electrolyte excretion. CG was injected parenterally in a dose of 200 U/100 g bw for 1, 10 and 20 days. The volume of diuresis during the first hour decreased because of a rise in water reabsorption. It was demonstrated that CG was capable of raising membrane permeability of the frog urinary bladder. Sodium excretion fell proportionally to the duration of CG injections. The blood aldosterone dropped after a single CG injection and ascended 20 days after injection. Potassium, calcium and magnesium excretion decreased after CG injections. It is suggested that CG may play an important part in the retention of mineral substances during pregnancy while its excess may be involved in the genesis of late toxemia of pregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of methyldopa and bromocriptine on negative pressure breathing-induced diuresis.

The effects of methyldopa, a central alpha 2-agonist, and bromocriptine, a dopaminergic drug, on negative pressure breathing-induced diuresis were studied in the dog. Methyldopa (20 mg/kg i.v. during 20 min) or bromocriptine (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) suppressed the diuretic reflex without changing blood pressure. Since negative pressure breathing-induced diuresis is mainly due to an inhibition of vasopressin secretion, it is suggested that central alpha 2-adrenoceptors and dopaminergic receptors play an inhibitory role in mediating vasopressin release to non osmotic stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Water diuresis during methohexitone anaesthesia. Studies in chronically instrumented dogs (author's transl)].

Seven chronically prepared dogs (electromagnetic flow transducers around the pulmonary and left renal artery, left atrial catheter) maintained on a controlled sodium and water intake were studied. About 20 h after the last intake of food and water, the effects of i.v. methohexitone (initial dose: 6.10 +/- 0.84 mg/kg bw; sustaining infusion: 0.34 +/- 0.10 mg/min.kg bw) on renal excretion of sodium, potassium, urea and water as well as on several haemodynamic values were investigated over a period of 60 min (MP) after a control period (CP) of 60 min in the unanaesthetized state. In 18 of 19 experiments water diuresis (U/Posm less than 1) was observed between 20 and 40 min after starting the administration of methohexitone. Urine volume increased from 44 +/- 21 microliter/min.kg bw (CP) to 104 +/- 62 microliter/min.kg bw (MP).I.v. administration of arginine-vasopressin (ADH) completely abolished water diuresis. During MP, there was a decrease in cardiac output (-11%), stroke volume (-36%) and left atrial pressure (-27%), heart rate increased (+ 43%). Mean arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow did not change. It is assumed-as plasma osmolality did not change-that the central release of antidiuretic hormone is suppressed by methohexitone.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1983

[The effects of Levissima oligomineral water on diuresis and water exchange].

Research on healthy and diseased subjects and laboratory animals have shown that Levissima oligomineral water: a) has no unpleasant or harmful subjective and/or objective side-effects even when taken at high doses for long periods. b) Encourages diuresis. Comparison with saline solution of the same osmolality showed: 1) mean increase in diuresis: 16%; 2) more rapid elimination of water; 3) significant increase in free water clearance; 4) no change in the stock of electrolytes during protracted administration. c) Influences purine exchange: 1) by increasing uric acid clearance (same comparison); 2) by reducing the hyperuricaemising effect of a rapid i.v. fructose load; 3) by opposing hyperuricaemia due to depression of mechanisms responsible for the increase of uric acid owing to enhancement of serum lactic acid after the administration of alcohol. d) Results in a characteristic change in certain coagulation parameters when compared with saline solution and tap water. It is suggested that this method be used to recognise the persistence over time of the biological activities of bottled mineral waters.

Blood Coagulation↗
PubMed1982

[Diuresis as an index of the circulatory status during open-heart operations].

An intra-operative investigation of 24 patients showed glomerular filtration (GF) to be closely related to the state of systemic circulation. In cardiosurgical patients, GF is fairly accurate indicator of renal flow and microcirculation of the kidney. Without extracorporeal circulation (EC), decreased GF was associated with the presence of conditions resulting in reduced cardiac output, in spite of satisfactory arterial and central venous blood pressure values, and during EC, it was accompanied by hypotension even in the presence of high volumetric perfusion rate. An anesthesia retaining a fairly stable minute volume of heart does not result in any noticeable GF decrease. There is correlation between diuresis and CF at any stage of the operation, weak as it may be due to variations in water reabsorption. A sharp reduction in water reabsorption occurs during and after EC, with polyuria developing even in the presence of low CF and gross circulatory disorders. Therefore, in operations under EC, high rates of diuresis do not reflect the state of circulation. General assessment of the circulatory status and water reabsorption changes should be considered as well.

Diuresis↗
PubMed1981

Effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on clonidine-induced diuresis in rats.

Clonidine is a centrally acting antihypertensive drug that also has marked renal effects. The role of renal prostaglandins in clonidine-induced diuresis was examined in anesthetized and conscious rats. Twelve surgically prepared rats were pretreated with either of two inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, indomethacin or meclofenamate (2 mg/kg), while thirteen rats served as controls. Clonidine (200 micrograms/kg/hr, i. v.) increased urine flow tenfold in both pretreated and nonpretreated controls whereas blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate were reduced by clonidine. Fractional excretions of sodium, potassium, total solute and water were enhanced similarly in these two groups of anesthetized rats. Experiments were also conducted in ten conscious rats pretreated with vehicle, indomethacin (2.0 and 7.5 mg/kg), or meclofenamate (2 mg/kg) prior to clonidine infusion. Marked diuresis occurred whether these rats were pretreated with vehicle or one of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID). Thus, NSAID did not prevent the renal excretory response to clonidine in either anesthetized or conscious rats, suggesting that enhanced prostaglandin synthesis is not an essential component of the diuretic action of this drug in rats.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1981

Hemodilution, vasopressin suppression, and diuresis during water immersion in man.

We hypothesize that hemodilution in the early stages of water immersion plays an important role in vasopressin (AVP) suppression and subsequent diuresis. Ten men (19-24 years) were immersed to the neck in a semireclining position for 8 h in 34.6 degree C tap water. After 8 h of immersion there were decreases (p less than 0.05) in plasma volume (PV) of 15.6%, extracellular volume (ECV) of 18.8%, interstitial volume (ISV) of 19.6%, and red cell volume of 10.7%. Hemodilution (hyposmotem years) were immersed to the neck in a semireclining position for 8 h in 34.6 degree C tap water. After 8 h of immersion there were decreases (p less than 0.05) in plasma volume (PV) of 15.6%, extracellular volume (ECV) of 18.8%, interstitial volume (ISV) of 19.6%, and red cell volume of 10.7%. Hemodilution (hyposmotem years) were immersed to the neck in a semireclining position for 8 h in 34.6 degree C tap water. After 8 h of immersion there were decreases (p less than 0.05) in plasma volume (PV) of 15.6%, extracellular volume (ECV) of 18.8%, interstitial volume (ISV) of 19.6%, and red cell volume of 10.7%. Hemodilution (hyposmotem of 4 mosmol/kg H2O) and near maximal suppression of AVP (to 0.5 pg/ml) and plasma renin activity (to 0.4 ng Ang 1 .ml-1.h-1) were evident by hour 2 of immersion. The early hemodilution (2-2 h) was due to a slight increase in PV with no change in plasma Na+ or osmotic content, even though urine volume and UosmV increased significantly. The hyposmotemia and PRA suppression continued throughout immersion in spite of the progressively increasing diuresis and decreasing PV. These findings suggest the transfer of hypotonic fluid into the vascular system; this fluid does not appear to come from the intracellular volume. We conclude that hyposmotemia is an important part of the mechanism contributing to AVP suppression during water immersion.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of clonidine on diuresis and water intake in normal and Brattleboro rats. (author's transl)].

1. The effects of clonidine on water balance were compared in normal (N.) and diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro D.I.) conscious rats. Animals were housed in individual cages and feed food and water ad libitum. The dose of clonidine was 100 microgram . kg-1 by subcutaneous route during consecutive 9 days. A control period of 12 days without drug treatment (only saline as a sham injection) separated the different period treatments. Under these experimental conditions the values of diuresis, water and food intakes, blood pressure were measured every morning before clonidine-treatment. 2. In normal rats, clonidine induced a diuretic and dipsogenic action (fig. 1). In contrast, the drug elicited an antidipsogenic and antidiuretic response in D.I. rats (fig 2). 3. In another series of experiments, the short term responses to clonidine treatment were studied in the two groups of animals. During the two first hours of treatment, clonidine elicited a rapid and marked reduction in water intake in the two groups of animals (table I). In normal rats, the drug also elicited an increase in urine flow. In contrast, in D.I. (Brattleboro) rats, an antidiuretic effect was observed during the first 30 minutes after clonidine- injection but not during the following 30 minutes periods (fig 3). 4. Clonidine increased both the natriuretic and kaliuretic excretion in normal rats, but failed to modify these values in D.I. rats (fig 4). 5. Clonidine decreased blood pressure in the two groups of animals (table II) but failed to modify the values of food intake (table III). 6. These results suggest that clonidine-induced diuresis is related to inhibition of vasopressin (ADH) secretion. Since the early observation of water balance revealed a clonidine antidipsogenic-induced effect in the two groups of animals, it is suggested that vasopressin was not involved in the clonidine induced water intake and that the daily antidiuretic response in Brattleboro (D.I.) rats was only related to the antidipsogenic property of clonidine.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, plasmapheresis and forced diuresis for the treatment of quinine overdose.

Peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, plasma exchange and forced diuresis have been reported to accelerate removal of quinine following quinine poisoning. All these modalities were used simultaneously to treat a 19 year old youth who had become blind as a result of an overdose of quinine tablets. The serum quinine level was measured at 10.5 microgram/ml 13 hours after quinine ingestion. Forced diuresis accounted for the removal of 557 mg of quinine in the first 5 hours and a total of 1625 mg over 75 hours., A 6 hour hemodialysis recovered 30 mg of quinine while peritoneal dialysis removed an average of 1.6 mg/hr over the first 48 hours. Plasmapheresis over 3 hours exchanged 2 liters of plasma containing a total of 8.5 mg of quinine. Some vision returned 19 hours after quinine ingestion but did not become normal until 5 1/2 months later. We conclude that, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and plasma exchange made only a minor contribution to quinine elimination by comparison with renal excretion of quinine.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of nephrotoxicosis associated with a four-hour saline solution diuresis protocol for the administration of cisplatin to dogs with naturally developing neoplasms.

We evaluated the development of nephrotoxicosis in 64 dogs with malignant neoplasia given cisplatin during 4-hour saline solution diuresis. Cisplatin (70 mg/m2 of body surface area, IV, q 21 d) was given to 8 dogs once, 22 dogs twice, 9 dogs 3 times, and 25 dogs 4 times. For each treatment, cisplatin was given over a 20-minute period after saline (0.9% NaCl) solution was administered IV for 3 hours at a rate of 25 ml/kg/h. After cisplatin infusion, saline solution diuresis was continued at the same rate for 1 hour. Before each treatment with cisplatin, the dogs were evaluated by conducting a physical examination, CBC; and analysis of serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations, and in most cases, serum phosphorus concentration and urine specific gravity were determined. Exogenous creatinine clearance also was evaluated in 8 dogs prior to 1 (n = 8), 2 (n = 8), 3 (n = 6), and 4 (n = 4) treatments. Five (7.8%) of 64 dogs developed clinically evident renal disease after two (n = 3) and three (n = 2) doses of cisplatin. Two of the 5 dogs had preexisting diseases of the urinary tract prior to the start of treatment. Survival time in dogs that developed renal disease (median, 114 days; range, 26 to 273 days) was similar to that of all dogs in this study (median, 145 days; range, 5 to 586 days), with 30 dogs still alive at the conclusion of the study. Three of the 5 dogs that developed renal disease were alive at the conclusion of the study, 1 died of tumor-related causes, and another died as a direct result of nephrotoxicosis. There was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in median neutrophil counts and a significant (P < 0.05) increase in median creatinine concentrations prior to the third and fourth treatments, compared with pretreatment values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Chronic effects of nitric oxide and prostaglandin inhibition on pressure diuresis and natriuresis in rats.

The long-term interaction between nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PGs) in the pressure diuresis and natriuresis response has been studied. Experiments were performed in rats with chronic (8 weeks) inhibition of NO (NG-nitro L-arginine methyl Ester, L-NAME, 40 mg/kg/day) with or without simultaneous PGs synthesis blockade (indomethacin, 1 mg/kg/day). A time control group with no treatment was studied in parallel. At the end of this period, the animals were anesthetized and renal hemodynamics and excretion were studied at three levels of renal perfusion pressure (RPP; 100, 125 and 150 mm Hg). Renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, diuresis and natriuresis were lower at the three RPP levels in both L-NAME-treated groups than in the control or indomethacin-treated animals. Simultaneous administration of indomethacin plus L-NAME did not further modify the hemodynamic or excretory responses observed in the L-NAME-treated animals. These results show that chronic NO inhibition impairs the renal excretory response to changes in renal perfusion pressure, and simultaneous NO and prostaglandin synthesis inhibition does not reduce those responses further. It is concluded that, on a long-term basis, a preserved NO production, but not prostaglandin production, is critical for a normal pressure diuretic and natriuretic mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Effects of potassium chloride and triamterene on kaliuresis, natriuresis and diuresis in congestive heart failure].

KCl and triamterene were given to 52 patients (27 males and 25 females with CHF) aged 21-82 years. Large-dose KCl (6 g daily) apparently stimulate kaliuresis, natriuresis and diuresis. As a rule, this is associated with a rise or a fall of plasma potassium concentrations. In the latter case potassium elimination runs more actively and may involve both introduced and body's potassium. As low and moderate doses of KCl (1-4 g daily) showed neither natriuretic nor diuretic effects while enhanced kaliuresis occurred in half of the patients only, did not lower potassium concentrations in plasma they are preferable. Daily treatment with triamterene is characterized by inhibition of its K-retaining action on administration day 2-3. Within first 2 days of triamterene discontinuation all the retained K eliminates from the body. Diuretics-induced metabolic alkalosis decreased intensification of natriuresis and diuresis resultant from large-dose KCl treatment.

Adult↗