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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

The effect of intensified diet counseling on the diet of hypertensive subjects in primary health care: a 2-year open randomized controlled trial of lifestyle intervention against hypertension in eastern Finland.

BACKGROUND: Diet is an essential part of the nonpharmacological management of hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate in a primary health care setting the effect of intensified diet counseling on the diet of hypertensive subjects. METHODS: A total of 715 free-living subjects, ages 25-74 years, with systolic blood pressure 140-179 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure 90-109 mm Hg and/or drug treatment for hypertension participated in an open randomized trial with a 2-year follow-up at health centers in eastern Finland. The intervention group (n = 360) was advised to reduce their total fat, saturated fat, and salt intake and to increase monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat intake as well as to reduce weight and to use alcohol in moderation if at all. The usual care group (n = 355) continued with their usual primary health care. The subjects filled out a 4-day food record, and 24-h urine samples were collected at baseline and at 1- and 2-year examinations. RESULTS: The 2-year net changes (change in intervention minus change occurring in usual care group) in total fat intake [-2.7 E% (95% CI -4.0, -1.6; P < 0.0005)], in saturated fatty acid intake [-1.7 E% (95% CI -2.3, -1.1; P < 0.0005)], and in body weight [-1.4 kg (95% CI -2.0, -0.8; P < 0.0005)] were significant. Furthermore, the 2-year net change in daily sodium intake was significant, -9 mmol (95% CI -17, -2; P = 0.021), but the 24-h urinary sodium excretion showed no difference between the study groups. CONCLUSION: The intensified diet counseling in primary health care resulted in dietary changes interpreted as being of benefit in the long-term treatment of hypertension and prevention of atherosclerotic vascular diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The influence of milk diet, grain diet, and method of dosing on lead toxicity in young calves.

Twenty 2- to 3-week-old calves were fed a milk diet or a mixture of grain and hay. After acclimatization, all calves were dosed po with lead acetate for 7 days, either in solution via a nursing bottle or in a gelatin capsule. At the end of the treatment period, 6 of 10 calves fed milk were either dead or showed multiple signs of Pb poisoning. All calves fed grain and hay appeared normal. Tissue Pb was significantly higher in calves on a milk diet (p less than 0.05) compared to tissue from calves on a grain and hay diet. No significant differences wee found when dosing methods wee compared. These data clearly show that diet but not dosing methods greatly influenced the absorption and tissue distribution of Pb in calves. delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity in blood dropped to approximately 20% of pre-Pb exposure concentrations within 24 hr after the initial dose of Pb and remained at this concentration despite continued Pb administration. Blood Pb concentrations indicate that, in this model, the Pb enters the blood rapidly and retention is prolonged. The calf model warrants further studies on absorption and metabolism.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Effects on coronary artery disease of lipid-lowering diet, or diet plus cholestyramine, in the St Thomas' Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS)

To assess the effect of dietary reduction of plasma cholesterol concentrations on coronary atherosclerosis, we set up a randomised, controlled, end-point-blinded trial based on quantitative image analysis of coronary angiograms in patients with angina or past myocardial infarction. Another intervention group received diet and cholestyramine, to determine the effect of a greater reduction in circulating cholesterol concentrations. 90 men with coronary heart disease (CHD), who had a mean (SD) plasma cholesterol of 7.23 (0.77) mmol/l were randomised to receive usual care (U, controls), dietary intervention (D), or diet plus cholestyramine (DC), with angiography at baseline and at 39 (SD 3.5) months. Mean plasma cholesterol during the trial period was 6.93 (U), 6.17 (D), and 5.56 (DC) mmol/l. The proportion of patients who showed overall progression of coronary narrowing was significantly reduced by both interventions (U 46%, D 15%, DC 12%), whereas the proportion who showed an increase in luminal diameter rose significantly (U 4%, D 38%, DC 33%). The mean absolute width of the coronary segments (MAWS) studied decreased by 0.201 mm in controls, increased by 0.003 mm in group D, and increased by 0.103 mm in group DC (p less than 0.05), with improvement also seen in the minimum width of segments, percentage diameter stenosis, and edge-irregularity index in intervention groups. The change in MAWS was independently and significantly correlated with LDL cholesterol concentration and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio during the trial period. Both interventions significantly reduced the frequency of total cardiovascular events. Dietary change alone retarded overall progression and increased overall regression of coronary artery disease, and diet plus cholestyramine was additionally associated with a net increase in coronary lumen diameter. These findings support the use of a lipid-lowering diet, and if necessary of appropriate drug treatment, in men with CHD who have even mildly raised serum cholesterol concentrations.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed2006

Immune-enhancing diet and cytokine expression during chronic sepsis: an immune-enhancing diet containing L-arginine, fish oil, and RNA fragments promotes intestinal cytokine expression during chronic sepsis in rats.

Chronic feeding with enteral immune-enhancing diets (IEDs) provides benefits based on composition of the diet, route of feeding, and timing of feeding in relation to timing of trauma or surgery. Our prior studies of acute feeding in naïve rats demonstrated that IED promotes blood flow and proinflammatory cytokines in the ileum. We hypothesized that chronic feeding with IED would shift gut immune status to an anti-inflammatory state during chronic sepsis, resulting in an altered state of cytokine expression in the gut. Five days prior to feeding, gauze was implanted subcutaneously in the backs of male Sprague-Dawley rats, which were fed for 3 days with either control diet (CD, Boost; Mead-Johnson, Evansville, IL) or IED (Impact; Novartis) and randomly assigned to one of four groups: saline control (NS) + control diet (CD), sepsis (EC) + CD, NS + IED, or EC + IED. EC rats were inoculated with 10(9) CFU Escherichia coli and 10(9) CFU Bacteroides fragilis in 2 ml normal saline into the back sponge while NS rats received 2 mL normal saline alone. After 3 days, animals were anesthetized and gut tissue samples were harvested and frozen at -80 degrees C. Tissue protein was extracted and ELISA was performed for interleukin (IL-1beta, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interferon (IFN)-gamma. In saline controls, IED feeding decreased IL-1beta, IL-5, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma and increased IL-10 compared with CD-fed animals. In septic animals, IED feeding increased IL-5 and IL-6, while decreasing IFN-gamma and IL-10 in the distal third of the small intestine compared with CD-fed septic rats, whereas IL-1beta and TNF-alpha levels were unchanged. Chronic IED feeding produced a anti-inflammatory state via decreased IFN-gamma and increased IL-5 and IL-6, which both promote gut IgA class switching, suggesting that the gut is shifted toward humoral immunity during chronic IED feeding in septic rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Genotype and diet effects in lean and obese Zucker rats fed either safflower or coconut oil diets.

Previously we reported that suckling lean heterozygous (FA/fa) Zucker rats had a number of adipose tissue measurements intermediate between those of homozygous lean (FA/FA) and obese (fa/fa) rats. However, in young adult male rats maintained on a low-fat diet, these differences were no longer apparent (i.e., values for the two lean genotypes were similar). In the present study we determined whether the heterozygous effect of the "fa" gene was dependent on the consumption of a high-fat diet. Mother rats were fed high-fat diets containing either safflower (SOD) or coconut (COD) oil throughout mating and lactation. Homozygous lean male and female rats were bred, as well as obese male and lean heterozygous female rats. Suckling rats were studied at 17 days of age. Additional male rats were maintained on the same diet as their mothers until 11-12 weeks of age. Obese suckling rats had higher body weights than lean pups. Inguinal fat pad weights and pad-to-body weight ratios followed the pattern of obese greater than lean (FA/fa) pups that were greater than lean (FA/FA) pups. A similar relationship was found for adipose tissue lipogenic enzyme activities. At 11-12 weeks of age, measurements followed the general pattern of obese rats having greater values than lean rats (i.e., FA/fa = FA/FA). SOD-fa/fa rats had higher hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities than COD-fa/fa rats. In addition, SOD rats had higher fat cell numbers than COD rats. These results suggest that specific fatty acids can alter adipocyte proliferation and/or differentiation in vivo. In addition, there appears to be a defect of fatty acid regulation in livers of genetically obese rats. The heterozygous effect of the "fa" gene in suckling Zucker rats was confirmed. However, high-fat feeding did not result in a heterozygous effect in young adult lean male rats. We will next evaluate the role of sex on this effect.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1981

Behaviour of digestive enzymes in the pancreatic juice and pancreas of rats fed on a low-protein diet (3 p. 100 of cereal protein) then on a balanced diet (23.5 p. 100 of mixed protein).

The aim of this study in the rat was to determine the effect of a low-protein diet (3 p. 100 cereal protein) and balanced refeeding (23.5 p. 100 mixed protein) on the activity of some pancreatic digestive enzymes and the amount of their secretion. Parallel studies were carried out on the pancreas and its exocrine secretion. 1) With a low-protein diet (21 days), there was a decrease in the amounts of bile and pancreatic juice secreted. During balanced refeeding (18 days), the amount of bile secreted returned to normal and, although that of the juice increased, it was less than the amount secreted by the reference lot. 2) Body and pancreatic weights decreased slightly with the low-protein diet. The protein content and mitotic ability of the pancreas declined. However, during balanced refeeding, the ponderal weight of the pancreas returned to normal more rapidly than that of the overall organism. Pancreatic protein content and mitotic ability also augmented. 3) The low-protein diet produced an overall decrease in enzyme activity in the pancreas and in the juice. However, in the absence of any dietary stimulation, these activities were not affected proportionally in the same way as the pancreas and its exocrine secretion. Nevertheless, no disturbance in the digestion and absorption of the ration was observed. 4) During balanced refeeding, enzyme activities increased to different levels in the juice and the pancreas but after 18 days total enzyme activity had not been entirely recovered. 5) Enzyme activity varied widely, especially during the first 48 hrs of malnutrition and the first 36 hrs of refeeding.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Diet selection in sheep: the role of the rumen environment in the selection of a diet from two feeds that differ in their energy density.

The effect of the energy density (ED) of feeds offered as a choice on the diet selection of sheep, and the relationship between the rumen environment and the diet selected from feeds of different ED were investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment two feeds, L and H, and their mixture M (3:1 w/w) were formulated. All feeds had similar calculated metabolizable protein:metabolizable energy (ME) ratios, but differed in ED (7.4, 8.1 and 10.1 MJ ME/kg fresh feed for L, M and H respectively). The feeds were offered ad lib. either singly or in paired choices (L/M, L/H and M/H; n6 per treatment) to growing sheep. Although the rate of live-weight (Lwt) gain on feed H was higher than on feeds L or M, and the daily rate of feed intake lower, the sheep on feed choices did not consume only feed H. Instead they selected a mixture of both feeds offered, such that the total amount of H consumed per kg fresh feed was similar on choices L/H and M/H. The rate of Lwt gain of sheep on choices L/H and M/H was not different from that achieved on feed H alone. In the second experiment the choice L/H was offered to fistulated sheep (10 months of age, mean Lwt 57.5 kg) in an 8 x 8 Latin square, with 7 d periods. Treatments were infusions into the rumen (total volume 1 litre) over 4 h on days 1-4 of each period of acid (HCl; Acid 1, 400; Acid 2, 300 and Acid 3, 200 mmol/l), alkali (NaOH; Alk 1, 316; Alk 2, 212 and Alk 3, 109 mmol/l) and control (NaCl; Con 1, 315 and Con 2, 209 mmol/l). Infusate osmolalities (mOs/kg) were 795 (Acid 1), 585 (Acid 2, Alk 1 and Con 1), 390 (Acid 3, Alk 2 and Con 2) and 200 (Alk 3). Infusion treatment significantly affected the diet selection of the sheep (P < 0.05) according to the osmolality of infusate, but not according to rumen pH. During infusions intake of feed H tended to decline with increasing treatment osmolality, whereas intake of L remained constant. The effects on diet selection and feed intake were of a short duration with no carry-over effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

A histomorphometric comparison of bone in young growing rats fed an elemental diet versus a chemically defined polymeric diet.

This study was designed to examine whether a synthetic elemental diet, which could be adapted for total parenteral nutrition, is capable of promoting bone growth comparable to a commercially available liquid polymeric diet. The orally fed young rat was chosen as a model of rapid bone growth. Sixteen male, Wag/Rij rats weighing 120 +/- 3 g were divided into two groups of eight rats each. One group was fed an elemental diet formulated to approximate the nutritional requirements of the rat as recommended by the National Research Council. The comparison group received a liquid polymeric diet. After 14 days there were no significant differences between groups in femur and tibia weights, cortical and medullary area, periosteal and endosteal label area, growth plate width, percent cancellous bone, bone apposition rates and osteoblasts and osteoclasts per millimeter. Both groups maintained a positive calcium and nitrogen balance. These data indicate that bone growth, structure and remodeling comparable to that seen in a polymeric-fed comparison group can be achieved in young rats when fed an oral dextrose/amino acid-based elemental solution for 2 weeks.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Colonic hyperproliferation induced in rats and mice by nutritional-stress diets containing four components of a human Western-style diet (series 2).

In a previous study colonic hyperplasia and hyperproliferation were induced in mice and rats by a nutritional-stress diet, based on the AIN-76A semisynthetic diet modified to contain four suggested high-risk components of the human Western-style diet: increased fat and phosphate and decreased calcium and vitamin D contents. In this study the effect of raising calcium alone to near the median level (0.22 mg/kcal) and to a high level (1.3 mg/kcal), comparable to adult human dietary intake, was tested in mice and rats while retaining the three other high-risk components. With median calcium intake the nutritional-stress diet induced hyperproliferation of epithelial cells in colonic crypts, with increased numbers of proliferating cells in crypt columns in sigmoid colon of mice (P less than 0.001) and rats (P = 0.02) and in the ascending colon of mice (P = 0.01). With high calcium intake, hyperproliferation was reduced almost to control amounts in the presence of unchanged fat, phosphate, and vitamin D.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of a low-fat, ad libitum complex-carbohydrate diet with a low-energy diet in moderately obese women.

This study compared the effect of a low-fat, ad libitum, complex-carbohydrate (LFAL) diet with a low-energy (LE) diet on weight loss over 6 mo in moderately obese women. Weight loss was 4.4 kg in the LFAL (n = 47) and 3.8 kg in the LE (n = 42) participants. The difference was not statistically significant. The LFAL participants decreased percent energy from fat by 13%, increased percent energy from carbohydrate by 11.4%, and reduced energy intake by 1654 kJ. The corresponding values in the LE group were 3.8%, 3.5%, and 1991 kJ, respectively. Changes in fat and carbohydrate energy were significantly different by treatment (P < 0.0001). Palatability, satiety, and quality of life (QOL) improved in the LFAL group but diminished in the LE group. Palatability and QOL changes were significantly different by treatment (P < 0.029 and P < 0.048, respectively). It is concluded that an LFAL diet can result in substantial weight loss and is associated with improved palatability and QOL compared with an LE diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Preparation for barium enema: comparison of a commercial formula diet and low-residue, clear-liquid diets in inpatients.

The barium enema examination is the most frequently done initial diagnostic evaluation for disease of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Adequate preparation of the colon is essential because inadequate preparation necessitates repetition, with patient discomfort, decreased caloric intake, and increased cost. A formula diet (Ensure) has been reported as superior to the usual low-residue, clear-liquid diet for bowel preparation. We evaluated the feasibility of using this formula diet in a general medical inpatient population. We found no significant difference in the quality of preparation (72% and 76% optimal or adequate preparation, respectively) for our inpatient population. The formula diet has several theoretical advantages, including a greater number of calories, lower cost, and better patient acceptance.

Barium Sulfate↗
PubMed1975

Effect of a low protein diet and isoenergetic amounts of a high protein diet in the weanling rat on the free amino acids of the brain.

Giving weanling rats a low protein diet for 56 days retarded the growth of the brain, whereas giving isoenergic amounts of a high protein diet did not. The low protein diet resulted in higher concentrations of aspartic acid, glycine, alanine and histidine in the plasma and of glycine and histidine in the brain. The concentration of methionine was unchanged in the plasma, but raised in the brain. Isoenergetic amounts of the high protein diet did not change the concentration of plasma amino acids, but resulted in some changes in brain amino acids. On rehabilitation the plasma and brain amino acids of the low protein animals returned to normal.

Alanine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients with a high-protein diet enriched with arginine, fiber, and antioxidants compared with a standard high-protein diet. The effect on nosocomial infections and outcome.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a high-protein formula enriched with arginine, fiber, and antioxidants compared with a standard high-protein formula in early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients. METHODS: For this study, 220 patients were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter, single-blind, randomized trial in 15 Spanish intensive care units (ICUs). The primary end-points were the incidence density rates of nosocomial infections, ICU and hospital length of stay, ICU and in-hospital mortality, and mortality at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: The patients in the control and study groups had similar baseline characteristics. The study group had a lower incidence of catheter-related sepsis (0.4 episodes/1000 ICU days) than the control group (5.5 episodes/1000 ICU days), with a relative risk (RR) of 0.07 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01 to 0.54, p < .001). There were no differences in the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical infection, bacteremia, or urinary tract infections between the 2 groups. ICU mortality (16% in the study group versus 21% in the control group; RR 1.5, CI 95% 0.7 to 2.9) and in-hospital mortality (21% in the study group versus 30% in the control group; RR 1.6, CI 95% 0.9 to 3) were similar without differences in survival at 6-month follow-up (75% in the study group versus 68% in the control group, p = .15). Patients in the study group who were treated for 2 or more days showed a strong trend for better survival at 6-month follow-up (76% in the study group versus 67% in the control group, p = .06). Medical patients treated with the study diet had better survival than medical patients in the control group (76% in the study group versus 59% in the control group, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Critically ill patients fed a high-protein diet enriched with arginine, fiber, and antioxidants had a significantly lower catheter-related sepsis rate than patients fed a standard high-protein diet. There were no differences in mortality or ICU and hospital length of stay. The subgroup of patients fed the study diet for >2 days showed a trend toward decreased mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Performance of feedlot steers fed diets containing laidlomycin propionate or monensin plus tylosin, and effects of laidlomycin propionate concentration on intake patterns and ruminal fermentation in beef steers during adaptation to a high-concentrate diet.

Two hundred eighty-eight beef steers (British x Continental x Brahman) were fed a 90% concentrate diet containing either no ionophore (control), laidlomycin propionate at either 6 or 12 mg/kg of dietary DM, or monensin plus tylosin (31 and 12 mg/kg of DM, respectively). Neither of the two levels of laidlomycin propionate nor monensin plus tylosin affected (P greater than .10) ADG or feed:gain ratio. Monensin plus tylosin reduced (P less than .01) daily DMI for the 161-d trial period compared with the other three treatments. Laidlomycin propionate at 6 mg/kg increased (P less than .05) DMI relative to the control, laidlomycin propionate at 12 mg/kg, and monensin plus tylosin diets during the 2nd wk of the trial and from d 57 to 84. Treatments did not affect carcass measurements. In a second experiment, 12 ruminally cannulated steers were fed diets containing no ionophore or laidlomycin propionate at either 6 or 12 mg/kg of DM. Samples were obtained for two consecutive days while the dietary concentrate level was 75%, after which the diet was switched abruptly to 90% concentrate, and samples were collected on several days during a 21-d period. The rate at which steers consumed their daily allotment of feed was not altered markedly by laidlomycin propionate. Likewise, laidlomycin propionate did not affect total ruminal VFA concentrations or proportions. Ruminal concentrations of D-lactate were reduced (P less than .10) by 6 but not by 12 mg/kg of laidlomycin propionate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ammonia↗
PubMed1988

Nickel dermatitis and diet: clinical improvement and a reduction in blood and urine nickel levels with a low-nickel diet.

A 27-year-old nickel-sensitive female who had had continuous spontaneous flare-ups of eczema, including at sites of previous metal contact, experienced a clearing of her eruption after commencing a low-nickel diet. When on the diet, whole-blood and urinary nickel levels fell to half or less of pre-diet values and this coincided with the clinical improvement. Low-nickel diets should be considered for patients who are highly nickel sensitive.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Diet among patients with celiac disease. Do patients comply with a gluten-free diet?].

We studied dietary compliance retrospectively among 28 coeliac patients, 18 adults (15-68 years) and 10 children (1-14 years) by means of a self-administered frequency questionnaire. 50% of the participants ate foods that were not guaranteed to be gluten-free. Four adult patients (22%) with certainty did not keep to a strictly gluten-free diet. Lack of dietary compliance was not detected among children. The patients had received information on diet shortly after the disease had been diagnosed during the period 1964-81. The most frequent source of information about gluten-free diet was the physician, but information from the Norwegian Coeliac Association and from clinical nutritionists was rated as more useful. 24 patients reported experiencing social and practical problems related to the gluten-free diet.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Inpatient-outpatient randomized comparison of Cambridge diet versus milk diet in 17 obese women over 24 weeks.

Twenty-two obese women were recruited for a prospective cross-over trial of the effects of either the Cambridge Diet (CD) or 1200 ml milk with iron and vitamin supplements (milk) during a three-week inpatient study, then 20 weeks as outpatients, then a final week as inpatients. Five dropped out, leaving eight who took initially milk and then CD and nine who took CD and then milk. Within each diet group five women had their jaws wired together during the outpatient phase. The four groups (CD/milk, with/without jaw wiring) were initially well matched for age, height, weight and resting metabolic rate (RMR). There was no significant difference (by unpaired t test) between the groups during the initial inpatient phase in rate of weight loss, or N loss/kg weight loss, but patients on CD during days 13-22 had a greater daily N loss than those on milk (2.08 vs 0.28 g N/day, P = 0.02). When the change in weight loss, N loss and N/kg weight loss on changing diet within a patient group was compared by paired t test the patients changing from milk to CD showed no significant change, but patients changing from CD to milk showed a reduced rate of weight loss (0.36-0.23 kg/day; P = 0.012), a reduced N loss (2.02-0.28 g N/day; P = 0.0013) and reduced loss of N/kg (6.26 to 1.02 g N/kg; P = 0.025). During the outpatient phase weight loss was not significantly related to the diet, but patients with jaws wired lost more weight than those without jaw wiring (0.151 vs 0.077 kg/day; P = 0.04).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Adaptation of rats, after weaning, to a diet with a high concentration of lactose. I. Evaluation of water and diet ingestion].

Twelve female Wistar rats, weaned at 21 days, were allocated in two groups: Lactose Group composed by six rats receiving a normal laboratory diet added with 25 g of lactose for each 100 g of final mixture, and the Saccharose Group that was fed with the same diet but with the lactose being replaced by saccharose in the same proportion; both groups were studied for 28 days. The rats were weighed at the beginning of the experiment and on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days; the relative ingestion of water and diet was evaluated for each animal on the same days except for the first. During the observation period weight gain was significantly lower on the Lactose Group compared to the Saccharose Group, although this difference became less evident towards the end of the experiment. In the Lactose Group the diet ingestion was higher on the 21st and 28th days opposed to the water ingestion which was higher on the 7th and 14th days. The results here presented suggest that, in spite of the ontogenic fall of intestinal lactase in rats, these animals can, even after weaning, accommodate to high doses of dietary lactose, by using adaptative pathways which deserve further investigation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗