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PubMed1995

Local and systemic effects of water-soluble contrast media and barium in rats with chronic small bowel obstruction.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The local effects on the small intestine and systemic changes produced by different contrast media in small bowel obstruction, with time courses of 4 days, were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four groups, each with 10 normal rats and another four groups (also each with 10 rats) that had ligation of the terminal ileum (obstructed rats) for 4 days were given 3 mL of barium, meglumine sodium diatrizoate, iohexol, or saline (control animals). Radiographs were taken immediately, 1 and 4 hours after administration of contrast media. Immediately before sacrifice, blood samples were taken to determine the hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), and serum sodium, and potassium and chloride concentrations. Specimens of small bowel were taken for histologic and morphometric analysis. RESULTS: In obstructed rats, the image quality with iohexol improved on final radiographs despite being diluted in the great intestinal contents. There was an improvement in the serum electrolyte concentrations in the obstructed animals that were given any one of the contrast media, the best improvement being in the iohexol groups. A shortening of the length of epithelial cells when any one of the contrast media was administered was observed, as was an increase in the lymphatic space area in the diatrizoate group in normal rats. In the bowel proximal to the obstruction, the lymphatic space area was increased in the diatrizoate group and the size of the epithelial cells was higher in the diatrizoate and iohexol groups compared to the barium and saline groups. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that iohexol offers good radiologic efficacy and excellent systemic and local tolerance in small bowel obstruction.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Gadopentetate dimeglumine and iodinated contrast media. Hemodynamic side effects after bolus injections in pigs.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The use of bolus injections of contrast media containing gadolinium for magnetic resonance imaging and their potential use as x-ray absorbents require the evaluation of possible cardiovascular side effects. The hemodynamic reactions of high doses (0.6 mmol/ kg) of gadopentetate dimeglumine (gadolinium [Gd]-DTPA, Magnevist) were evaluated and compared with the side effects of ionic (diatrizoate: Urografin 76%) and nonionic (iopamidol, Solutrast 370) radiographic contrast media. METHODS: In 18 pigs, pressure and flow of the systemic and pulmonary circulation were monitored after intracardiac bolus injections (2-4 seconds) of dose volumes of 1.2 mL/kg of each contrast agent. RESULTS: All contrast media decreased the aortic pressure transiently (Gd-DTPA and diatrizoate: -25%, iopamidol: -10%; P < 0.01). Pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac output, and stroke volume increased for several minutes. The vascular resistance declined. Diatrizoate induced stronger and longer-lasting side effects (P < 0.01) than Gd-DTPA and iopamidol. CONCLUSIONS: Despite of similar osmolality, Gd-DTPA induced weaker side effects than equivolumetric applications of diatrizoate. Other than osmolality, other factors such as viscosity and chemotoxicity influence the side effects of contrast media.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The cardiovascular effects of metrizamide in infants.

A prospective study was performed in 30 children under 3 years of age to compare the cardiovascular effects of a nonionic contrast material of low osmolality, metrizamide, with those of a conventional ionic contrast material, meglumine sodium diatrizoate. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, left ventricular peak systolic pressure, heart rate, echocardiographically obtained end-diastolic and end-systolic dimension, and blood chemistries were obtained before and after angiography. Neither contrast material changed serum sodium, potassium, or creatinine levels. However, serum osmolality rose significantly following injection of diatrizoate, but not metrizamide. Both end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions increased after diatrizoate injection. However, end-diastolic dimension was unchanged and end-systolic dimension fell after metrizamide infusion. Both contrast materials raised left ventricular peak systolic pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure after injection; the magnitude of these pressure changes was the same for both agents. Heart rate increased with diatrizoate to a significantly greater degree than with metrizamide. There was no difference in the quality of radiographic opacification. It is concluded that although the effects on intracardiac pressures are similar for both contrast materials, metrizamide may be advantageous in the critically ill infant because it causes a smaller increase in osmolality, fewer changes in cardiac dimensions, and a reduced heart rate challenge.

Angiocardiography↗
PubMed1990

[Tissue distribution of red blood cells treated with X-ray contrast media in rats].

Tissue distribution of red blood cells (RBC) that were treated with X-ray contrast media was investigated in rats. The contrast medium mixed with an equivolume of 51Cr-labelled RBC was administered to the internal carotid artery in a dose of 200 microliters/rat; and the radioactivity in the brain, lung and spleen were determined. The contrast medium mixed with an equivolume of blood was administered to the right atrium in a dose of 4 ml/kg, and the hemoglobin content in the lung and changes in pulmonary and circulatory functions were determined. In the ionic contrast medium (meglumine diatrizoate)-treated group, the radioactivity in the brain remained 30 to 50 times higher compared with the nonionic contrast medium (iopamidol)- and saline-treated group until 15 min after infusion. The radioactivity in the spleen increased and the radioactivity and hemoglobin content in the lung decreased time-dependently in the diatrizoate-treated group, whereas iopamidol- and saline-treated groups exhibited constantly low values during the experimental period. Changes in the airway pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, systemic blood pressure and heart rate were similar after intra-atrial administration of diatrizoate mixed with blood and diatrizoate mixed with saline. These results suggest that the ionic contrast medium affects the RBC and causes a microcirculatory disturbance in the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The influence on thyroid function of two iodine-containing radiological contrast media.

The aim of this study was to establish the effects of two iodine-containing radiological contrast media (ioxaglate and diatrizoate) on plasma iodide, thyroid hormones and TSH in a group of 20 subjects (8 females, 12 males). The following were evaluated two, eight and 30 days after administration of the drugs: plasma iodide, T4, T3, rT3, FT41, TSH before and after TRH (250 micrograms IV). 131I uptake was measured before the media were given and 30 days afterwards. The results were compared at the different times during the investigation using Wilcoxon's signed ranking test for non-parametric variables. Plasma iodide was found to be above the normal range two to eight days after ioxaglate and two to eight and 30 days after diatrizoate. After ioxaglate, rT3 was increased at eight days and T3 at 30 days. 131I uptake remained low after the 30th day. After diatrizoate, T4 was decreased on the second day and FT41 was low, on the eighth and 30th day. All figures represent statistically significant but nevertheless minor variations of the initial value of each parameter. In conclusion, although ioxaglate and diatrizoate lead to variations in plasma thyroid hormone levels, they are of little importance.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Relationship between the diuretic effect of radiocontrast media and their ability to increase renal vascular resistance.

The relationship between diuresis and natriuresis induced by radiocontrast media (RCM) and their renal haemodynamic effects were investigated. The effects of the iso-osmolar iotrolan and the hyperosmolar diatrizoate on the renal vascular resistance (RVR) were studied in the filtering and non-filtering variants of the isolated perfused rat kidney (IPRK) preparation. In the non-filtering model, no tubular regulatory process can be activated. The effect of diatrizoate on the RVR of the filtering IPRK in the presence of fursemide (0.3 mmol l-1) an inhibitor of the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) was also investigated. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the response of the filtering (n = 6) and non-filtering (n = 6) IPRK to iotrolan. The induced reduction in the renal perfusate flow (RPF) by iotrolan was 20.5 +/- 3.05% and 22.9 +/- 3.03%, respectively. The reduction in the RPF which was observed with diatrizoate in the non-filtering IPRK (n = 5, 17.5 +/- 3.04%) was significantly less (p < 0.05) in comparison to that of the filtering IPRK (n = 6, 26.9 +/- 4.28%). In the frusemide experiments, a reduction in the RPF comparable to that of the non-filtering kidney was observed (n = 5, 13.7 +/- 4.34%). This study demonstrates that the renal vascular effect of diatrizoate is partially dependent on the TGF response. No tubular regulatory mechanism was accountable for the haemodynamic effect of iotrolan. The activation of the tubular response is osmolarity dependent.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The effect of radiographic contrast media on human vascular smooth muscle cells.

The relation between intravascular radiographic contrast media (RCM) and myointimal hyperplasia after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is not known. We have investigated the cytotoxic effects of RCM on human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and their effect on the growth of these cells. The cytotoxic effects of RCM were studied using human VSMCs. The cells after being grown to confluency were exposed for 60 min to 250 mgI ml-1 of diatrizoate, ioxaglate, iopromide, iotrolan and saturated mannitol solutions. The control group was treated with only 15% fetal calf serum (FCS) containing medium. The viability of the cells was examined using the trypan blue exclusion test. The effect of RCM on growth was assessed by exposing the VSMCs after growth arrest, for either 15 or 60 min to 250 mgI ml-1 of diatrozoate, ioxaglate, iopromide, iotrolan and saturated mannitol solution. There was no significant change in the viability of the VSMCs after 60 min exposure to iopromide, iotrolan, saturated mannitol solution, and after 15 min exposure to diatrizoate or ioxaglate. After exposure to diatrizoate or ioxaglate for 60 min, 16.5 +/- 2.2% or 9.2 +/- 2.6% dead cells were found, respectively (p < 0.05 versus control). In the growth assay of VSMCs, diatrizoate, ioxaglate and saturated mannitol solutions reduced the growth rate (p < 0.05 versus control). No significant change was observed with iopromide and iotrolan. In conclusion, ionic RCM have cytotoxic and cytostatic effects on VSMCs while non-ionic media have no effects. There is no direct stimulatory effect of contrast media on the growth of VSMCs. The cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of contrast media seems to be both osmolality and chemotoxicity dependent. Low osmolar non-ionic RCM are not likely to contribute to the mechanisms responsible for myointimal hyperplasia after angioplasty.

Cell Death↗
PubMed1998

Ventilatory effects of radiographic contrast media.

Respiratory adverse reactions have been reported with the use of contrast media. This study investigates the effects of different radiographic contrast media (RCM) on ventilation and blood gases. Tidal volume and respiratory rate of male Wistar rats anaesthetised with Inactin (100 mg kg-1 intraperitoneally), were measured continuously by integration of tracheal airflow. Contrast media (diatrizoate 370, ioxaglate 320 and iopromide 300) or mannitol controls matched for volume, pH and osmolarity (4 ml kg-1) were administered via a jugular cannula (n > or = 6 per group). Carotid artery blood was sampled at 2, 7, 12, 17, 25 and 30 min post-injection for PaO2, PaCO2 and pH. Systemic blood pressure was monitored from the same cannula. No significant reduction was observed in minute ventilation (tidal volume x respiratory rate per minute) with any of the contrast media. All contrast media and control solutions produced a fall in PaO2 within 4 min; returning to basal levels at 10 min (diatrizoate 35.6% (p < 0.05), ioxaglate 15.2% (p < 0.02), iopromide 16.2% (p < 0.01); controls: 17.3% (p < 0.01), 13.5% (p < 0.02) and 12.0% (NS), respectively). The fall in PaO2 induced by diatrizoate was significantly (p < 0.05) larger in comparison to the other groups. Ioxaglate, iopromide and their mannitol controls induced a comparable fall in PaO2. There was a concurrent rise in PaCO2 and fall in pH that reached significance for diatrizoate (p < 0.01). The changes in blood gases with RCM administration cannot be explained by changes in ventilation and may be due to an effect on pulmonary perfusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effects of ionic and nonionic contrast media on cardiohemodynamics and quality of radiographic image during canine angiography.

Cardiovascular responses and radiographic image quality during cerebral angiography, aortofemoral angiography and left ventriculography with nonionic ioxilan, iohexol or iopamidol were compared with those of ionic sodium meglumine diatrizoate in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. Injection of all contrast media caused cardiovascular changes to a greater or lesser degree, e.g., hypotension, bradycardia, tachycardia, a decrease in left ventricular pressure (LVP) and its first derivative (dP/dt), and prolongation of the P-Q and Q-T intervals. Ionic diatrizoate had a greater effect on cardiovascular parameters than nonionic contrast media during angiography in all areas. Moreover, diatrizoate produced cardiac arrhythmias and prominent changes in blood rheology concerned with blood viscosity and deformability of the erythrocyte. The cause of various effects of contrast media seemed to lie mainly in osmolality, viscosity and partially ionic additives. The radiographic image quality of all of the contrast media used was similar, but nonionic ioxilan and iohexol with lower iodine content and low osmolality gave better radio opacity than ionic diatrizoate in cerebral angiography. These results suggested that nonionic contrast media should be recommended as a diagnostic tool for both animals and human patients in poor health.

Angiography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electrolyte disturbances caused by intravenous contrast media.

The changes in serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, and total calcium) produced by high-dose (3 ml/kg) intravenous contrast media were investigated in Japanese white rabbits. The test solutions included sodium/meglumine diatrizoate (370 mgI/ml), sodium/meglumine ioxaglate (320 mgI/ml), iohexol (350 mgI/ml), iopamidol (370 mgI/ml), 20% mannitol, and isotonic saline. The alterations in serum ionized calcium were relatively small and transient, and correlated with changes in the hematocrit. Diatrizoate caused a significant decrease in ionized calcium in comparison with other contrast media and mannitol. The ratio of ionized calcium to total calcium showed no significant decrease in any group. The changes in potassium did not correlate with those in hematocrit. Diatrizoate caused a smaller decrease in potassium than low-osmolality contrast media, which may suggest that diatrizoate caused a shift in potassium from extravascular space to intravascular space. In conclusion, intravenous infusion of high doses of low-osmolality contrast media did not cause clinically significant alterations in serum electrolytes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetics of three contrast media in experimental pancreatography.

Diatrizoate, iohexol and ioxaglate were compared in experimental pancreatography in piglets. Outflow of contrast medium (CM) through the pancreatic papilla was permitted (n = 14) or impaired (n = 17) during examination. The CM concentrations were measured in portal and systemic plasma and in lymph to study the absorption of CM. Absorption of diatrizoate and iohexol was similar in both types of experiment, but radiographically, diatrizoate escaped significantly earlier from the pancreatic duct when outflow was permitted (p less than 0.01), suggesting that the CM was absorbed mainly during injection. Ioxaglate concentrations rose more slowly in systemic plasma and lymph, and fell more slowly in the portal plasma than those of diatrizoate and iohexol, which suggests that ioxaglate was absorbed over a longer period. When outflow was impaired, ioxaglate concentrations remained on a lower level, indicating less penetration in the pancreatic parenchyma. CM absorption varied markedly within each group, suggesting that variations in intraductal pressure and flow are more important in absorption than the type of CM used.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Comparison of high and low osmolar roentgen contrast media in quantitative coronary angiography].

In 48 patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography changes of mean diameters of angiographically "normal" coronary segments after intracoronary injections of diatrizoate 76% or iopromide 370 performed in different intervals, were analyzed with a computer-assisted contour detection system (CAAS). Four study protocols were applied, differing in respect to the type of contrast medium administered and/or to the timing of the reference- and control-angiograms in the course of diagnostic coronary angiography. Coronary angiograms in identical projections were performed before (= reference) and directly after (1. control = C1) diagnostic angiography of the left coronary artery by injection of either diatrizoate 76% (group 1, 10 patients) or iopromide 370 (group II, 11 patients). Additional coronary angiograms were performed 1, 3, 6, and 10 min after C1. During diagnostic angiography in either group about eight dye injections were performed in about seven min. With diatrizoate 76% a significant coronary dilation averaging 18.9 +/- 6.7% (p less than 0.001) was observed at C1, depending on the number of diagnostic dye injections performed per min (mean 1.2 +/- 0.3) and on the interval between the last diagnostic injection and C1 (mean 73 +/- 35 s). Coronary dilation persisted up to the sixth minute (6.2 +/- 4.6%, p less than 0.01). With iopromide 370 a small but significant coronary dilation was observed merely at C1 (5.8 +/- 4.3%, p less than 0.05). In two other studies coronary angiograms were performed in identical projections immediately following complete diagnostic coronary angiography (reference) and in addition after 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, and 20 min (group III, 18 patients) and after 10, 20, and 30 min, respectively (group IV, 9 patients) by administration of diatrizoate 76% as the only contrast medium. Short injection intervals (1 min) resulted in a mild coronary dilation (mean up to 2.4 +/- 4.1% compared to reference; p less than 0.05), longer intervals (3-10 min) resulted in a marked diameter reduction (averaging up to -9.7 +/- 9%; p less than 0.05), probably a consequence of the return of coronary vasomotor tone to baseline levels. These results suggest that in quantitative coronary angiographic studies (e.g., testing coronary vasomotility) non-ionic contrast media should preferably be applied, and adequate injection intervals (greater than 2 min) are mandatory. In intervention- and follow-up studies based on repeated coronary angiograms dye-induced changes of coronary vasomotor tone can be avoided by premedication with vasodilating drugs, e.g. nitrates, and/or calcium antagonists.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Electrocorticographic evaluation of the neurologic tolerability of iobitridol (Xenetix), a new non-ionic contrast medium in rabbits].

Electro-corticographic tracings (two longitudinal leads, bipolar assembly) were recorded from curarized rabbits (5/group) receiving selective internal carotid artery injections of either iobitridol, a new non-ionic contrast medium, or iohexol, the high osmolar diatrizoate or hypertonic mannitol (isotonic to the non-ionic agents). A further group was submitted to the surgical preparation but was not injected. The solutions were injected at a dose of 2.5 ml during 30 seconds. The animals were anaesthetized (halothane) during the surgical period. The permeability of the blood-brain barrier was assessed by means of the extravasation of Evans'blue. Tracings were visually assessed and a semi-quantitative method for blind evaluation of fast/slow rhythms was used. This method was pharmacologically validated by the use of pentobarbital and pentylenetetrazole. Diatrizoate and iohexol induced respectively 3 and 2 paroxystic tracings during or immediately after the injection period. Iobitridol and hypertonic mannitol did not cause such effect. Paroxystic tracings in the iohexol group were not associated with extravasation of Evans'blue in the cerebral parenchyma. Blood brain barrier was disrupted in all rabbits receiving the high osmolar agent diatrizoate. Tracings of the control group were characterized by a progressive increase of fast rhythms, as those of the iobitridol and mannitol groups. On the contrary, iohexol and especially diatrizoate induced an increase in the proportion of slow waves. Taken together, these data suggest that iobitridol shows an excellent tolerability potential for clinical use.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Reduced depression of renal function by iotrolan in the isolated rat kidney.

The direct effects of iotrolan, a non-ionic dimer, on renal function were compared to iopromide, a non-ionic monomer and diatrizoate, an ionic monomer using the isolated perfused rat kidney. Kidneys were perfused ex vivo at 100 mmHg in a recirculating perfusion system with an albumin-based perfusate containing angiotensin II. All contrast media were studied at starting concentration of 20 mg Iodine/ml of renal perfusate. Each contrast agent produced a biphasic effect on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) characterised by a transient increase followed by a sustained fall. However, the sustained fall in GFR induced by iotrolan (-24.7 +/- 2.1%) was significantly smaller than that produced by diatrizoate (-40.6 +/- 3.5%, P < 0.05) but there was no significant difference in comparison to the fall induced by iopromide (-34.2 +/- 3.7%). Each contrast agent produced a sustained decrease in renal perfusate flow (RPF) with iotrolan exerting a significantly smaller response (-21.7 +/- 2.0%) than either diatrizoate (-29.4 +/- 2.6%, P < 0.05) or iopromide (-32.2 +/- 2.9%, P < 0.05). The results indicate that at an equivalent iodine concentration iotrolan produces a smaller reduction of renal function in comparison to either iopromide or diatrizoate.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Incompatibility of water-soluble contrast media and intravascular pharmacologic agents. An in vitro study.

In vitro incompatibilities between nine water-soluble contrast media and 21 intravascular pharmacologic agents were investigated using naked-eye observation and a centrifuge. Most of the previously reported incompatibilities were verified, and a few new incompatibilities were discovered: phentolamine mesylate with diatrizoate sodium, diatrizoate meglumine, ioxaglate, and iothalamate; diatrizoate meglumine with diazepam and meperidine hydrochloride; and diatrizoate sodium with meperidine hydrochloride. There were no incompatibilities when the pharmacologic agents investigated were mixed with ioxithalamate, iopromide, iopamidol, and iohexol.

Blood Vessels↗
PubMed1997

Effects of radiographic contrast media on the tension of isolated small pulmonary arteries.

The aim of the study was to establish the direct effects of radiographic contrast media (RCM) on the tension of isolated small pulmonary arteries and to investigate any mediation by nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin (ET). Small pulmonary arteries (0.3-0.6 mm in diameter) from male Wistar rats were mounted in a Cambustion vessel myograph and vessel wall tension recorded. The effects of 10, 20, 40, 80, 150, 200 and 250 mgl mI-1 of diatrizoate, ioxaglate, iopromide and iotrolan and their mannitol osmolar control from basal condition, and when the vessels were preconstricted with prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) either submaximally (10 microM) or maximally (100 microM), were studied. The constrictor response to diatrizoate (40 mgI ml-1) was tested in the presence of non-selective endothelin receptor antagonist (10 microM SB209670). The dilator response to ioxaglate (80 mgI ml-1) was tested in the presence of L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 microM). All RCM caused biphasic changes in tension, a small transient fall (dilatation) followed by a sustained rise (constriction). Mannitol caused constriction only. The potency order of constrictions at 10-40 mgI ml-1 was diatrizoate > iopromide > ioxaglate > iotrolan. When the vessels were preconstricted with PGF2 alpha, RCM caused predominantly dilatation; ioxaglate produced the largest effect (-42.1 +/- 3.1%, n = 12). Mannitol caused constriction only. SB209607 had no effect on the constrictor effect of diatrizoate [41.9 +/- 2.3 alone, 42.1 +/- 2.7 with SB209670, n = 10]. L-NAME had no effect on the dilator response to ioxaglate [-38.2 +/- 1.6 alone, -43.6 +/- 2.2 with L-NAME, n = 8]. It is tempting to postulate that dimeric RCM may cause the least changes in the pulmonary circulation during angiography.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative cytotoxicity of high-osmolar and low-osmolar contrast media on HKCs in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Radiocontrast-induced nephropathy is a clinically important complication of intravascularly applied radiocontrast media. A predominant toxic effect of contrast media on renal tubules has been shown in previous clinical trials and animal experiments. Bax and Bcl-2 are members of the Bcl-2 family. Caspases are a family of cell death proteases, caspase-3 is one of the key executioners of apoptosis. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of high-osmolar contrast media (HOCM; diatrizoate) and low-osmolar contrast media (LOCM; iohexol) on human renal tubular epithelial cells (HKCs), and determined the regulatory roles of Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3 on apoptosis induced by contrast media (CM) in HKCs. METHODS: An HKC line was used. Experiments were divided into 7 groups: the HOCM group with iodine 111 mg/mL, HOCM group with iodine 74 mg/mL, LOCM group with iodine 111 mg/mL, LOCM group with iodine 74 mg/mL, mannitol high-osmolar control group, mannitol low-osmolar control group and a culture media control group . The cytotoxicity of HOCM and LOCM were evaluated by cell proliferation and viability assay (MTT assay) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Apoptosis were assessed by Hochest 33258 fluorescence-stained cytospins, TUNEL staining, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, electron microscope and flow cytometric DNA analysis. The protein ex-pression of Bax/Bcl-2 was determined by Western blot analysis, and caspase-3 activity was also determined by the fluo-rometric method. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, LDH levels increased significantly (p<0.05) and cell viability decreased in cells treated with HOCM or LOCM (p<0.05) in an osmotic pressure-, iodinated ion- and time-dependent manner; in the HOCM groups, diatrizoate induced cultured HKC apoptosis. In the LOCM groups, iohexol did not induce apoptosis. Compared with equal osmotic pressure mannitol, apoptosis increased in HKCs incubated with diatrizoate (p<0.05). Bax/Bcl-2 production and caspase-3 activity were up-regulated in cultured HKCs treated with HOCM iodine 74 or 111 mg/mL meglumine diatrizoate. CONCLUSIONS: Both HOCM and LOCM had toxic effects on HKCs, HOCM was more cytotoxic than LOCM; HOCM induced cultured HKC apoptosis while LOCM did not induce cultured HKC apoptosis in the indicated concentrations. The regulation of apoptosis induced by HOCM in HKCs may be regulated by Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1990

[Experimental evaluation of iotrolan as an arthrographic contrast medium--knee arthrography with iotrolan in rabbits].

Authors evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of iotrolan, a nonionic dimeric contrast medium used for myelography, as an arthrographic contrast medium in comparison with meglumine/sodium diatrizoate and iopamidol in rabbit. Iotrolan (Isovist, 300 mgI/ml) was injected in one knee joint and diatrizoate (Urografin, 292 mgI/ml) or iopamidol (Iopamiron, 300 mgI/ml) in the other at a dose of 1.5 ml/knee. Knee arthrograms were taken 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min after injection. Contrast density was determined by measuring the transmission density in the supra-patellar bursa with an image analysis system. The anterior displacement of the patellar from the femur was measured as an indicator of hydrarthrosis. Contrast duration in the supra-patellar bursa was longer with iotrolan than with diatrizoate and iopamidol. Hydrarthrosis was less pronounced with iotrolan than with diatrizoate and iopamidol. These results suggest that iotrolan has the advantage over existing contrast media for arthrography with respect to the efficacy and tolerability.

Animals↗