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PubMed2006

Detection of feline herpesvirus 1 DNA in skin biopsy specimens from cats with or without dermatitis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare detection rates of feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) DNA in skin biopsy specimens from cats with herpetic dermatitis, cats with nonherpetic dermatitis, and cats without dermatitis. DESIGN: Prevalence survey. Animals-5 cats (9 biopsy specimens) with herpetic ulcerative dermatitis, 14 cats (17 biopsy specimens) with nonherpetic ulcerative dermatitis, and 8 cats (21 biopsy specimens) without clinically apparent skin lesions. PROCEDURES: A single-phase PCR assay was used to detect FHV-1 DNA in biopsy specimens. Assay results were compared with results of histologic examination. RESULTS: FHV-1 DNA was detected in all 9 biopsy specimens from the 5 cats with herpetic dermatitis and in 1 of 17 biopsy specimens from the 14 cats with nonherpetic dermatitis, but was not detected in any of the 21 biopsy specimens from the 8 cats without dermatitis. When results of histologic examination were used as the gold standard, sensitivity and specificity of the PCR assay were 100% and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results confirmed that FHV-1 DNA can be detected in the skin of cats with herpetic dermatitis and suggest that the virus may play a causative role in the disease. In addition, the PCR assay may be useful in confirming a diagnosis of herpetic dermatitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Pattern of occupational allergic dermatitis in the Dermatology Clinic, Hospital Kuala Lumpur.

A two years retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed as contact allergic dermatitis with positive patch test attending the Dermatology clinic was performed. Of the 346 patients with a positive patch test, 14% had occupational dermatitis. This condition affected mainly young and inexperienced workers. An inverse relationship was seen between age and prevalence of occupational allergic dermatitis. Allergic hand dermatitis was the commonest presentation in occupational allergic dermatitis. This was followed by dermatitis of the exposed skin (face, neck, hands and forearms). The common sensitising agents identified were rubber chemicals and nickel. The two main groups at risk were factory workers and medical personnel. The common allergens found in factory workers were epoxy resin, pewter, nickel and rubber chemicals. Exposure dermatitis occurred in patients working in the pewter industry. Two thirds of medical personnel with hand dermatitis were allergic to rubber gloves. One year follow up after patch testing showed that 19% of patients still suffered from chronic dermatitis. Dermatitis improved in 34% of patients. Forty-seven percent were cured and stopped attending the clinic after patch testing and adequate counselling.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Role of the skin patch test in diagnosing food allergy in children with atopic dermatitis.

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to determine peculiarities of food allergy in children with atopic dermatitis and to evaluate the significance of skin patch test in determining the main food allergens. METHODS: One hundred and eight children (57 boys and 51 girls) with atopic dermatitis were examined. Atopic dermatitis was diagnosed by standard diagnostic criteria, severity of the progress of the disease was determined using SCORAD index and the amount of total IgE in blood, skin prick and patch tests with the main food allergens were performed. RESULTS: The age of the patients varied from 6 months to 16 years, however, almost half (41%) of them were toddlers (1-3 years old). Mild form of atopic dermatitis was dominating (52%). Analysis of the total IgE amount in blood showed different degree of sensitivity of the children tested. Normal amount of the total IgE in blood was found in 73.1% of children with atopic dermatitis, and the increased total IgE amount was found only in 26.9% of children. Positive skin prick test with the standard and the most common food allergens was found only in 4.63% of children with atopic dermatitis, while the positive skin patch test with 25 food allergens was found in 68.5% of children. Depending on the type of the allergic reaction, immediate type reaction dominated only in 10.3% of children with atopic dermatitis, while the delayed type allergic reactions were characteristic to food allergies in 48.3% of children with atopic dermatitis. Food allergy was not found in one fifth of children with atopic dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Skin patch test is an informative and reliable diagnostic test in evaluating the delayed type allergic reactions. In about half of the tested persons with atopic dermatitis, food allergy appeared in delayed type allergic reactions. Therefore it is very important to do the skin patch test for toddlers and pre-school age children. The most common allergens found with the help of skin patch test are soy, milk, peanuts, carrot, egg whites, wheat, and corn.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis--an overview.

Atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome is a term that covers different subtypes of atopic dermatitis. The "intrinsic" type of atopic dermatitis is non-IgE-associated, and the "extrinsic" type is IgE-associated atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. In the etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis there are well known interactions among genetic, environmental, skin barrier, immune factors, and stress. Genetic factors determine the expression of atopic dermatitis as pure or mixed with concomitant respiratory or intestinal allergy, depending on genetic susceptibility. Immunologic abnormalities of type I and type IV reactions have been described in patients with atopic dermatitis. Immunologic triggers are aeroallergens, food allergens, microbial products, autoallergens and contact allergens. Immune reactions determine many features of atopic dermatitis. These immune reactions also include cell mediated or delayed hypersensitivity. The currently accepted model proposes a predominant Th2 cytokine milieu in the initiating stages of acute atopic dermatitis lesions, and a mixed Th1 and Th2 pattern in chronic lesions. A two-phase model includes Th2 initiation with attraction of macrophages and eosinophils, which in turn produce interleukin 12 that is the activator of Th1 type response. Atopic dermatitis skin contains an increased number of IgE-bearing Langerhans cells which bind allergens via the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI). Langerhans cells play an important role in cutaneous allergen presentation to Th2 cells via major histocompatibility molecules. Eosinophilia and IgE production are influenced by type 2 cytokines. Degranulation of eosinophils occurs in the dermis with the release of toxic proteins such as major basic protein and could account for much of the inflammation. Mast cells are increased in number and produce mediators other than histamine that induce pruritus and may have an effect on interferon gamma expression. Mast cells produce a number of proinflammatory cytokines. There is an elevated production of prostaglandin E2 by peripheral monocytes. Prostaglandin E2 has at least two potential roles in the initiation of atopic dermatitis. Firstly, it reduces interferon-gamma production by T helper cells, thereby favoring the initial, dominant Th2 immune response; and secondly, it directly enhances IgE production by B lymphocytes with an increased secretion of interleukin 4, interleukin 5 and interleukin 13. Many lesions of atopic dermatitis result from scratching, thus it is tempting to speculate that immune perturbations in genetically predisposed individuals provoke the release of local pruritogens and keratinocyte-derived cytokines, which then further exacerbate the previously described immune response.

Dermatitis, Atopic↗
PubMed2000

Epidemiology of occupational contact dermatitis in a North Italian population.

Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) is a very important skin disease both for its high frequency and for its social and economic implications. The aim of our work is to evaluate the epidemiology of occupational contact dermatitis in a north-Italian population and the possibility of a correct etiological diagnosis using the patch test standard series of GIRDCA (Italian Group of Resarch on Contact Dermatitis). We patch tested 1,565 out-patients affected by dermatitis with standard series GIRDCA and with other specific professional haptens. The manifestations were suspected of being of occupational origin by a dermatologist on the basis of clinical and anamnestic data. Of all the recorded professions we have considered only the more numerically significant: food industry, building industry, textile industry, employees, cleaners, hospital personnel, hairdressers, housewives, mechanics and metallurgists. Sixty-nine percent of contact dermatitis was found in women, the hairdressers had the greatest number of patients in the younger group (68.7% in the 11-20 years age group) and the textile industry workers in older group (100% in the 41-50 years age group). A positive allergological anamnesis emerged in 32.3% of allergic contact dermatitis. Irritant contact dermatitis (10.6%) was more frequent than allergic contact dermatitis (8.4%). The hands are the most common localization (94. 4%). The allergen with the highest frequency of positive reactions is p-phenylenediamine (25.3%). We discuss the frequency of positives to various groups of allergens in each profession and the principal means of contact. Because of the frequency of this type of occupational skin disease, we stress the importance of prevention. The standard series GIRDCA was found to be adequate for recognizing occupational contact dermatitis in most of our patients (74%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Eyelid dermatitis: an evaluation of 150 patients.

This study was performed to evaluate eyelid dermatitis in a group of patients of our Allergy Unit between January 1990 and April 1991. Among the 1158 patients seen during this period, 150 had eyelid dermatitis: 135 females and 15 males, with a mean age of 35 years. Of the 150 patients with eyelid dermatitis, 54 had eczema localized to the eyelids only, 49 to the eyelids and face, 19 to the eyelids and hands, and 28 to the eyelids and other sites. 98 patients (65.3%) were diagnosed as having allergic contact dermatitis, 25 (16.6%) irritant contact dermatitis, 21 (14%) atopic dermatitis, and 6 (4%) seborrhoeic dermatitis. Patch test reactions to nickel sulphate, Kathon CG and fragrance-mix occurred more frequently in patients with eyelid dermatitis than in those without.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Occupational dermatitis in a highly industrialized Italian region: the experience of four occupational health departments.

There is a need for several research centers to carry out coordinated large-scale evaluation of the spread of occupational irritant and allergic dermatitis. The Occupational Health Departments of Bergamo, Brescia, Lecco and Cremona therefore decided to join their experiences and bring together all the cases of occupational irritant and allergic dermatitis diagnosed by these Departments between 1993 and 1998. In this period, 1169 cases of occupational dermatitis were diagnosed, subdivided into 768 cases of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), 337 of irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), 54 of urticaria and 10 of airborne contact dermatitis, and there has not been a trend towards increase of occupational dermatitis over the years. Our population included 724 males and 445 females and average latency after the beginning of exposure to occupational allergens was 8.01 years for ACD, 6.4 for ICD, 3.22 for urticaria and 5.57 for airborne contact dermatitis. The frequency of atopy was 33.9%, in females and 19.5% in males. The frequency of atopy was particularly high (89%) in subjects with urticaria. Among subjects with allergic dermatitis, 362 had had only one sensitization while 406 had had two or more sensitizations. The working areas where we found the highest number of ACD were metal working industry, building, health care workers and hairdressers and the frequency of ICD was high in metal workers and health care workers. Most of the cases of urticaria were diagnosed in health care workers (68.5%) and the main causing agent was latex. These are only preliminary data but occupations at risk and the substances expected to be the most frequent etiological agents do not differ significantly from those reported in the literature. It is hoped that as a result of this project there will be in the future: standardization of diagnostic procedures, uniform assessment of allergological risk in working environments not yet fully investigated, standardization of preventative measures and proper evaluation of their effectiveness.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Differences between intrafollicular microorganism profiles in perioral and seborrhoeic dermatitis.

Although often associated with overuse of topical corticosteroids, perioral dermatitis seems to develop seldom in patients with typical seborrhoeic dermatitis in spite of long-term application of corticosteroids. In order to compare the profiles of intrafollicular microorganisms in the lesions of perioral and seborrhoeic dermatitis, tape-stripped samples were obtained from eight lesions of perioral dermatitis, 10 lesions of seborrhoeic dermatitis, and the perioral skin of 31 normal subjects. After staining with Toluidine blue, resident microorganisms on plucked hair roots were evaluated microscopically. In all patients with perioral dermatitis and two normal subjects, 20-70% of sample hairs were positive for fusiform bacteria regarded as fusobacteria. Malassezia-positive hairs were rarely seen in these cases. Seborrhoeic dermatitis showed the opposite results. Perioral dermatitis may tend to develop under fusiform-bacteria-rich conditions, rather than Malassezia-rich conditions as in the case of seborrhoeic dermatitis.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Results of standard series patch testing in patients with occupational allergic contact dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: In the workplace, the skin is at high risk of exposure to chemicals and other contaminants, and occupational dermatitis is an important field of study. METHODS: We evaluated 230 patients referred to our clinic because they were affected by dermatitis suspected to be of occupational and allergic origin. They were tested with the allergens of the GIRDCA standard series, and with supplementary series when indicated. RESULTS: Among the 230 subjects, 49 were positive only to supplementary series (26.3% of all allergic contact dermatitis), while 130 (69.9% of all allergic contact dermatitis) were considered to have an occupational allergic contact dermatitis diagnosed by the standard series alone. The most frequent occupations of the patients were health care workers and hairdressers/beauticians. The most common agents responsible for occupational allergic contact dermatitis were metals and para-phenylenediamine. CONCLUSIONS: As the standard series detected a relatively low proportion of occupational allergic contact dermatitis, it is not adequate to recognize an occupational allergic contact dermatitis, certain supplementary series should also to be tested. However, even if such occupational series are used, we remain likely to continue to underestimate the frequency of occupational allergic contact dermatitis, because workers come into contact with a large number of substances that are often unknown.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Physical friction is under-recognized as an irritant that can cause or contribute to contact dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: The role of physical friction as an irritant in the causation of contact dermatitis is under-recognized. Frictional dermatitis is defined as an eczematous process in which physical frictional trauma contributes to the induction of a dermatitis process. OBJECTIVES: To examine the clinical background of patients in whom friction was contributing to dermatitis. METHODS: Over a 30-month period during which 2700 new patients were seen, frictional irritancy was identified as playing a role in the dermatosis in 31 cases: in 27 of these, case notes were evaluated for a range of parameters. RESULTS: Physical friction was identified as causing or contributing to the dermatitis in 18 men and nine women, mean age at onset 42 years. The hands, usually the fingers of the dominant hand, were affected in all but two cases. Occupational frictional activities were found in 25 cases: commonly handling small metal components, paper, cardboard or fabric, and driving. Potential frictional activities in hobbies were noted in 12 cases. Wet work irritancy contributed in four cases (15%). Patch testing showed relevant contact allergies as cofactors in seven of 25 subjects tested (26%). Psoriasis was a cofactor in four (15%), and atopic dermatitis in 11. The study was selective, being based in a teaching hospital clinic with a special interest in contact dermatitis. Frictional irritancy is often one of several factors contributing to dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS: The contribution of friction to contact dermatitis is under-recognized probably because dermatologists do not think about the potential for physical forces to induce eczematous changes in the skin.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Pityrosporum ovale in infantile seborrheic dermatitis.

The presence of Pityrosporum ovale was investigated in four groups of infants age 1 to 24 months, 15 with infantile seborrheic dermatitis, 15 with infantile atopic dermatitis, 15 with other infantile dermatoses, and 15 healthy infants. Samples were taken from the scalp, face, presternal area, and inguinal area. Pityrosporum ovale was detected by smears and/or cultures in 73% of infants with seborrheic dermatitis, 33% with atopic dermatitis, 33% with other dermatoses, and 53% of healthy infants. The percentages of positive smears and/or cultures from four body sites in each patient group were 42% for seborrheic dermatitis, 20% for atopic dermatitis, 20% for other infantile dermatoses, and 23% for healthy infants. The majority of infants with positive cultures or positive direct examination for P. ovale were between 1 and 8 months of age. The organism was isolated in 28% of samples taken from the scalp, 32% from the face, 30% from the presternal area, and 15% from the inguinal area. Patients with infantile seborrheic dermatitis were treated with 2% topical ketoconazole cream for two weeks. Eleven of these children were clinically cleared and 13 became mycologically negative. Pityrosporum ovale was significantly more frequent in infants with seborrheic dermatitis than in those with atopic dermatitis, in other infantile dermatoses, or in healthy infants, both in the total number of infants with positive smears and/or cultures and in the number of positive samples per body area (P less than 0.05).

Dermatitis, Atopic↗
PubMed1999

Chromium induced contact dermatitis and indices for diagnosis.

Chromium exposure plays an important role in development of contact dermatitis. The prevalence of contact dermatitis among tannery workers and cement-exposed workers is high. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of contact dermatitis among some Egyptian workers exposed to chromium and to investigate the role of patch test and IgE immunoassay in diagnosis of contact dermatitis. Eighty-three male workers who were exposed to chromium were selected after application of certain exclusion criteria to be the target population of this study. Forty male workers away from exposure to chromium were taken to be the controls. All the exposed and non exposed workers were investigated through an interview questionnaire, clinical examination, patch test and determination of blood and urine chromium levels, absolute eosinophilic count and total IgE level. The results showed that there was no significant difference between exposed workers with clinically diagnosed contact dermatitis and the clinically free exposed workers regarding age and work duration. 7.7% of exposed workers with positive patch test suffered from contact dermatitis while 31.6% of exposed workers with negative patch test suffered from contact dermatitis. There was no statistically significant difference between clinically diagnosed contact dermatitis workers and clinically free workers regarding blood and urine chromium levels. IgE level and absolute eosinophilic count were statistically higher among exposed workers with contact dermatitis than among clinically free exposed workers. According to the results of this study, it is concluded that the diagnosis of skin hypersensitivity to chromium should depend upon the history of chromium exposure, clinical examination and a battery of investigations including IgE level, eosinophilic count and patch test.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1997

Functional CD86 (B7-2/B70) is predominantly expressed on Langerhans cells in atopic dermatitis.

Recently, we reported the functional expression of CD86 on cultured human Langerhans cells derived from normal epidermis. In the present study, we investigated the expression and function of co-stimulatory molecules in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. In immunohistochemical analysis, CD80 and/or CD86 were detected on dendritic-shaped cells not only in the epidermis but also in the dermis in the inflammatory lesions of atopic dermatitis (n = 12). CD80 was expressed in only five cases (42%), while CD86 was expressed in all cases (100%). These molecules were not detected in normal control subjects (n = 8). In non-lesional skin of atopic dermatitis (n = 4), CD86 but not CD80 was detected in one case. CD86 was preferentially induced on dendritic-shaped cells in positive patch test sites to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or house dust allergen in atopic dermatitis (n = 4). The CD80- or CD86-positive cells were confirmed as Langerhans cells by double immunostaining using anti-CD1a monoclonal antibody. Neither CD86 nor CD80 was detected on keratinocytes. Similar results of the stronger expression of CD86 over that of CD80 were obtained from psoriasis vulgaris (n = 11) and from contact dermatitis (n = 7), although CD86 was expressed only in 57% of the contact dermatitis cases. The percentage of Langerhans cells positive for CD86 was higher than for CD80, i.e. 48% compared with 9%, respectively, in the epidermis of lesional skin of atopic dermatitis (n = 8). The expression rate of these molecules on Langerhans cells increased in the dermis. To investigate the function of co-stimulatory molecules on Langerhans cells in atopic dermatitis, we conducted an inhibition test with antibodies. Anti-CD86 monoclonal antibody almost completely inhibited T-cell proliferation stimulated with crude extract of D. pteronyssinus in the presence of epidermal cells as antigen-presenting cells, whereas anti-CD80 monoclonal antibody produced less of an inhibitory effect. These data indicate that CD86 expressed on Langerhans cells may play an important part in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Use of aromatherapy products and increased risk of hand dermatitis in massage therapists.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the 12-month prevalence of hand dermatitis among massage therapists, to investigate a potential association between hand dermatitis and the use of aromatherapy products, and to study potential associations with other known risk factors for hand dermatitis. DESIGN: Mailed survey. SETTING: Philadelphia, Pa. PARTICIPANTS: Members of a national massage therapy organization who live in the greater Philadelphia region. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported and symptom-based prevalences of hand dermatitis. RESULTS: The number of respondents was 350 (57%). The 12-month prevalence of hand dermatitis in subjects was 15% by self-reported criteria and 23% by a symptom-based method. In multivariate analysis, statistically significant independent risk factors for self-reported hand dermatitis included use of aromatherapy products in massage oils, lotions, or creams (odds ratio, 3.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.53-7.02; P =.002) and history of atopic dermatitis (odds ratio, 8.06; 95% confidence interval, 3.39-19.17; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hand dermatitis in massage therapists is high. Significant independent risk factors include use of aromatherapy products in massage oils, creams, or lotions and history of atopic dermatitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen expression in children with atopic dermatitis and non-atopic healthy children.

Cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA) is a cell surface glycoprotein which has been implicated in the homing of lymphocytes to cutaneous sites. It is postulated to play an important role in T-cell migration to skin in atopic dermatitis; however, the expression of CLA in both normal children and children with atopic dermatitis has not been extensively studied. If CLA expression on T cells were important in the traffic of lymphocytes to atopic dermatitis skin lesions, it might be expected that the proportion of CLA+ T cells in unstimulated peripheral blood from children with atopic dermatitis would be elevated. We have examined the proportion of CLA+ T cells in children with atopic dermatitis and non-atopic age-matched controls. The proportion of CLA+ T cells in non-atopic children was highly associated with and increased with increasing age (r = 0.88, p < 0.001). There was no difference between the proportion of T cells expressing CLA in the unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with severe (p = 0.18) or with mild/moderate (p = 0.3) atopic dermatitis and age-matched non-atopic controls. Despite this, children with atopic dermatitis did show evidence of perturbation of CLA expression, as unlike the non-atopic children the proportion of CLA+ T cells in the atopic children did not correlate with age. These findings suggest that while CLA expression may play a role in atopic dermatitis, other as yet undefined surface markers are likely to principally determine the migration of T cells to skin in atopic dermatitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Severity distribution of atopic dermatitis in the community and its relationship to secondary referral.

Although atopic dermatitis is the most common inflammatory dermatosis affecting children, no previous studies have evaluated the relationship between disease severity and the referral pattern to secondary health care services. We carried out a cross-sectional survey of 1760 children aged 1-5 years selected from the age-sex registers of four urban and semiurban general practices in Nottingham. Atopic dermatitis was diagnosed by a dermatologist on the basis of symptoms and signs of a flexural itchy rash that had been present in the previous 12 months. The severity of atopic dermatitis was assessed clinically by the same dermatologist on the basis of reported symptoms over the previous 12 months and clinical signs, and was graded on a three-point scale as mild, moderate or severe. Information on the use of primary and secondary health care services was recorded at the time of the interview. The 1-year period prevalence of atopic dermatitis was 16.5% (95% confidence interval 14.7-18.2%). The severity distribution of atopic dermatitis was: mild 84% (n = 242), moderate 14% (n = 41) and severe 2% (n = 7). Of those children with atopic dermatitis, 96% (n = 278) had consulted their general practitioner in the previous 12 months and 6% (n = 17) had been seen in secondary care. Overall, 4% (n = 11) of those children with atopic dermatitis had a consultation with a dermatologist. Other sources of secondary care referral included the paediatric department (n = 2) and accident and emergency department (n = 6). Referral to secondary care was found to be positively related to disease severity, with referral occurring in 3% of mild cases, 15% of moderate cases and 43% of severe cases. Although the relative referral rate of mild and moderately severe disease was low, these cases were found to represent a significant proportion (82%) of the total numbers of children seen in secondary care. This study has shown that: (i) most cases of atopic dermatitis in the community are mild in severity; (ii) referral to secondary health care services by general practitioners is infrequent; (iii) disease severity is an important determinant of referral to secondary care; and (iv) any potential change in the referral pattern of mild/moderate cases of atopic dermatitis to secondary care is likely to produce a significant increase in workload for dermatology departments.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2003

Common allergens in shoe dermatitis: our experience in Lahore, Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Shoe dermatitis is a form of contact dermatitis resulting from exposure to shoes. Different chemicals, in conjunction with a hot and humid environment within the shoe, give rise to allergic or irritant dermatitis. Allergic shoe dermatitis is commonly caused by constituents of rubber, leather, adhesives, and rarely by linings and dyes. AIM: To determine the frequency of various allergens in shoe dermatitis in our patients. METHODS: One hundred and nine patients suspected of having contact dermatitis due to shoe allergens were included. All patients were patch tested with the Shoe series and European Standard series. Patches were applied on the upper back and removed after 48 h. Results were read at 48, 72, and 120 h and interpreted according to International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) criteria. RESULTS: Of the 119 patients, 87 (73%) reacted positively to various allergens, 48% of whom showed polysensitivity. Glues (33.6%), particularly para-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin (PTBP-FR) (26.9%), were the leading cause of shoe dermatitis. Other allergens were leather chemicals (26.4%), potassium dichromate (16.18%), rubber allergens (7.6%), and dyes (7.6%). Shoe scrapings tested positive in 26.3% of patients. Other common allergens were nickel sulfate (22.7%), neomycin sulfate (10.1%), and cobalt chloride (8.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the diversity of allergens, all patients presenting with shoe dermatitis should be patch tested with the Shoe series and a standard series to determine the etiologic allergens.

Adhesives↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome gene as a candidate gene for atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is a multifactorial disorder probably caused by environmental factors in combination with susceptibility genes. The clinical similarity between atopic dermatitis and the eczema manifestation in patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome made the previously identified WAS gene in chromosome sub-band Xpl 1.23 an interesting candidate gene for atopic dermatitis. We studied linkage and association to the WAS gene region using four polymorphic microsatellite markers in 406 Swedish families with at least two siblings affected with atopic dermatitis (in total 1514 individuals). In the analyses, we studied two qualitative traits: atopic dermatitis and elevated allergen-specific serum IgE antibodies, and one quantitative trait, a severity score of atopic dermatitis. We found that the marker MAOB gave positive linkage with a maximum lod score of 1.68 (p<0.05) to the severity score of atopic dermatitis. Association could not be seen to atopic dermatitis nor to elevated allergen-specific serum IgE antibodies in this region using the transmission disequilibrium test. Our results indicate that either the WAS gene or another gene in the area contributes to the severity of atopic dermatitis.

Age of Onset↗