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PubMed2006

Demography of central and marginal populations of monkeyflowers (Mimulus cardinalis and M. lewisii).

Every species occupies a limited geographic area, but how spatiotemporal environmental variation affects individual and population fitness to create range limits is not well understood. Because range boundaries arise where, on average, populations are more likely to go extinct than to persist, range limits are an inherently population-level problem for which a demographic framework is useful. In this study, I compare demographic parameters and population dynamics between central and marginal populations of monkeyflowers, Mimulus cardinalis and M. lewisii, along an elevation gradient spanning both species' ranges. Central and marginal populations of both species differed in survival and fecundity. For M. lewisii, these components of fitness were higher in central than in marginal populations, but for M. cardinalis the converse was true. To assess spatiotemporal variation in population dynamics, I used transition matrix models to estimate asymptotic population growth rates (lambda) and found that population growth rates of M. lewisii were highest at the range center and reduced at the range margin. Population growth rates of M. cardinalis were highest at the range margin and greatly reduced at the range center. Life table response analysis decomposed spatiotemporal variation in lambda into contributions from each transition between life stages, finding that transitions from large nonreproductive and reproductive plants to the seed class and stasis in the reproductive class made the largest contributions to spatial differences in lambda. These transitions had only low to moderate sensitivities, indicating that differences in projected population growth rates resulted mainly from observed differences in transition matrix parameters and their underlying vital rates.

Altitude↗
PubMed1994

The demography, phenomenology, and family history of 22 persons with compulsive hair pulling.

This study reports on the demographics, phenomenology, and family history of 22 compulsive hair pullers. Subjects were recruited through a psychiatric outpatient clinic as well as newspaper advertisements. Subjects completed a semistructured interview focused on hair-pulling behavior and demographics, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule to assess major (Axis I) mental disorders, and the Structured Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders to assess Axis II disorders. The typical subject was a 33-year-old woman who had completed 1 or more years of college and had been pulling her hair for 19 years. Nearly two-thirds met the criteria for a major mental disorder (particularly anxiety and mood disorders), and more than one-half met the criteria for a personality disorder. Nearly three-quarters of first-degree relatives were reported to have a psychiatric disorder, and about 5% were reported to be hair pullers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa: its socio-demography, aetiology, diagnosis and EEG characteristics in Harare, Zimbabwe.

OBJECTIVE: To assess epileptics with regard to socio-demographic characteristics, aetiology, EEG results and classification. DESIGN: A descriptive cohort study from 1997 to 2001. SETTING: Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals in Harare, Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS: A total of 229 consecutive epileptic subjects. RESULTS: The mean (s.d.) follow-up was 3.2 (1.14) years. The mean (s.d.) age of subjects was 23.4(11.8) years and 56% of them were males, over one third (43.1%) were unemployed and had secondary education (48%). Over one fourth (26.6%) of the subjects were first borns and had a family history of epilepsy (25.8%). Most of the subjects had Generalised Tonic Clonic Seizures (TCS). Over half (51.5%) of the subjects had their first onset of seizures after the age of 20 years. Lack of sleep (7.9%) and emotional disturbance (5.4%) were described by subjects as the frequent provoking factors for epileptic attacks. One hundred and fourteen subjects had electroencephalogram (EEG) results. Of these, 96 (41.9%) subjects had abnormal EEG results and only 18 (7.9%) had normal EEG results a majority (43.8%) of whom were of generalised slow waves. Majority of the subjects (52.8%) sought treatments from biomedical drugs, but some started with traditional herbs (20.5%) and then biomedical drugs, whereas others sought biomedical drugs then resorted to traditional herbs (20.1%). Phenobarbital and carbamazepine were taken by over 40% of the subjects. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study seem to suggest that these referrals to a specialised epilepsy outpatient clinic for further management may be attributed to socio cultural issues in our African settings about the actual nature of the condition, hence the delay in treatments and diagnosis of seizures as well as under diagnoses of non-epileptic seizure disorders that may lead to the condition becomes uncontrollable. Inexpensive drugs such as phenobarbital and phenytoin can be able to control most of the epileptic seizures, if they can be made available in primary health care centres.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Clinigraphics: using age demography and lifetime medical evaluation chronologies to estimate the market potential of the pre-Medicare age cohort.

While much emphasis has recently been placed upon serving the health care needs of the elderly, a powerful and profitable market exists within the pre-Medicare cohort (persons aged 45-64). The current and expected growth of this group over the next 20 years will create a boon of opportunity for health care providers. This article discusses these realities and introduces a construct, "clinigraphics," which represents a novel way of quantifying the impact of encouraging health evaluations to influence the consumption of health care services among this cohort.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Doctors, disease and demography--changing patterns.

Over the past century major shifts have occurred in causes of morbidity and mortality in the population. Improved environmental conditions and control of infectious diseases have led to the emergence of the "new epidemics" of the so-called societal diseases. At the same time, the population has aged significantly in demographic terms. The major challenges facing health care services now require significant reorientation in thinking, especially in terms of objectives, definition of roles, allocation of resources and planning for the future. This paper explores some of the challenges, the competing interests involved, and the economic, social and political context in which these issues have emerged proposes a model for seeking resolution.

Australia↗
PubMed2001

[Medical demography: the portrait of pathologic anatomy and cytology].

Assessment of care supply in terms of medical labor force is difficult because of the disparity of available data. Using the medical specialty of pathology as an example, we present for the first time a demographic analysis based on the confrontation of main data sources. This study underlines some of the structural and dynamic problems which threaten the demographic stability of the specialty. The public service suffers from a lack of practitioners, especially in regional hospitals. Whereas one third of French pathologists work in the larger hospitals around Paris, in some other regions private services constitute the main component of the supply. Projections based on the aging phenomenon and a reduction in entry indicate a future problem in the renewal of generations of pathologists. The consequences of this programmed decrease in the number of French pathologists will be further exacerbated by the movement of the sex ratio in favor of women.

Demography↗