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Results for “Contingent Negative Variation”

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PubMed2000

[Event-related potentials and suicide behavior in patients with affective disorder].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate P300 and contingent negative variations (CNV) of patients with affective disorder and its clinical significance. METHODS: 39 depressives, 22 maniacs and 33 normal controls were included in this study. Both P300 and CNV were recorded in every subject, using a nicolet spirit instrument. RESULTS: Both depression and mania groups presented prolonged P300-P3b latency and decreased P300-P3 and CNV amplitudes compared with normal controls. Decreased P300 & CNV amplitudes were further related to the history of suicide behavior in the two patient groups. CONCLUSION: The clinical significance of event-related potentials was confirmed in this study, while the biological correlates of suicide behavior need further and intensive study.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Tracking pattern learning with single-trial event-related potentials.

OBJECTIVE: The main aim was to track the dynamics of pattern-learning using single-trial event-related potentials (ERPs). A new 'learning-oddball' paradigm was employed presenting eight random targets (the 'no-pattern') followed by eight regular targets (the 'pattern'). In total, six repetitions of the 'no-pattern' followed by the 'pattern' were presented. METHODS: We traced the dynamics of learning by measuring responses to 16 (eight random-eight regular) targets. Since this alternation of the 'no-pattern' followed by the 'pattern' was repeated six times, we extracted single-trial responses to all 96 targets to determine if learning occurred more rapidly with each repetition of the 'pattern.' RESULTS: Following random targets, ERPs contained a marked P3-N2 component that decreased to regular targets, whereas a contingent negative variation (CNV) appeared. ERP changes could be best described by sigmoid 'learning' curves. Single-trial analyses showed that learning occurred more rapidly over repetitions and suggested that the CNV developed prior to the decay of the N2-P3 component. CONCLUSIONS: We show a new paradigm-analysis methodology to track learning processes directly from brain signals. SIGNIFICANCE: Single-trial ERPs analyses open a wide range of applications. Tracking the dynamic structure of cognitive functions may prove crucial in the understanding of learning and in the study of different pathologies.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

Migraine in childhood--are periodically occurring migraine attacks related to dynamic changes of cortical information processing?

Amplitudes and habituation of contingent negative variation (CNV) were analyzed in relation to spontaneously occurring migraine attacks in ten children suffering from migraine without aura. Recording took place during feedback training and instrumental conditioning of slow brain potentials. Both the amplitude of the early CNV component and its habituation deficit increase during the 5 days prior to a migraine attack, with maximum abnormalities the day before the ictal episode. Abrupt reduction of the amplitude and normalization of the CNV habituation were observed during the attack. This study provides evidence for neurophysiological periodicity in young migraineurs and emphasizes that the time relative to the migraine attacks must be considered in studies of juvenile migraine during the headache-free period.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in slow cerebral potentials (CNV) subsequent to midazolam administration. Double-blind study].

The result of a study on the modifications of the Expectancy Wave (or Contingent Negative Variation) induced in 10 cases by a new benzodiazepine, midazolam, is reported. A double blind cross-over comparison with placebo has been carried out. The administration of placebo did not give rise to significative variations of the Expectancy Wave after 10, 30 and 240 minutes. The administration of midazolam was followed by a statistically significative reduction of the amplitude of the area and of the maximum peak of the Expectancy Wave. This effect was manifest after 30 minutes from the ingestion of a 15 mg tablet of the drug. After 4 hours both parameters showed again values similar to those observed in basal conditions. Midazolam thus appears to possess a central activity typical of the benzodiazepines group, which is of an early onset and short duration and could be properly utilized on a clinical ground.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A CNV-distraction paradigm in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Fourteen veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 14 without PTSD participated in a contingent negative variation (CNV)-distraction paradigm. Subjects were instructed to press a button after hearing a high-pitched tone (S2) preceded by a low-pitched tone (S1). One-half of the trials included a white-noise distracter placed in the S1-S2 interval. Posttraumatic stress disorder subjects had larger frontal, but smaller central and parietal CNVs, regardless of condition (distracter, no distracter) or epoch (early CNV, late CNV). In PTSD subjects, the N1/P2 complex was smaller to warning (S1) and distracter stimuli and did not show the extent of facilitation present in non-PTSD subjects. Findings highlight PTSD-related differences in phasic cortical excitability and attention.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

[Role of family in development of neurophysiological manifestations in children with migraine].

Migraine is a familial disorder. The aim of this study was to compare the relationship between specific neurophysiologic pathogenetic mechanisms of migraine such as abnormal information processing and enhanced cortical excitability on the one hand, and parent-child-interactions and personality traits such as neuroticism and extraversion on the other hand in migraine and healthy families. The correlation and factor analyses demonstrated that the stronger the control over a child and the more intensive the suppression of a child's independence by a parent during a stressful situation in migraine families, the more pronounced the loss of habituation of the contingent negative variation (CNV), and the greater the neuroticism in a migraine child. The CNV amplitude was independent of psychosocial conditions in the family but represented similarities in information processing between parents and their children suffering from migraine. This could be possibly explained by genetic influences on information processing in migraine. In healthy families only the relationship between parameters of parent-child-interaction could be observed. This investigation demonstrates that the neurophysiological disposition to a migraine attack as well as personality traits in migraine could be influenced by psychosocial factors such as parent-child interactions and that different parameters of information processing in headache patients are related to either non-genetic familial conditions (habituation) or functional genetic factors (amplitude).

Arousal↗
PubMed1978

Time course effects of marijuana and ethanol on event-related potentials.

Twelve male college students received orally on different days NIMH marijuana extract calibrated to contain 0.7 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 1.0 ml/kg 95% ethanol, and placebo in a double-blind balanced-order design. The contingent negative variation (CNV), auditory evoked potential (EP), heart rate (HR), and subjective measures of intoxication were recorded prior to drug ingestion and at regular intervals for 4.5 h postdrug. Both drugs produced significant subjective effects. Marijuana increased HR but did not have a significant effect on CNV amplitude or EP peak amplitudes and latencies. Ethanol increased HR, but not significantly, and reduced CNV amplitude and N1-P2 amplitude. Time-action curves for ethanol's effect on subjective high, HR, and N1-P2 amplitude were parallel, peaking between 0.5 and 1.5 h postdrug and returning to baseline by the end of testing. Time-action curve for ethanol's effect on the CNV showed continuing amplitude reduction throughout the test session.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of different hands' responses on main ERP components.

The authors recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) in 14 subjects to explore the effects of different hands'responses on ERP components. Subjects used two different fingers of one hand to indicate whether the two sequentially presented visual stimuli were of the same color (match) or not (conflict) in the first half of the test, while they used the other hand in the last half. ERP components of contingent negative variation (CNV), P100, N160, N200, and late positive component (LPC) were recorded in either the match or conflict condition. Component N270 was recorded only in the conflict condition mainly on the centrofrontal area (F3, F4). The mean amplitude of the CNV was significantly higher when subjects used the right hand to respond. The mean amplitudes of N160 in the two conditions and N200 in the conflict condition were significantly higher when the left hand was used to indicate a response. There was no significant difference in the amplitude of N270 between the left-hand and right-hand responses. The N270 is thought to reflect activity in a conflict processing system. The LPC component was not affected by different hands'response-effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Attentional factors in response time variability after traumatic brain injury: an ERP study.

Reaction time (RT) is often used in the assessment of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), presumably because it reflects either information processing speed or attentional capacity. To clarify this distinction, we examined behavioral RT and the within-subject variability of RT as they relate to electrophysiological measures of attention and information processing. These include the P300 latency, which reflects stimulus evaluation time, P300 amplitude, which reflects attentional allocation, and the preresponse component of the contingent negative variation (CNV), which reflects sustained attention. We found that the latency and variability in behavioral RT were not correlated with the latency or variability of the P300, suggesting that stimulus evaluation time is not a major contributor to RT and its variability in this paradigm. However, among normal controls, RT was related to P300 amplitude, and therefore to attentional allocation. For the TBI subjects, it was the variability, not the speed, of RT that was related to P300 amplitude and to the preresponse component of the CNV. These data suggest that, while in normal controls RT reflects attentional allocation, among TBI subjects it is the variability in RT that is sensitive to the ability to allocate and sustain attention.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cognitive- and movement-related potentials recorded in the human basal ganglia.

Sources of potentials evoked by cognitive processing of sensory and motor activities were studied in 9 epilepsy surgery candidates with electrodes implanted in the basal ganglia (BG), mostly in the putamen. Several contacts were also located in the pallidum and the caudate. The recorded potentials were related to a variety of cognitive and motor activities (attentional, decisional, time estimation, sensory processing, motor preparation, and so on). In five different tests, we recorded P3-like potentials evoked by auditory and visual stimuli and sustained potential shifts in the Bereitschaftspotential and Contingent Negative Variation protocols. All of the studied potentials were generated in the BG. They were recorded from all over the putamen. Various potentials on the same lead or nearby contacts were recorded. A functional topography in the BG was not displayed. We presume that the cognitive processes we studied were produced in clusters of neurons that are organized in the basal ganglia differently than the known functional organization, e.g., of motor functions. The basal ganglia, specifically the striatum, may play an integrative role in cognitive information processing, in motor as well as in nonmotor tasks. This role seems to be nonspecific in terms of stimulus modality and in terms of the cognitive context of the task.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effect of graded monetary reward on cognitive event-related potentials and behavior in young healthy adults.

Temporal correlates of the brain circuit underlying reward processing in healthy adults remain unclear. The current study investigated the P3 and contingent negative variation (CNV) as putative reward-related temporal markers. The effect of sustained monetary reward on these event-related potentials and on behavior was assessed using a warned reaction-time paradigm in 16 young healthy subjects. Monetary reward (0, 1 and 45 cents) varied across blocks of trials. While the CNV was unaffected by money, P3 amplitude was significantly larger for 45 than the 1 and 0 cent conditions. This effect corresponded to the monotonically positive subjective ratings of interest and excitement on the task (45>1>0). These findings suggest a difference between the P3 and CNV; the P3 is sensitive to the sustained effect of relative reward value, while the CNV does not vary with reward magnitude.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The CNV peak: an index of decision making and temporal memory.

A slow brain potential change, the contingent negative variation (CNV), was recorded in a temporal generalization schedule. The task was to judge the duration of a signal (1.250 to 3.125 s) as being equal or not to that of a 2-s target that had been previously memorized. Two signal modalities, visual and tactile, were contrasted in distinct trial blocks, in order to explore possible localization differences. Significant results were found at CPz, irrespective of signal modality. The CNV that developed during signal presentation peaked around 2 s and then declined when the current signal was longer than the 2-s target, instead of peaking at signal extinction as was the case for shorter signals. Thus, for signals longer than the target, the CNV peak and the following slope change provide a memory trace of the encoded target duration, leading to decision making.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Motor programming of response force and movement direction.

Effects of movement advance information were assessed on the prestimulus amplitude of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), on the contingent negative variation (CNV), and on reaction time (RT). In a precuing paradigm with movement parameters hand, direction, and force, partial precues provided advance information about either hand alone, hand plus force, or hand plus direction, and the full precue specified all response parameters. The full precue produced the shortest RTs and the largest CNV amplitude, precuing hand and force or hand and movement direction produced somewhat slower RTs and a somewhat smaller CNV amplitude, and precuing only hand yielded slowest RTs and the smallest CNV amplitude. In contrast, the LRP amplitude was largest for the full precue and was the same for the remaining precues. The CNV appears to index the central assembling of a motor program, and the LRP represents the implementation of the program at more peripheral levels.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Changes in arousal level by differential exercise intensity.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of exercise intensity on arousal level. METHODS: Twelve subjects (22-33 years) performed a S1-S2 reaction time task consisting of warning stimulus (S1) and imperative stimulus (S2) in a control condition, and again after low, medium, and high intensity pedaling exercises. During this task, contingent negative variation (CNV) and spontaneous electroencephalogram before S1 were measured as indicators for arousal level. RESULTS: CNV amplitude after high intensity pedaling exercise was significantly smaller than after medium pedaling exercise. Compared to the control condition, relative power value of alpha waves increased after the high intensity exercise. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that arousal level was reduced after high intensity exercise and reached a state near optimal level after medium intensity exercise. The findings also suggested that changes in CNV amplitude by differences in exercise intensity followed an inverted-U shaped dose response curve. SIGNIFICANCE: The present study supported the view that CNV amplitude and arousal level followed an inverted-U relationship. It is concluded that differences in exercise intensity influenced arousal level.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Slow potential correlates of frontal function, psychosis, and negative symptoms.

The contingent negative variation (CNV) was used to study cortical activation in frontal and central areas in psychotic and nonpsychotic patients. Psychotic patients showed a higher frontal relative to central CNV amplitude than nonpsychotic patients, a finding that was correlated with performance on a test of frontal function. Negative symptom ratings (physical anhedonia and social closeness) were correlated with relatively low frontal versus central CNV amplitude, but only in psychotic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The late event related potentials CNV and PINV in normal and dyslexic subjects.

The most prominent ERP to occur during intervals of preparation and anticipation is the contingent negative variation (CNV) or expectancy wave. The resolution of this wave is called the postimperative negative variation (PINV). The purpose of this study was to distinguish the characteristics of the CNV and the PINV in a group of children with reading disabilities or dyslexia and to compare them from a group of normal readers. Nine righthanded boys aged between 10-13 years with reading disabilities were studied. The children were matched with a group of nine normal readers. Four derivations were used: frontal, central, parietal and occipital zones, with reference to linked ears. Data were analyzed using multivariate procedures. Significant differences between groups in CNV amplitude and in PINV amplitude and latency at the left parietal site were observed. We discuss the participation of this zone and we consider processes like expectancy, attention and brain activity signal processing in the differences mentioned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A possible masking effect of tinnitus. Evaluation of CNV audiometry.

To determine whether tinnitus has a masking effect similar to that of general external sounds, the hearing threshold shift when the tinnitus was changed by intravenous administration of lidocaine was measured by contingent negative variation (CNV) audiometry. In a preliminary study, the reliability of CNV audiometry was evaluated in 12 patients with tinnitus. The reproducibility of CNV audiometry was confirmed, based on repeated measurements of CNV audiometry at the tinnitus frequency. The threshold difference between CNV audiometry and pure tone audiometry was -0.76 +/- 1.35 dB, and a high statistical correlation between the threshold of CNV audiometry and pure tone audiometry was evident. The CNV threshold shift at tinnitus frequency after lidocaine injection was measured in 89 ears. In the tinnitus-decreased group, the CNV threshold decreased (4-6 dB) in 22% of cases; however, in the tinnitus-unchanged group, the CNV threshold was little changed. These findings suggest that tinnitus may have a masking effect as is the case with external sounds.

Audiometry, Evoked Response↗
PubMed1996

Suicidal behavior in depressive disorder: an event-related potential study.

P300 and contingent negative variation (CNV) were recorded in depressive inpatients with and without history of suicide attempt. The results showed a significant reduction of P200, P300, and CNV and a significant increase of postimperative negative variation (PINV) in patients who had attempted suicide compared to patients with a negative history. Moreover, P300 amplitude was negatively related with the Suicidal Risk and the Hopelessness but not with the Hamilton scales. These results stress the need to differentiate clinical subgroups of patients to assess the psychophysiology of depression, and indicate that patients who attempted suicide exhibit lower cortical resources and poorer cortical performance than patients without history of suicide attempt.

Adult↗