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Results for “Conduct Disorder”

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PubMed1991

Psychophysiological anomalies in children with emotional and conduct disorders.

We studied patterns of psychophysiological (skin conductance, heart rate) reactivity to sounds and to situations with varying emotional and alerting connotations in child psychiatric outpatients and in healthy controls. Children with emotional disorders were particularly reactive to situations with aversive components, while conduct disorder subjects showed increased reactivity to pleasant situations and decreased responses to neutral but high-intensity stimulation and to withdrawal of stimulation in silence periods. The results indicate patterns of biological reactivity which may underlie different psychiatric disturbances in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Neighborhood disadvantage moderates associations of parenting and older sibling problem attitudes and behavior with conduct disorders in African American children.

Data from 296 sibling pairs (mean ages 10 and 13 years), their primary caregivers, and census records were used to test the hypothesis that African American children's likelihood of developing conduct problems associated with harsh parenting, a lack of nurturant-involved parenting, and exposure to an older sibling's deviance-prone attitudes and behavior would be amplified among families residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods. A latent construct representing harsh-inconsistent parenting and low levels of nurturant-involved parenting was positively associated with younger siblings' conduct disorder symptoms, as were older siblings' problematic attitudes and behavior. These associations were strongest among families residing in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods. Future research and prevention programs should focus on the specific neighborhood processes associated with increased vulnerability for behavior problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

School dropout and conduct disorder in Brazilian elementary school students.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between DSM-IV conduct disorder (CD) and school dropout in a sample of students from the third and fourth elementary grades at state schools in the capital of the southernmost state of Brazil. METHODS: In this case-control study, students that dropped out of schools (n = 44) and a control group who continued attending schools (n = 44) were assessed for CD and other prevalent mental disorders, using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children, Epidemiological Version (K-SADS-E). RESULTS: The prevalence of DSM-IV CD was significantly higher in the school-dropout group than in control subjects (P < 0.001), both in the entire sample and in a subsample including only subjects under age 12 years (P = 0.001). Also, the odds ratio (OR) for school dropout was significantly higher in the presence of DSM-IV CD, even after controlling for potential confounding factors (age, estimated IQ, school repetition, family structure, and income) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results extend to children and young adolescents previous findings from studies of older adolescents, suggesting an association between school dropout and CD.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lithium and conduct disorder.

Lithium administration has been effective in treating severe aggression in children and adolescents with Conduct Disorder. An overview of the pertinent literature is presented. Side effects associated with lithium administration are discussed. Guidelines for lithium administration are given, including dosage regulation, monitoring of serum lithium, as well as of side effects and laboratory measures. When prescribed judiciously, under careful monitoring, lithium can be an important part of the comprehensive treatment program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Are oppositional and conduct disorders of adolescents separate conditions?

This study explores the factor structure of behaviours that correspond to symptoms of DSM-III-R oppositional defiant (OD) and conduct disorder (CD). It also seeks to clarify how those hypothetical factors may relate to diagnoses of OD and CD. Using exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis of parent questionnaire data from a group of referred adolescents (N = 528) diagnosed according to DSM-III criteria the authors extracted four factors. One of them corresponded closely to DSM-III-R OD, while the others comprised different aspects of the CD construct. The findings suggest there are subtypes of conduct problems in adolescents, and give some support to the distinction between conduct and oppositional disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Adolescent outcomes of childhood conduct disorder among clinic-referred boys: predictors of improvement.

Much remains to be learned about the adolescent outcomes of clinic-referred boys whose childhood conduct problems are serious enough to meet diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder (CD). Six structured diagnostic assessments were conducted over 7 years of 73 clinic-referred 7-12-year-old boys who met criteria for CD in Wave 1. There were substantial individual differences in the adolescent outcomes of CD, ranging from worsening to sustained recovery, with most boys showing persistent, but fluctuating levels of CD. Improvement in CD was not accounted for by treatment or incarceration, but more positive outcomes over Waves 2-7 were predicted prospectively with substantial accuracy, using a combination of baseline predictors: less initial severity of CD, fewer symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, higher child verbal intelligence, greater family socioeconomic advantage, and not having antisocial biological parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Effects of chronic paroxetine administration on measures of aggressive and impulsive responses of adult males with a history of conduct disorder.

RATIONALE: The role of serotonin in human aggression and impulsivity was evaluated by administering paroxetine or placebo for 3 weeks and comparing the effects on laboratory measures of aggression and impulsivity among male subjects with a history of conduct disorder. METHODS: Twelve male subjects with a history of criminal behavior participated in experimental sessions, which measured aggressive and impulsive responses. Six subjects were assigned to placebo treatment and six subjects to placebo and paroxetine treatment. Aggression was measured using the point subtraction aggression paradigm (PSAP), which provides subjects with an aggressive and monetary reinforced response options. Impulsive responses were measured using a paradigm that gives subjects choices between small rewards after short delays versus larger rewards after longer delays. RESULTS: Chronic administration of paroxetine (20 mg/day) for 21 days produced significant decreases in impulsive responses. Decreases in aggressive responses were evident only at the end of paroxetine treatment. Decreases in impulsive and aggressive responses could not be attributed to a non-specific sedative action because monetary reinforced responses were not decreased as has been observed following CNS sedation. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of serotonin reuptake by paroxetine is the possible mechanism for reductions in aggressive and impulsive responses. These results support other data linking serotonin function and aggression and impulsivity.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

Association of the androgen receptor gene (AR) with ADHD and conduct disorder.

The male predominance of externalizing behaviors suggests that the X-linked androgen gene might be involved. Since the shorter alleles of the CAG and GGC polymorphisms of the AR gene are associated with increased gene expression we sought to determine whether they were also associated with externalizing behaviors. We examined 302 subjects consisting of Tourette syndrome probands and controls. ANOVA showed a significant association between the AR haplotypes and ADHD (p < 0.0001), conduct disorder (CD; p < 0.017), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD; p < 0.004) with the lowest scores in those with the longer alleles at both polymorphisms. These results suggest that genetic variation at the human AR gene plays a role in human externalizing disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Social and psychiatric functioning in adolescents with Asperger syndrome compared with conduct disorder.

Lack of standardized phenotypic definition has made outcome studies of Asperger syndrome (AS) difficult to interpret. This paper reports psychosocial functioning in 20 male adolescents with AS, defined according to current ICD-10 criteria, and a comparison group of 20 male adolescents with severe conduct disorder. Subjects were gathered from clinical referral. Evaluation used standardized interviewer rated assessments of social functioning and psychiatric morbidity. The AS group showed severe impairments in practical social functioning despite good cognitive ability and lack of significant early language delay. High levels of anxiety and obsessional disorders were found in AS; depression, suicidal ideation, tempers, and defiance in both groups. Results are compared with those from other studies. Relevance to clinical ascertainment and treatment is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Effects of d,l-fenfluramine on aggressive and impulsive responding in adult males with a history of conduct disorder.

RATIONALE: The role of serotonin in aggression and impulsivity was examined by administering the serotonin-releasing drug, d, l-fenfluramine and measuring effects on aggressive and impulsive responding under controlled laboratory conditions. METHODS: Ten male subjects with a history of conduct disorder and criminal behavior participated in experimental sessions, which measured aggressive and impulsive responses. Aggression was measured using the Point subtraction Aggression paradigm (PSAP), which provides subjects with an aggressive, escape and monetary reinforced response options. Impulsive responses were measured using a paradigm which provided subjects with choices between small rewards after short delays versus larger rewards have long delays. RESULTS: Acute challenge doses (0.2,0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg) of d,l-fenfluramine produced significant dose-dependent decreases in aggressive and impulsive responses. Escape and monetary reinforced responses were not significantly changed. Decreases in aggressive responses were therefore selective, because escape responses were not affected, and could not be attributed to a non-specific sedative action because monetary reinforced responses were slightly increased. CONCLUSIONS: Release of serotonin and/or reuptake blockade by d,l-fenfluramine is the possible mechanism for reductions in aggression and impulsivity. These results are consistent with a large body of data linking reduced serotonin function and aggressive behavior and impulsivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Primary prevention of conduct disorder: issues and prospects.

This research seeks to advance our understanding of the primary prevention of conduct disorder in three ways: (1) by illustrating how type of analysis and research design may influence our evaluation of a variable as a potential risk factor; (2) by examining the implications for primary prevention of choosing multiple risk factors for modification; and (3) by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of intervening with children living in high-risk situations versus children in the general population. The analyses are based on 1,001 children aged 6 to 12 in 1983 who participated in the original Ontario Child Health Study and follow-up. The results show that (1) inattention to type of analysis and research design may lead to false inferences about the usefulness of a hypothesized risk factor; (2) selecting multiple risk factors for modification increases the potential program benefits in prevention; and (3) primary prevention demonstration projects, to be evaluable at reasonable cost, must focus on children living in high-risk situations.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

Family secrecy: a comparative study of juvenile sex offenders and youth with conduct disorders.

The reported research was designed to compare adjudicated male juvenile sexual offenders and youth with conduct disorders on five aspects of family secrecy and deception. Twenty-nine male juvenile sex offenders and 32 comparison youth from three child welfare agencies in New York State participated in the study. Research assistants, blind to the hypotheses of the study and status of the youth, coded agency records for five variables identified a priori as a basis of comparison. Analyses revealed that the two groups were different on three of the five and on the total number of items scored. Families of juvenile sex offenders told more lies, had more family myths, and were more likely to be involved in taboo behavior. Logistic regression revealed that this factor of family deception significantly increased the odds of sexual offending over and above other measures of family pathology. These data support the hypotheses of the study and have implications for both clinical practice and future research in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between psychopathic traits measured by the Youth Psychopathic trait Inventory and psychopathology in a UK sample of conduct disordered boys.

The Youth Psychopathy traits Inventory (YPI) is a newly developed self-report measure of psychopathy. There are no studies looking at the validity of this measure in UK samples. We assessed 115 male adolescents (mean age 16.22 years) with DSM-IV conduct disorder on a range of measures including the YPI, Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and the Impulsivity-Venturesomeness-Empathy Questionnaire (IVE). The YPI had showed the expected positive correlations with aggression, delinquency and impulsivity. The YPI was able to identify a "psychopathic-like" subgroup with higher impulsive/aggressive and delinquent scores and lower empathy. The YPI may be of value as a screening tool for cases that require further assessment and evaluation using interview based measures of psychopathic traits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Gene-environment interaction in hyperkinetic conduct disorder (HD + CD) as indicated by season of birth variations in dopamine receptor (DRD4) gene polymorphism.

Recently, an interaction between season of birth and the expression of candidate genes has been suggested. Season of birth variations in tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) and the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene polymorphisms are different for affective disorders and schizophrenia. The DRD4 gene has been postulated as a candidate gene for attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), equivalent to hyperkinetic disorder (HD). The seven-repeat long variant of this gene (DRD4*7) in comparison to the short repeat variants of the DRD4 gene polymorphism, has been found to be associated with ADHD. A seasonal pattern of birth has also been proposed for different subtypes of ADHD. Therefore, in a subgroup of children with HD and conduct disorder (CD) and in healthy controls, we investigated a possible association between the DRD4*7 allele and HD + CD in association with the season of birth. Supporting this hypothesis, we found an interaction between the seasons of birth and the expression of the DRD4 candidate gene in children with HD + CD as well as in controls, which differ significantly from each other. Depending on the season of birth, children carrying the DRD4*7R allele showed different relative risks for developing HD + CD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Academic achievement in Substance-Abusing and Conduct-Disordered adolescents.

This study determined the influence of adolescent alcohol abuse on academic achievement. Substance Abusing (SA), Conduct Disordered (CD), and Normal Student Control (NSC) adolescents, stratified on Family History (FH) of alcoholism and gender, were tested on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT). While SAs and CDs did not differ on the PIAT, both had lower subtest and total test standard scores than NSCs. FH + SAs did not differ from FH + CDs on the Spelling subtest, but both groups had significantly lower scores than FH - NSCs. For SAs and NSCs there were no significant correlations between measures of alcohol intake and PIAT subtest scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Anxiety, inhibition, and conduct disorder in children: I. Relations to social impairment.

Jeffrey A. Gray has proposed a model in which conduct disorder (CD) is viewed as the result of both excessive activity of a behavioral activation system that mediates appetitive and aggressive behavior and deficient activity of a behavioral inhibition system that mediates both anxiety and the inhibition of behavior in the presence of cues signalling impending punishment or frustration. The relation of anxiety to antisocial behavior was examined in 177 clinic-referred boys, aged 7 to 12 years, 68 of whom met DSM-III-R criteria for CD. As predicted by Gray's model, boys with CD and comorbid anxiety disorder were markedly less impaired than boys with CD alone.

Aggression↗
PubMed1983

A four-year follow-up of hyperactive boys with and without conduct disorder.

A four-year follow-up of clinically selected hyperactive boys with and without associated conduct disorder investigated their outcome during early adolescence and was taken from a structured behavioural interview and standard psychological testing. Boys originally diagnosed as "purely" hyperactive continued to be inattentive and impulsive at follow-up, but showed very few aggressive and antisocial behaviours. Hyperactive boys who had earlier been undersocialized and aggressive continued to have problems with attention and impulsivity, were reported to be aggressive, noncompliant, egocentric, exhibiting antisocial behaviours and using alcohol. These findings suggest that antisocial and delinquent behaviour often reported in follow-up studies of hyperactive boys may be linked to childhood aggression and unsocialized behaviour, rather than the syndrome of hyperactivity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Homovanillic acid and monoamine oxidase in sons of substance-abusing fathers: relationship to conduct disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Children of substance-abusing (SA) fathers have been found to have increased rates of conduct disorder (CD). Substance abuse and antisocial behavior have been linked to alterations in dopaminergic regulation and to monoamine oxidase (MAO) in adults. This study assessed the relationship between homovanillic acid (HVA), the metabolite of dopamine (DA), and MAO, the enzyme facilitating the conversion of DA to HVA, with CD in boys of SA and non-SA fathers. METHOD: Male youths (N = 65), between the ages of 6 and 15 years, admitted to a residential setting because of behavior problems, were studied through peripheral blood samples and structured interviews. RESULTS: The findings indicated that MAO activity was significantly higher in boys of SA fathers with CD than (1) in boys of non-SA fathers with CD and (2) in boys of SA fathers without CD. HVA levels did not differ significantly among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of previous studies, the findings support the concept of dopaminergic dysregulation in sons of SA fathers, manifested by alterations in MAO activity levels in those youths with CD.

Adolescent↗