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PubMedDate not supplied

Graduate students with marginal abilities in communication sciences and disorders: prevalence, profiles, and solutions.

UNLABELLED: This paper addresses the special challenges encountered when working with graduate students whose academic and/or clinical performance is marginal or less than satisfactory. From a variety of perspectives including instructional, professional, financial, ethical, and legal, among others, working effectively with marginal students deserves serious and systematic consideration. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a national survey that explore the prevalence, profiles, and documented impact of marginal students on professional training programs in speech-language pathology and audiology. Current strategies for prevention and intervention, factors inhibiting implementation of such strategies, and implications for the student and the program are discussed. LEARNING OUTCOMES: (1) To learn the prevalence, profiles, and documented impact of marginal students on professional preparation programs in communication sciences and disorders. (2) To become familiar with current strategies for prevention and intervention with marginal students, factors inhibiting implementation of such strategies, and implications for the student and the program. (3) To understand professional preparation as a system of academic, clinical, and supervisory instruction, including evaluation and due process; namely, a student's right, a program's responsibility. (4) To identify critical questions generated by this study that must be addressed by the professions and individual programs.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Intermediates' satisfaction with a loneliness intervention program aimed at older adults: linkage of program plans and users' needs.

Intermediates' satisfaction with linkage of program plans and users' needs in the Dutch loneliness intervention program in good company (IGC) was studied. IGC was aimed at prevention and diminishment of loneliness in older adults, aged 55 years and above. Moreover, the objective was to improve helping and cooperation skills of intermediates, i.e. professional workers and volunteers. Different linkage approaches were used successively in three neighbourhoods, varying from top down instrumental to bottom up democratic linkage strategies. The intermediates' satisfaction with these strategies was measured using postal questionnaires, sent about 20 months after the introduction of the program to the three neighbourhoods. Satisfaction was significantly related to the intermediates' subjective evaluation of the linkage approach. Satisfaction was highest in the neighbourhood where the intermediates were consulted most explicitly and where they had a clear voice in the design and organisation of the intervention, using democratic linkage strategies. Satisfaction was clearly associated with the program's success in meeting targets aimed at intermediates. A relationship with effective prevention of loneliness in older adults was not found. It is concluded that the use of democratic linkage strategies, like needs assessments, local action plans and two-way communication between program designers and users, is essential for successful dissemination of health promotion activities.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Educating nursing assistants to communicate more effectively with nursing home residents with dementia.

This article describes the development and evaluation of a Nursing Assistant Communication Skills Program (NACSP). NACSP was designed to help nursing assistants (NAs) interact more effectively with nursing home residents with moderate and severe dementia. In two skilled-care nursing homes, NAs in four units were randomly assigned by unit to NACSP or to a wait-list control condition (UC) and were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. NACSP resulted in improvement in the well-being of nursing home residents being cared for by NAs who had received the NACSP training. It was also found that NACSP resulted in greater knowledge of caregiving responses and reduced turnover rates among NAs, but the program had no impact on their knowledge of dementia. To disseminate the NACSP program, a leader manual, an accompanying training videotape, and a workbook for participants were developed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Developing, implementing, and evaluating a condom promotion program targeting sexually active adolescents.

This article describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of the Condom Campaign, a 1995 HIV prevention program promoting condom use among sexually active adolescents in three King County, Washington, urban communities. This program employed three main strategies: (a) mobilizing all levels of the target communities to support and guide program development and implementation; (b) creating and implementing a mass media campaign targeting sexually active teenagers that promoted correct condom use and favorable attitudes toward condoms; and (c) recruiting public agencies, community organizations, and businesses to distribute condoms from bins and vending machines. We evaluated the program through a series of cross-sectional interviews conducted in the three communities chosen for their elevated levels of adolescent sexual risk behavior. Overall, 73% of target youth reported exposure to the Condom Campaign; exposure did not differ by age, gender, race, or level of sexual experience. Levels of sexual activity remained stable throughout the media campaign.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cross-disciplinary communication needed to promote the effective use of indicators in making decisions.

This paper examines problems of assessment and decision-making that result from poor or inadequate communication of indicators among the disciplines of public health, the physical sciences, and economics. The specific examples used are drawn from climate impacts in the Americas although the issues are more general to environmental health. In terms of physical processes, problems arise in confusion about indicators at different steps along the DPSEEA framework of environmental health indicators and general scientific uncertainty about the underlying physical processes. Communication between public health and economics is hindered by a lack of understanding of economic costs used in making decisions and the presence of implicit value judgments in economic analysis. Organizational structures may further inhibit the effective use of indicators. Finally, the paper discusses the Pan American Health Organization proposal to enhance the communication of indicators by using information technology networking to support communication among program managers and decision-makers at the national and local levels. The aim of this initiative is to establish a better environment for making decisions. The problem of cholera in Peru is shown as an example of the need for better communication.

Climate↗
PubMed1994

Impact of culturally sensitive AIDS video education on the AIDS risk knowledge of African-American adolescents.

AIDS video education is a major mode of providing information about the spread and prevention of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Very little has been written about the need for culturally salient messages in increasing the acquisition and retention of HIV/AIDS prevention information, even though there is considerable agreement that limited culturally sensitive information is reaching African-American youth. This investigation sought to ascertain the impact of a culturally similar AIDS video on the acquisition of AIDS knowledge and endorsement of HIV/AIDS prevention beliefs. This study randomly assigned classes of African-American teenagers to one of two treatment groups: culturally similar video (CSV) AIDS education and culturally dissimilar video (CDV) AIDS education. Results suggest that the CSV group demonstrated significant improvement in pre- to post- AIDS knowledge scores compared to the CDV group (using ANCOVA procedures). The intervention was not significant in demonstrating change in beliefs about prevention. Implications for the development of HIV/AIDS prevention programs for inner-city African-American youth are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

The use of complementary medicine for healthy aging.

By the year 2020, twenty percent of the US population will be aged 65 years or older. The greatest growth in numbers will be among those aged 85 years or older. If the healthcare demands of this group match those of their parents, it will place an extraordinary burden on funding for medical services. By promoting healthy aging, complementary medicine practitioners can improve the cost-effectiveness of healthcare delivery. A scientifically based complementary medicine program to promote healthy aging includes (1) diet and nutritional tailoring, (2) nutrient enhancement to meet specific individual needs, (3) exercise training, (4) stress management, (5) promotion of structural integrity, (6) environmental adjustment, (7) counseling on purposeful living, and (8) normalizing intercellular communication. The program described in this article incorporates these features and focuses on the following modifiable factors of unhealthy aging: altered mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, increased protein glycation, chronic inflammation, defects in methylation, reduced detoxification ability, and altered immunity.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

Some perspectives on intervention strategies for persons with developmental disorders.

We present a view of language that crosses modal considerations (e.g., speech vs. augmentative systems) and places language within an interaction framework. We emphasize the need to consider normal social, cognitive, and linguistic development in selecting program guidelines for developmentally delayed persons. We address the child's linguistic code not as a set of phonetic, syntactic, and semantic features that can be trained in isolation, but as a means by which he can exercise the various pragmatic uses of communication. In effect, our interest has thus expanded from the child alone to the child as one member of a communicating dyad. Programming in the areas of mother's verbal input, expanding children's language skills, training in augmentative systems--all reflect an overriding objective of optimizing the language-user's ability to successfully participate in interactions with other persons in his/her environment.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Digital communication with fetal monitors.

BACKGROUND: Fetal heart rate (FHR) values in the averaged format that are provided by commercial computed cardiotocography analysis systems may be unsuitable for special analysis purposes. METHOD: I developed a communication software program to obtain any measured values of fetal monitors for individual analysis of computed cardiotocography. EXPERIENCE: The software program was used to study the data continuity of beat-to-beat FHR values as an experiment for chaos theory and power spectrum analysis. The results indicated that the signal loss was recognized at a precision of 95%. CONCLUSION: The described method of digital communication with fetal monitors was found to be useful for individual purposes in the field of computed cardiotocography analysis.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1993

Improving medical students' attitudes toward and skills with the elderly.

This study examined the effect of an experimental program in gerontology and geriatrics on the knowledge, attitudes, and interview skill behaviors of third-year medical students. Experimental group members (n = 45; controls n = 51) participated in four 90-minute group sessions that emphasized psychological, sociodemographic, and physiological aspects of aging and interpersonal communication skills. Program participants developed more positive attitudes and demonstrated more socially skilled behavior during an interview with an older adult.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Texas pediatric dentists' attitudes toward practice issues and the role of the component society.

A questionnaire addressing practice issues in dentistry and members' expectations of component society activities was sent to members of the Texas Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (N = 269). Response rate was 73%. Respondents were not in full agreement with the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommendation that children first be seen at 12 months, though younger and childless dentists had significantly greater agreement than those who were older and had children. Strong disapproval of proposed independent practice for hygienists was expressed, and strong support was given for assistants to perform coronal polishing and apply sealants. Three-fourths of respondents treat Medicaid patients. In evaluating the role of the component society, respondents--especially women--unanimously affirmed the responsibility of keeping dentists abreast of current information, but also expressed strong support for maintaining relationships with outside groups and representing member views on issues of health care reform. Based on the diffusion theory of communication, a program of proactive public relations is recommended for the first-visit issue.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A reduction in the number of unwanted pregnancies among female army draftees through a controlled intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the possibility of reducing the risk of unwanted pregnancy through a controlled intervention program that was based on a sex education workshop. DESIGN: Educational intervention study. SETTING: Newly drafted women in a central absorption army base in Israel. PATIENT(S): One thousand seven hundred ninety-three female draftees in the Israeli Defence Force. INTERVENTION(S): A 2-day workshop on sex education at the beginning of army service. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Rate of unwanted pregnancy. RESULT(S): After 2 years of follow-up, there were approximately 40% fewer unwanted pregnancies among women with a lower socioeconomic and intellectual profile. CONCLUSION(S): Structured intervention programs may reduce significantly the rate of unwanted pregnancy in young women.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1994

[Place on information in health services use by mothers in Guediawaye].

The authors report the results of a survey in a suburban healthcare structure. The purpose was to evaluate the knowledge of mothers about the healthcare delivered through a childhood and maternal healthcare program in Senegal. 244 women were selected at random. The consultant mothers came more for their children than for themselves (79% of consultations were for their children, 49% for themselves). 60% to 80% of women are unaware of basic notions currently teached through the "Information-Education-Communication (I.E.C)" program. All that requires to elaborate with these women healthcare strategies, which are in adequacy with their needs in these peripheral healthcare structures, and which are supported by an adequate and regularly evaluated I.E.C.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Positive youth development linked with prevention in a Vietnamese American community: successes, challenges, and lessons learned.

PURPOSE: To describe a positive youth development program that was successfully designed and implemented in partnership with a Vietnamese American community and to provide insight into the types of outcomes that can result from such programs in similar communities. METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted with Vietnamese community leaders (n = 8) and youth (n = 10) who were involved in a positive youth development program in Oklahoma City. Interviews were tape recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded by two independent analysts. Data matrices were used to help identify major themes. RESULTS: Participants felt they had strengthened numerous assets as a result of involvement in the youth development program, including communication with parents or another adult, leadership skills, constructive use of free time, and positive peer influences. Some of the participants also reported establishment of a relationship with a nonparent adult, inclusion of community service in their aspirations for the future, and avoidance of high-risk behaviors owing to their involvement in the program. Both adults and youth felt that the Vietnamese community had changed its perception of youth as a result of increased involvement of young people in community service and cultural activities. CONCLUSION: Positive youth development is a promising prevention strategy that can be adapted to Vietnamese communities in the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The Institute on Human Values in Medicine: its role and influence in the conception and evolution of bioethics.

For ten years, 1971-1981, the Institute on Human Values in Medicine (IHVM) played a key role in the development of Bioethics as a field. We have written this history and analysis to bring to new generations of Bioethicists information about the development of their field within both the humanities disciplines and the health professions. The pioneers in medical humanities and ethics came together with medical professionals in the decade of the 1960s. By the 1980s Bioethics was a fully recognized discipline. We show the role that IHVM programs played in defining the field, training faculty and helping schools to develop programs. We review, the beginnings of the IHVM in the crucible of social and technological change that led to the establishment of the IHVM's parent organization, the Society for Health and Human Values. We then turn to the IHVM programs through which Faculty members received fellowships to explore new crossovers between the humanities and the health professions. We have not only described the Fellows Program as it existed in 1973-1980, but have completed a survey of the fellows a quarter of a century after they held their fellowships. We describe other IHVM programs designed to facilitate the initiation and development of new humanities programs, to explore conceptual issues between medicine and five humanities fields, to conduct issue driven or educational method conferences and to advance humanities programs into graduate education through the Directors of Medical Education.

Academies and Institutes↗