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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Molecular genetics of human color vision: the genes encoding blue, green, and red pigments.

Human color vision is based on three light-sensitive pigments. The isolation and sequencing of genomic and complementary DNA clones that encode the apoproteins of these three pigments are described. The deduced amino acid sequences show 41 +/- 1 percent identity with rhodopsin. The red and green pigments show 96 percent mutual identity but only 43 percent identity with the blue pigment. Green pigment genes vary in number among color-normal individuals and, together with a single red pigment gene, are proposed to reside in a head-to-tail tandem array within the X chromosome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

[Examinations of color vision in the differentiation of retinopathia pigmentosa].

Quantitative analyses of color vision using the Farns-worth-Munsell 100-hue test confirm that the mode of inheritance is important for the prognosis of retinopathia pigmentosa. Cases involving the autosomal dominant mode of inheritance are characterized by slight functional losses whereas patients with the autosomal-recessive or the X-chromosomal-recessive mode of inheritance show pronounced defects in the photopic system. With time the degeneration affects the blue, the green and finally the red areas of the color spectrum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Variations in normal color vision. III. Unique hues in Indian and United States observers.

Basic color categories are thought to share a common pattern across linguistic groups, yet the focal colors defining those categories can vary substantially within any single group. We asked whether focal colors can also differ systematically across different groups of individuals living in potentially different color environments, by measuring focal and unique hues for observers in India and the United States. Differences between groups were generally small relative to the within-group variations, consistent with a strong common basis for color naming across diverse contexts. However, for most hues the average settings differed significantly across subpopulations. These differences persisted across testing conditions and thus probably reflect longer-term contextual influences on color appearance judgments. They suggest that while color categories may be qualitatively similar, precisely how the hue spectrum is parsed may differ quantitatively across different populations of observers. Both the between-group and the within-group differences are inconsistent with the differences predicted by common peripheral sources of variation in color vision (e.g., in lens or macular pigment) and may reflect an influence of environmental or cultural differences in focal color choices.

Color↗
PubMed2004

Influence of cone pigment coexpression on spectral sensitivity and color vision in the mouse.

The mouse retina contains both middle-wavelength-sensitive (M) and ultraviolet-sensitive (UV) photopigments that are coexpressed in cones. To examine some potential visual consequences of cone pigment coexpression, spectral sensitivity functions were measured in mice (Mus musculus) using both the flicker electroretinogram (ERG) and behavioral discrimination tests. Discrimination tests were also employed to search for the presence of color vision in the mouse. Spectral sensitivity functions for the mouse obtained from ERG measurements and from psychophysical tests each reveal contributions from two classes of cone having peak sensitivities (lambda(max)) of approximately 360 and 509-512 nm. The relative contributions of the two pigment types to spectral sensitivity differ significantly in the two types of measurements with a relationship reversed from that often seen in mammals. Mice were capable of discriminating between some pairs of spectral stimuli under test conditions where luminance-related cues were irrelevant. Since mice can make dichromatic color discriminations, their visual systems must be able to exploit differences in the spectral absorption properties among the cones. Complete selective segregation of opsins into individual photoreceptors is apparently not a prerequisite for color vision.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Impairment of neurobehavioral function and color vision loss among workers exposed to low concentration of styrene--a review of literatures.

Recently many studies on the health effects of workers who exposed to low-concentration styrene have been published. In this paper firstly we mentioned the reasons why nervous system was critical organ for evaluating the toxicity of organic solvents both in the acute and chronic exposure phases. Then we indicated how neurobehavioral test batteries were useful to detect subclinical adverse health effects of workers exposed to organic solvents. Secondly we reviewed many epidemiological studies on the impairment of neurobehavioral function, i.e., perceptual speed, memory, cognition, personality and mood, and the loss of color vision among styrene workers. Finally, we showed our recent data on the relationship between color vision loss and the concentration of urine metabolites among styrene workers. It can conclude that styrene may cause damage on nervous system, even at the low exposure level such as 50 ppm which used to be the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) recommended by Japan Society for Occupational Health (until 1999) and American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (until 1997).

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Goldfish color vision sensitivity is high under light-adapted conditions.

The wavelength discrimination threshold of three goldfish was examined in a series of behavioral experiments. Using an auto-shaping technique, detection thresholds were established for 531 and 648 nm spectral increments presented on a 6.6 cd m(-2) white background. Next, discrimination between the wavelengths was established at equal, suprathreshold, intensities. Finally, the intensities of the two stimuli were reduced to establish the intensity threshold for the wavelength discrimination. The results indicate that goldfish, like several mammalian species, can discriminate wavelength at detection threshold intensity. This finding suggests that high color sensitivity is not confined to mammals or dependent upon a very high percentage of wavelength opponent ganglion cells. Rather, high color vision sensitivity may be based upon an inherent sensitivity advantage of wavelength opponent receptive fields compared to non-wavelength opponent receptive fields and be an important selective advantage of wavelength opponency and color vision.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed1984

Neuropathies of the optic nerve and visual evoked potentials with special reference to color vision and differential light threshold measured with the computer perimeter OCTOPUS.

The contrast evoked potentials (VEPs) to different check sizes were recorded in about 200 cases of discrete optic neuropathies (ON) of different origin. Differential light threshold (DLT) was tested with the computer perimeter OCTOPUS. Saturated and desaturated tests were applied to evaluate the degree of acquired color vision deficiency. Delayed VEP responses are not confined to optic neuritis (RBN) alone and the different latency times obtained from other ON are confluent. The delay may be due to demyelination, to an increasing dominance of paramacular VEP subcomponents or to an increasing dominance of the upper half-field responses. Recording with smaller check sizes has the advantage that discrete dysfunctions in the visual field (VF) center are more easily detected: a correlation between amplitudes and visual acuity is best in strabismic amblyopias, is less expressed in maculopathies of the retina and weak in ON. The absence or reduction of amplitudes to smaller check sizes, however, is an important indication of a disorder in the VF center of ON in an early or recovered stage. Acquired color vision defects of the tritan-like type are more confined to discrete ON, whereas the red/green type is reserved to more severe ON. The DLT of the VF center is reduced in a different, significant and non significant extent in discrete optic neuropathies and the correlation between DLT and visual acuity is weak. A careful numerical analysis is needed in types of discrete ON where the central DLT lies within normal statistical limits: a side difference of the DLT between the affected and the normal fellow eye is always present. Evaluation of visual fatigue effects and of the relative sensitivity loss of VF center and VF periphery may provide further diagnostic information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Visual acuity, refraction and color vision after implantation of foldable silicon lenses].

Implantation of intraocular lenses through a small opening is possible with phacoemulsification and foldable silicon lenses. There is little traumatic effect, which is positive for the healing process and the postoperative results of visual acuity and refraction. Because of alteration of the optic media, deteriorated sensation is possible. We investigated 28 patients with foldable silicon lenses after phacoemulsification. Pre- and postoperatively (1 day, 1 week, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months) visual acuity and astigmatism were measured. As the testing of color vision is a sensitive method for the detection of disturbance in sensation because of altered optic media this was performed 24 months postoperatively using the pseudoisochromatic plates of Ishihara and Ichikawa and the color arrangement tests, Farnsworth Panel D-15 desaturated and the Farnsworth Munsell 100 hue test. The results of this study confirm quicker rehabilitation of visual function and a lower rate of operatively induced astigmatism. A slight blue color vision deficiency results as consequence to altered optic media, but there is no effect on daily life.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Application of the spatiochromatic visual evoked potential to detection of congenital and acquired color-vision deficiencies.

Visual evoked potentials were recorded in response to spatiochromatic stimuli modulated in different directions in cone-activation color space from subjects with congenital and acquired color defects. This technique was effective for detection and classification of both mild and severe forms of congenital deficits. Results suggest that the visual evoked potential is useful for early identification of color abnormalities in acquired deficits such as diabetes and that it is sensitive enough to detect regional retinal losses of sensitivity (e.g., as in central serous choroidopathy). The spatiochromatic visual evoked potential provides a systematic and sensitive indication of different color-vision anomalies.

Adult↗