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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Cutaneous positivity in patients with respiratory allergies to 42 allergenic extracts of airborne fungi isolated in São Paulo, Brazil.

With the purpose of measuring the frequency of allergies of the respiratory tract to airborne fungi in São Paulo, Brazil, 201 patients with bronchial asthma and/or allergic rhinitis were submitted to intradermal testings with allergenic extracts of 42 fungus genera isolated from the air in São Paulo. The extracts of these fungi were prepared according to Coca's method and then standardized by the weight by the volume method. At first, the patients were submitted to intradermal testing with the total polyvalent (TP) extract, getting positive reaction in 70 of them (34.8%). The patients with positive reaction to the TP were tested with the 42 individual extracts and 74.3% of them reacted positively to one or more extracts. These results led us to the conclusion that the most frequent fungi in the air of São Paulo were not the ones which cause the highest number of positive intradermal reactions. Therefore, the convenience in employing as many allergens as possible in intradermal testings for diagnosis should be reinforced.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1987

[Retrospect and perspective in rhinologic allergology].

The first classical description of allergic rhinitis was given by John Bostock in 1819, and Blackley demonstrated the etiology in 1873. In 1906 Clemens von Pirquet discussed a relationship between hypersensitivity and immunity: he called it allergy. In 1922 Prausnitz and Kustner described the transfer of the immediate type hypersensitivity by serum. Coca and Cooke called the factor atopic reagin. The breakthrough in 1967 was due to Ishizaka and Ishizaka who discovered the IgE-antibodies, and proved that these are identical with the postulated reaginic antibodies. The knowledge of the new IgE-antibody class allowed the incorporation of nasal allergy in clinical immunology.

Germany↗
PubMed1988

Caffeine in sport. Urinary excretion of caffeine in healthy volunteers after intake of common caffeine-containing beverages.

The presence of a concentration of caffeine greater than or equal to 15 micrograms/ml in urine of athletes participating in competitive sport is a disqualifying factor. A study was conducted to establish how much caffeine needs to be ingested--in the form of coffee, tea or Coca-Cola--to approach or exceed this limit. Nine healthy volunteers participated in a randomised cross-over study and received caffeine in the form of these beverages, ingested within 15 minutes, in doses ranging from 1.52 mg/kg to 17.53 mg/kg. The latter dose is equivalent to nearly 8 cups of ordinary percolated coffee. The maximum caffeine concentration in urine recorded was 14 micrograms/ml, 3 hours after ingestion. A significant correlation was found between the caffeine dose and the maximum urinary concentration. The mean recovery of caffeine in urine was between 0.74% and 0.91% of the administered dose. The nature of the beverage did not appear to influence the degree of caffeine excretion. It is concluded that if a concentration of 15 micrograms caffeine/ml urine is recorded, it can safely be accepted that the athlete purposely ingested large amounts of the substance, in whatever form.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Evaluation of a caffeine test for determining the phenotype of N-acetyltransferase].

Xenobiotic acetylation by N-acetyltransferase is genetically controlled. This polymorphism governs the intestinal and liver metabolism of numerous amines. The use of caffeine, a ubiquitous and nontoxic amine, has been proposed as a probe for phenotyping. The aim of the present study is to evaluate this test and to identify the metabolite of caffeine used as substrate by the polymorphic enzyme. - A cup of coffee, tea or Coca-Cola is administered to fasting subjects. The molar ratio of two metabolites of caffeine (AFMU and 1X) is determined on a spot urine sample 4-6 hours later by means of a UV liquid chromatographic assay. In a reference population (n = 63), the distribution of molar ratios is trimodal with frequencies of 0.14, 0.35 and 0.51. These results correlate with those obtained by the classic isoniazid test. However, in vitro experiments in human liver subcellular fractions did not lead to the identification of a xanthine as the precursor of the acetylated metabolite.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1985

Abuse liability and pharmacodynamic characteristics of intravenous and inhaled nicotine.

The potential role of nicotine in tobacco dependence was investigated using the strategies of abuse liability assessment. Eight male volunteer cigarette smokers with histories of drug abuse resided on a research ward for the duration of the study. Each subject was tested with three doses of i.v. nicotine (0.75, 1.5 and 3.0 mg/10-sec infusion) and placebo each test day, and with three doses of inhaled nicotine, in the form of research cigarette smoke (0.4, 1.4 and 2.9 mg estimated yield) and placebo (sham-smoking), given on alternate test days. Each subject was tested on 4 days with both routes of administration, according to identical experimental protocols. Physiologic, subjective and observer data were collected at intervals ranging from 15 sec to 10 min beginning 10 min before drug administration and continuing for 30 min after administration. Both i.v. and inhaled nicotine produced dose-related increases in heart rate and blood pressure, and i.v. nicotine produced a transient bradycardia in four subjects during the first 30 sec after drug administration. Skin temperature was decreased by nicotine and pupil diameter was not consistently changed. Ratings of drug dose "strength" and drug "liking" were directly related to dose level whereas "desire to smoke cigarettes" was inversely related. Scores on the Morphine-Benzedrine Group (or Euphoria) scale of the Addiction Research Center Inventory were elevated by nicotine, and i.v. doses were identified frequently as cocaine. Signs and symptoms were similar for nicotine across the two routes of administration and included coughing, dizziness, nausea and relaxed feelings. Nicotine shared the pharmacologic profile of prototypic drugs of abuse. The study supports the hypothesis that the role of nicotine in tobacco dependence is equivalent to the role of other psychoactive drugs in substance abuse, e.g., to the role of cocaine in coca leaf use.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The immunological response to tobacco antigens in the smoker. I. Specific precipitins against tobacco antigens in the serum of healthy cigarette smokers.

A study on the presence of specific precipitins against tobacco antigens was done in a population of 361 healthy cigrette smokers and in a group of 60 healthy non-smokers. The tests were made by the gel diffusion technique of Ouchterlony using tobacco extract prepared by the Coca method. A positive precipitation reaction was observed in 11.8 per cent of the smokers' sera examined but never in the non-smokers group. The reaction occurred in subjects of both sexes and was neither dependent upon how long they had smoked nor on the number of cigarettes smoked daily. In the authors' opinion, the formation of precipitins against tobacco antigens may be the result of a sensitivity reaction. It is therefore possible that in predisposed individuals immune complexes of precipitins and tobacco antigens may be formed. They could be responsible for some cardiovascular disorders occuring in smokers. In order to confirm such a hypothesis, a study was carried out recently by the authors on a large group of patients suffering from coronary disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The monitoring of trade in and control of psychotropic substances to guard against their diversion.

The establishment of international control of opiates has been an important achievement of the international community; this is substantiated by the fact that, at the beginning of this century, legally manufactured morphine and heroin were the principal sources of illicit supply, whereas at present the illicit traffic in these drugs is supplied from illicit sources. The poppy straw process has helped to promote measures to control opium poppy cultivation in a number of European countries; Turkey has been a successful example of such control. The present large-scale illicit traffic in cannabis resin and cocaine is the consequence of the lack of the implementation of provisions of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, to control the cannabis plant and the coca bush at the national level. The provisions of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, being largely a result of international compromise, are not designed in the best possible way to prevent the diversion of psychotropic substances from legal sources to illicit channels. There are no appropriate provisions for the control and monitoring of international transactions. There is a discrepancy between the rather limited scope of international control of substances listed in schedules III and IV of the 1971 Convention and the much larger scope of control of hypnotics, sedatives and tranquillizers at national levels. The provisions of the 1971 Convention, however, constitute a legal basis for bilateral and multilateral actions for the detection of suspected diversion cases, and offer possibilities of promoting the prevention of diversion of psychotropic substances. At present, the relationship between the control of psychotropic drugs, including the prevention of diversion and the organization of the national drug supply system, as well as the efficacy of national control over pharmaceutical products, has not been fully recognized by the international community.

Drug and Narcotic Control↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Counter-attack on cocaine trafficking: the strategy of drug law enforcement.

In the past cocaine was abused by the affluent and the famous members of society while at present it is widely abused by people in all social strata. Both abuse and availability of cocaine are increasing in the United States of America. Cocaine traffickers possess enormous assets, financial resources and means of transport that enable them to remain in operation. The incidence of violent activities, including homicides, is higher among cocaine traffickers than among traffickers in other drugs. Certain cocaine-related criminal groups are routinely engaged in wanton violence. Cocaine trafficking is closely connected with various sorts of crime, corruption and subversive activities. Suppression of cocaine traffic is among the most important priorities of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Coca plant eradication is regarded as the most effective weapon against cocaine trafficking. DEA special agents, in co-operation with their counterparts from concerned countries, are conducting intelligence exchange, international cocaine investigations and training programmes in cocaine source areas. The United States Government has focused on coordination of efforts of various concerned agencies at the federal, state and local levels to combat drug abuse and trafficking. The Department of Justice has mandated the establishment of law enforcement coordinating councils throughout the United States to ensure appropriate utilization of prosecution resources and to co-ordinate criminal investigative efforts. Task forces against organized crime are established in 12 key areas of the country. Control of precursors and essential chemicals that are used clandestine drug manufacturing is one among other measures currently being undertaken by the Government to suppress trafficking in cocaine and other drugs.

Cocaine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Provisions in the laws of Pakistan to combat serious drug-related offences.

British drug control laws were in force in Pakistan until February 1979 when the President of Pakistan promulgated the Prohibition (Enforcement of Hadd) Order, 1979. Under this Order more severe penalties are prescribed for those who violate the regulations of import, export, manufacture or processing of any intoxicants, the term which refers mainly to products of cannabis, opiates and coca derivatives. The Prohibition Order, 1979 and the Dangerous Drugs Act 1930 were amended in December 1983 to provide for further increases in punitive sanctions for offenders violating drug control laws and even more severe sanctions for offenders who are recidivists.

Criminal Law↗
PubMed1982

Effect of different drinks on the absorption of non-heme iron from composite meals.

A study was made on the effect of various drinks on the absorption on non-heme iron. The drinks were taken with standard meals composed of a hamburger, string beans and mashed potatoes. In each series identical meals were served to the same subject either with water or with the drink under study, labelling the meals with two different radio-iron isotopes. A reduction in iron absorption was seen when serving tea (62 per cent) or coffee (35 per cent) with the meals. Orange juice increased the iron absorption (85 per cent). Pure alcohol and wine increased only slightly the percentage absorbed. Wine often has a high iron content, which increased significantly the amount of iron absorbed (three times). Milk and beer have no significant effect. Coca-Cola increased only slightly the absorption. The present studies clearly shows that the choice of drink drunk with a meal can markedly affect the absorption of non-heme iron.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in children.

According to the previous experience of the author, he affirms that the hyperergic factor plays an important role in the etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and that the sensitization to foods present in 77% of the cases was the most important factor. This percentage can be seen to be potentiated by a determination of specific antibodies against the different foods by means of the passive hemagglutination tests which turned out to be positive in almost 70% of the cases. He admits of course, that psychological and all other already mentioned factors also play important accompanying roles. Lastly, he also considers that the racial factors played a very important part and that this disease affects especially those individuals with characteristics which Coca called "atopic".

Child↗
PubMed1995

Biologic potency and immunoblotting studies of extracts of three cockroach species.

BACKGROUND: Although cockroaches are responsible for severe allergic disease, cockroach extracts are not yet standardized by the ID50EAL method, nor have the allergens been completely characterized. OBJECTIVE: To determine biologic potency and immunoblotting patterns of whole-body extracts of three cockroach species: Periplaneta americana, Blattella germanica, and Blatta orientalis. METHOD: Twenty-four subjects puncture test positive to mixed cockroach extract were puncture tested with the three extracts. Fourteen qualified for endpoint titration testing by the ID50EAL method to P. americana with a sum of erythema (sigma E) > or = 20 mm by puncture testing, while 13 qualified for B. germanica and 12 qualified for B. orientalis. RESULTS: The mean D50s were 9.67 +/- 1.33 (mean +/- SD) for P. americana, 10.24 +/- 1.16 for B. germanica, and 10.36 +/- 1.40 for B. orientalis, resulting in a potency of 1000 BAU/mL for each extract. Omitting data from subjects with puncture sigma E < 30 mm did not change the calculated potency. Sixteen serum specimens revealed up to 17 bands with molecular weight 14 to 263 kD by SDS-PAGE immunoblotting. Four specimens showed no bands; of these, one had a positive RAST only to P. americana and one only to B. germanica. There was no correlation between number of bands or RAST counts with D50. CONCLUSIONS: IgE immunoblots of cockroach-allergic patients vary considerably as to the number and intensity of bands. Most patients react similarly to all three species. Current nonstandardized products (1:10 wt/vol) in glycero-Coca's solution appear to contain approximately 1000 BAU/mL. Ideally these extracts should be more potent, eg, 10,000 BAU/mL.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[E. Merck and cocaine. On Sigmund Freud's cocaine studies and their relation to the Darmstadt industry].

Documents from the archives of the pharmaceutical company, E. Merck, Darmstadt, shed light on research, production, and marketing of cocaine and other coca alkaloids. When cocaine proved to be a local anaesthetic in 1884 the market expanded enormously. The production of E. Merck is compared with that of other companies in Germany and abroad. Freud, who published on cocaine from 1884 to 1887, was in contact with E. Merck and performed clinical studies for them as well as for an American company.

Austria↗
PubMed1993

The application of capillary gas chromatography-electron capture detection in the comparative analyses of illicit cocaine samples.

The gas chromatographic detection of manufacturing impurities in illicit cocaine can be enhanced by chemical derivatization and the use of an electron-capture detector. After derivatization of illicit cocaine hydrochloride samples with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, the isolated heptafluorobutyryl derivatives of the cocaine impurities were subjected to capillary gas chromatography-electron capture detection analysis. The on-column detection of cocaine impurities at low picogram levels was possible for compounds such as N-norcocaine and other N-demethylated impurities, amidic by-products, including N-benzoylnorecgonine methyl ester and tertiary amines possessing hydroxy functions. The latter compounds include the so-called hydroxycocaine impurities, believed to be new coca leaf alkaloids. This methodology is especially suited for sample comparison analyses.

Cocaine↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence of food allergy and intolerance in children based on MAST CLA and ALCAT tests.

Investigations were performed on 56 children (23 girls, 33 boys), aged 0.5-16.0 (mean 7.2 years). After comparison of the ALCAT cytotoxic test results and the provocation diet results using a single blind trial, over two thirds consistency was obtained, which justified the use of the test for further analysis. The high consistency of MAST CLA and SPT suggests that in the investigated group of children IgE specific for nuts, grain, carrot, and soyabean prevailed. Comparison of these data to the ALCAT cytotoxic test gives a different view of products customarily given to allergic children. Tea, apple, coca-cola, and barley proved to be the most frequent cause of food intolerance in children investigated with the ALCAT test.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Factors which modify the nutritional state of iron: tannin content of herbal teas].

Tannins are natural compounds that abound in herbs, wood and fruits. Their numerous hydroxyl radicals confer them a strong avidity for metals such as Fe, Zn and Cu. This property makes them strong inhibitors for the gastrointestinal absorption of these metals. Our purpose was to determine the tannin content of herbal infusions commonly consumed in Chile and other Latino American countries. The determination was performed from dessicated herbs with the Folin-Denis technique. Yerba mate, tea and oregano had the highest tannin content (117, 100 and 84 mg of tannic acid/g dry herb respectively). An intermediate level (between 20 and 40 of tannic acid/g) was for coca, matico, boldo, palto, laurel, orange and binojo. The lowest level of tannin for paico, cedrón, apio and manzanilla (< 10 mg/g). We conclude that the consumption of herbal teas at or around meals may inhibit the absorption of metals such as Fe, Zn, or Cu by decreasing their bioavailability.

Beverages↗
PubMed1998

A review of implications of antiquality and toxic components in unconventional feedstuffs advocated for use in intensive animal production in Nigeria.

There are a number of unconventional feed resources in Nigeria. Most are rich sources of plant protein. Since protein is the most expensive and limiting nutrient in tropical livestock nutrition, these unconventional feed resources may fill a gap in protein deficiency. However, most contain antiquality and toxic components which make them unsafe as protein and carbohydrate sources in livestock nutrition. The presence of saponins, lectins, tannins, trypsin inhibitors, cyanogenic glucoside and others in African locust bean meal (Parkia filicoidea Welw), avocado seed meal (Persea americana), bambara groundnut meal (Voandzeia subterranea), cocoa by-product meal (Theobroma coca), coffee pulp meal (Coffee arabica), mango seed kernel meal (Mangifera indica), rubber seed meal (Hevea brasiliensis), sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L) and shear-butter cake (Vitellaria paradoxa, G) are not uncommon and make rations prepared with them unpalatable and unacceptable to animals. They also interfere with nutrient bioavailability and utilization. Drying, soaking, leaching and fermentation are simple means of detoxifying these feed sources to reduce the presence of antiquality and toxic components.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Soft-drinks and health].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze published papers about soft drinks use, and to describe possible health benefits, risks, and damages related to soft drink consumption. INFORMATION SOURCE: A search was done in the MEDLINE compact disks, from January 1970 to January 1997, with the keywords soft drink, beverages, carbonated beverages, cola, Coca-Cola and sweetening-agents. STUDY SELECTION: Ninety nine papers reporting health-related damages or benefits in clinical or experimental studies were reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: All articles with a clear description of at least one beneficial or harmful effect related to soft drink consumption were considered. RESULTS: There were reports on 25 harmful effects and of 7 possibly beneficial effects. Data are classified in prophylactic and therapeutic uses, dental caries and other dental disorders, mineral metabolism disorders, acid-peptic disease, neoplasm, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, effects on central nervous system, reproduction, allergy, and miscellaneous. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of exposure and excessive consumption of soft drinks may represent a public health problem in Mexico. Data analysis shows that soft drink consumption may not be as harmless as generally believed. Many of the reports are anecdotal, without a suitable methodological design. A wide field for research is present in this area.

Caffeine↗