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PubMed1988

Comparison of difloxacin, enoxacin, and cefazolin for the treatment of experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis.

This study compared difloxacin administered orally, enoxacin administered orally, and cefazolin administered intramuscularly for the treatment of experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Difloxacin significantly reduced bacterial counts of vegetations compared with enoxacin. This study demonstrated that difloxacin was significantly more effective than enoxacin and as effective as cefazolin for the treatment of S. aureus endocarditis in rabbits.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

In vitro bactericidal activities of gentamicin, cefazolin, and imipenem in peritoneal dialysis fluids.

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is an important modality of therapy for patients with renal disease. However, peritonitis continues to be a major risk factor and is usually treated by intraperitoneal administration of antimicrobial agents. Few data are available concerning the stability of antimicrobial agents in peritoneal dialysis solution beyond 48 h. Our investigation was designed to establish the chemical and biological stability of gentamicin alone and in combination with cefazolin in peritoneal dialysis solution at 6 and 72 h by an immunoassay and by an in vitro bactericidal test against American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In addition, uninfected peritoneal dialysis effluent was inoculated with three American Type Culture Collection strains and gentamicin or imipenem. Gentamicin alone or in combination with cefazolin was not altered chemically and was bactericidal for Staphylococcus spp. but not P. aeruginosa. In contrast, imipenem was active against both Staphylococcus spp. and P. aeruginosa. Undefined factors other than inactivation of gentamicin may be responsible for the lack of bactericidal activity and treatment failure of Pseudomonas infections.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1994

Comparative prophylactic efficacies of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, cefazolin, and vancomycin in experimental model of staphylococcal wound infection.

Recent shifts in the species and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria causing nosocomial infections present new challenges for providing effective prophylaxis in surgery. Traditional regimens lack activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci and many gram-negative species causing nosocomial infections. The new fluoroquinolones exhibit in vitro activity against many emerging surgical wound pathogens. To determine the potential of this class of antimicrobial agents for use in surgery, we compared the prophylactic efficacies of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin with those of cefazolin and vancomycin in a guinea pig model of abscess formation. Four Staphylococcus aureus strains, one Staphylococcus epidermidis strain, and one Staphylococcus haemolyticus strain were evaluated. Vancomycin was the most effective prophylactic agent, exhibiting in vivo activity against all strains which was superior or equivalent to those of all other agents tested. Cefazolin was the least effective agent and surpassed the two quinolones in prophylactic efficacy against only one organism, a quinolone- and methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus. The two quinolones provided excellent protection against infection with all but the quinolone-resistant isolate. The in vivo emergence of quinolone resistance among quinolone-susceptible isolates was not detected. The methicillin-resistant, quinolone-susceptible S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus isolates were extremely susceptible to prophylaxis, exhibiting 50% infective doses above 4 x 10(6) CFU for seven of the eight antibiotic-strain combinations. We conclude that ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin may be effective antistaphylococcal agents in surgery. The role of these agents remains to be defined, and the definition should include consideration of an adverse effect upon antibiotic resistance patterns of organisms causing nosocomial infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Double-blind comparison of phlebitis produced by cefazolin versus cephalothin.

In a double-blind study with each patient as his own control, 1 g of cefazolin and 2 g of cephalothin were administered intravenously every 6 h to 20 patients in opposite arms for a period of 48 h each. The degree of phlebitis was significantly more severe with cephalothin than with cefazolin (P < 0.05); however, neither the incidence of phlebitis nor the time of onset of phlebitis was significantly different between the two drugs.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Pharmacokinetic interpretation of blood levels and urinary excretion data for cefazolin and cephalothin after intravenous and intramuscular administration in humans.

Blood levels of cefazolin and cephalothin were determined in two separate crossover studies in 20 healthy male adults, each after intravenous and intramuscular administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the intravenous data based upon a two-compartment open model. The rate constants controlling the distribution between the central and peripheral compartments, the overall elimination rate constants, the apparent volumes of distribution, and the fraction of the dose in the central and peripheral compartments were determined. The bioavailability was calculated to be 100% for cefazolin and cephalothin.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of in vitro antimicrobial activity of cefamandole and cefazolin with cephalothin against over 8,000 clinical bacterial isolates.

Antimicrobial susceptibility to cefamandole versus cephalothin and cefazolin versus cephalothin was compared by the broth microdilution method against 3,000 and 5,895 clinical bacterial isolates, respectively. Cefamandole and, to a lesser degree, cefazolin showed greater activity than cephalothin against Enterobacteriaceae, but the three drugs were comparable against gram-positive cocci.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1976

Therapy of infections with cefazolin.

16 patients with acute urinary tract infections, 6 with acute lower respiratory tract infections and 3 with miscellaneous infections were treated with 1 g cefazolin parenterally 3 times daily. All patients, except one in whom therapy was discontinued, were cured. Both intramuscular and intravenous administration resulted in high-peak serum levels, and concentrations after 8 h were still inhibitory to relevant pathogens. The drug was well tolerated and caused, after intramuscular injection, probably less pain than does cephalotin. Cefazolin is a rational choice of therapy in severe cases of acute urinary, respiratory, and other infections.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

Treatment of cefazolin in 45 cases of urinary tract infections.

We have treated 45 cases of urinary tract infection with cefazolin (i.m.) and cure was achieved in 35 (77.77%). 26 of the 28 patients (92.85%) with acute cystitis who received 250 mg every 12 h for 6-10 days were cured. 17 patients with pyelonephritis received 500 mg every 12 h during 10-14 days and therapeutical success was achieved in 9 of them (52.94%). Laboratory control was carried out at the initiation of therapy, at the end, and 1 month after therapy. Tolerance to injections of cefazolin was considered good and only in one case appeared a mild eosinophia.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Cefazolin treatment of bacterial infections. In vitro and in vivo evaluation.

Cefazolin sodium was used to treat 20 serious bacterial infections in 19 patients, 11 of whom were infected by coagulase-positive Staphylococci. Clinical and bacteriologic success were initially obtained in 15 patients with 16 infections. 2 additional patients were cured after surgery for removal of foreign bodies and a second course of the antibiotic. 1 asplenic patient had bacteremia and died 5 days after initiating therapy with negative blood cultures and multiple abscesses. 1 patient with endocarditis relapsed 19 months after treatment with 6 weeks of cefazolin and prolonged oral antibiotics. Calculated median, trough, free drug levels were 1.5--15.3 times the minimum inhibitory concentration for 27 of 29 pathogens.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Plasma and tissue concentrations of ceforanide and cefazolin in women undergoing hysterectomy.

Thirty-four women who underwent vaginal hysterectomy received either ceforanide or cefazolin as perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis. Samples of plasma, myometrium, endometrium and fallopian tubes were obtained at various intervals after injection and were assayed for cephalosporin concentration. Following intramuscular injection approximately 1 h prior to surgery, both drugs provided adequate tissue levels at the time of the procedure. Although both antimicrobials achieved similar tissue concentrations, all tissue samples for ceforanide exceeded the MIC90 for Escherichia coli while in the cefazolin group 9/18 myometrial samples and 10/15 endometrial samples fell below the MIC90 for this organism.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of cefazolin as a prophylactic antibiotic in head and neck surgery.

The rationale for use of perioperative shortterm prophylactic antibiotics in prevention of postoperative infection in major head and neck surgery was reviewed. Cefazolin and placebo were compared in 50 patients and results showed that short-term perioperative cefazolin was a useful adjunct in reduction of postoperative infection. Findings suggest perioperative antibiotics may be safely and effectively used to reduce postoperative morbidity from infection after surgical procedures in volving skin and mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The lack of inactivation of tobramycin by cefazolin, cefamandole, and moxalactam in vitro.

We examined the effects of mixing tobramycin with three cephalosporins, cefazolin, cefamandole, and moxalactam. Each cephalosporin was prepared from standard powder and diluted with human serum to concentrations of 50, 250, and 500 micrograms/ml and added to 10 micrograms/ml of tobramycin in human serum. Temperature environments of 4 degrees C (refrigeration), 24 degrees C (room temperature), and 37 degrees C (body temperature) were used and sampled at 0 hours (control), and at 8, 24, and 48 hours. The results indicated no inactivation of tobramycin by any of the cephalosporins, regardless of temperature, concentration, or contact time. These results indicate that significant inactivation of tobramycin does not occur when it is combined in vitro with moxalactam, cefamandole, or cefazolin.

Cefamandole↗
PubMed1978

The penetration of cefazolin, erythromycin and methicillin into human bone tissue.

The penetration of cefazolin, erythromycin and methicillin into normal bone was studied in 20 patients undergoing surgery for fracture in the trochanteric region of the femur. The antibiotic concentrations were determined in serum, bone marrow, and cancellous and cortical bone. For all three antibiotics the bone marrow concentrations were of the same order of magnitude as the serum concentrations. In the eight patients receiving erythromycin, detectable concentrations were found in all the cancellous bone specimens (ranging from 1/7 to 1/2 of the serum concentration) and in three cortical bone specimens (ranging from 1/50 to 1/5 of the serum concentration). In the six patients receiving cefazolin, a detectable concentration was found in only one cancellous bone sample. In the six patients receiving methicillin, detectable concentrations were found only in the blood contaminated specimens of one cancellous and two cortical bone samples. However, by the method used, the recoveries of standard solutions of methicillin in cancellous and cortical bone were about 50 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intraoperative redosing of cefazolin and risk for surgical site infection in cardiac surgery.

Intraoperative redosing of prophylactic antibiotics is recommended for prolonged surgical procedures, although its efficacy has not been assessed. We retrospectively compared the risk of surgical site infections in 1,548 patients who underwent cardiac surgery lasting >240 min after preoperative administration of cefazolin prophylaxis. The overall risk of surgical site infection was similar among patients with (43 [9.4%] of 459) and without (101 [9.3%] of 1,089) intraoperative redosing (odds ratio [OR] 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.70-1.47). However, redosing was beneficial in procedures lasting >400 min: infection occurred in 14 (7.7%) of 182 patients with redosing and in 32 (16.0%) of 200 patients without (adjusted OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.23-0.86). Intraoperative redosing of cefazolin was associated with a 16% reduction in the overall risk for surgical site infection after cardiac surgery, including procedures lasting <240 min.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Antimicrobial prophylaxis for arthroplasty: a comparative study of cefonicid and cefazolin.

A double-blind, multicenter trial compared cefonicid and cefazolin for prophylaxis against postoperative infection in 117 patients undergoing joint replacement. Cefonicid, which has an extended serum half-life, was administered once daily, while cefazolin was given every eight hours. The drug was administered one half to one hour before surgery and continued for up to 72 hours. Patients were observed throughout their hospitalization period and followed for 30 days after discharge. No evidence of wound or joint infection was observed in any of the patients who met the criteria for evaluation. Adverse reactions consisted mainly of infrequent gastrointestinal symptoms and laboratory abnormalities. Three patients died from causes unrelated to study medication. No differences between the two regimens were found with respect to safety or efficacy in the prevention of postoperative infection after arthroplasty. The effectiveness of once-daily administration should make cefonicid a highly cost-effective alternative to many of the more expensive first- and second-generation cephalosporin antibiotics currently used in hospital practice.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of sodium ampicillin, sodium cefazolin, and sodium cefoxitin on blood pressures and heart rates in healthy, anesthetized dogs.

This study determined the effects of intravenous ampicillin, cefazolin, and cefoxitin on blood pressures and heart rates in healthy, anesthetized dogs. Forty dogs were each randomly assigned to a control, ampicillin, cefazolin, or cefoxitin group. Antibiotics or saline was delivered by intravenous bolus prior to surgical stimulation. Heart rate; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressures; oxygen saturation; end-tidal halothane; and end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) were recorded before and every minute for 10 minutes after the test drug was administered. No significant differences were recorded between the antibiotic and control groups. The prophylactic use of these antibiotics should be considered safe in healthy, anesthetized dogs.

Ampicillin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ampicillin/sulbactam versus cefazolin or cefoxitin in the treatment of skin and skin-structure infections of bacterial etiology.

This randomized, double-blind study compared 1 g of ampicillin plus 0.5 g of sulbactam with 0.5 g of cefazolin in the treatment of cellulitis and with 1 g of cefoxitin in other skin and skin-structure infections. Study drugs were administered intravenously every 6 hours to 58 hospitalized patients. Each indication was evaluated separately. In cellulitis, ampicillin/sulbactam and cefazolin produced clinical cure or improvement in 100% and 91.7% of patients, respectively; duration of hospitalization was 7.7 and 7.2 days. In other skin and skin-structure infections, results for ampicillin/sulbactam and cefoxitin, respectively, were clinical cure or improvement, 80% and 64.7%; treatment failures, 0% and 11.8%; bacterial eradication, 40% and 53%; and duration of hospitalization, 7.7 and 9.4 days. No unusual or unexpected adverse experiences related to any study drug occurred. One patient treated with ampicillin/sulbactam died of a pulmonary embolism, and 1 patient treated with cefoxitin was discontinued from the study following amputation of an infected foot. These events were not considered drug-related. The treatment groups showed no statistically significant differences in efficacy or safety.

Adolescent↗