Substrate specificity of the di/tripeptide transporter in human intestinal epithelia (Caco-2): identification of substrates that undergo H(+)-coupled absorption.
1. pH-dependent transepithelial transport and intracellular accumulation of the hydrolysis-resistant dipeptide glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar) have been demonstrated in the model human intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2. 2. Experiments with BCECF (2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein)-loaded Caco-2 cells demonstrated that dipeptide (Gly-Sar) transport across the apical membrane is coupled to proton flow into the cell. 3. A range of postulated substrates for the intestinal di/tripeptide carrier were tested for their abilities to: (a) inhibit pH-dependent [14C]Gly-Sar apical-to-basal transport and intracellular accumulation and (b) stimulate H+ flow across the apical surface of BCECF-loaded Caco-2 cell monolayers. 4. A range of compounds (including Gly-Gly, Leu-Leu, Gly-Gly-Gly, cefadroxil and cephalexin) caused marked acidification of intracellular pH when perfused at the apical surface of Caco-2 cell monolayers. In contrast leucine and D-Leu-D-Leu failed to induce proton flow. The ability to induce proton-flow across the apical surface by these compounds, in this intestinal epithelium, was directly correlated to the relative inhibitory effects on [14C]-Gly-Sar transport and accumulation. 5. The determination of substrate-induced intracellular pH change in the Caco-2 cell system may provide a useful rapid screen for candidate substrates for absorption via H(+)-coupled transport mechanisms such as the intestinal di/tripeptide carrier in an appropriate physiological context.