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PubMed2001

Antiarrhythmic and haemodynamic effects of the commonly used intravenous electrolytes.

OBJECTIVE: To review the physiology and cardiovascular effects of the commonly used intravenous electrolytes. DATA SOURCES: Abstracts, articles and published reviews of studies reported from 1966 to 2000 and identified through a MEDLINE search on cardiac arrhythmias and electrolytes. SUMMARY OF REVIEW: While isotonic saline solutions are used to improve the haemodynamic status in critically ill patients who are hypotensive and hypovolaemic, other intravenous solutions including potassium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium sulphate and sodium or potassium phosphate as well as hypertonic saline and sodium bicabonate have unique and often therapeutically useful haemodynamic and antiarrhythmic effects. Potassium chloride solutions are used to treat hypokalaemia with a maximum speed of correction in an adult of 20 mmol per 30 minutes when an acute myocardial infarct is present. A greater infusion rate may be necessary when ventricular or supraventricular tachyarrhythmias are present although close ECG monitoring will be required. Magnesium sulphate (2-20 mmol) has been used for hypomagnesaemic and normomagnesaemic cardiac arrhythmias (particularly when digoxin induced) and calcium chloride (3.4-6.8 mmol) is used to treat hyperkalaemic and hypermagnesaemic cardiac arrhythmias. Both hypertonic sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride solutions have antiarrhythmic effects that may be beneficial in conditions that include tricyclic poisoning, hyperkalaemia and bupivicaine toxicity, although sodium bicarbonate is generally used for tricyclic cardiotoxicity. Low cardiac output states and arrhythmias have also been reported in hypophosphataemic patients that are reversed by infusions of potassium or sodium phosphate. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous potassium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium sulphate, sodium and potassium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate and hypertonic saline can be used effectively to alter the haemodynamic status and manage cardiac arrhythmias. However, their indications are selective and complications may occur, so careful administration and monitoring are required with their use.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Adhesion of suspension-cultured Catharanthus roseus cells to surfaces: effect of pH, ionic strength, and cation valency.

The correlation between the effects of pH, ionic strength and cation valency on the electrophoretic mobility and the extent of adhesion of suspension-cultured Catharanthus roseus cells to various polymer substrates is presented. The electrophoretic mobility of cells was unaltered in the pH range of 6-8, but decreased from approximately -2.2 x 10(-8) m V-1 s-1 and approached zero as the pH of the suspending liquid was decreased from 6 to 2. Similarly, the value of electrophoretic mobility decreased continuously as the ionic strength was increased from 0 to 1.0 M when cells were suspended in salt solutions of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and aluminum chloride. However, using equimolar concentrations, the slope of the decrease in electrophoretic mobility increased following the sequence sodium chloride less than calcium chloride less than aluminium chloride. The electrophoretic mobility was near zero for suspensions containing 1.0 M calcium chloride or 0.1 M aluminium chloride. The extent of adhesion of the cells to the polymers sulphonated polystyrene less than polyethylene terephthalate less than polystyrene less than fluorinated ethylene-propylene followed this sequence. These results agree with a thermodynamic model of plant cell adhesion that implicates the importance of interfacial tensions in the adhesion process. However, higher levels of adhesion were generally observed when the electrophoretic mobility for the cells in the corresponding test liquid was at a minimum absolute value. These results can be explained by considering the effects of the electrolytic properties of the suspending liquid on the electrostatic repulsive interactions between the cells and the polymer surface in terms of a double-layer phenomenon and the DLVO theory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1986

Experimental investigations on the antidotal treatment of nifedipine overdosage.

Rats anesthetized with pentobarbital and ventilated artificially were infused with 0.5 mg/kg X min nifedipine. They exhibited a sharp decline of blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output and peripheral resistance and died after 62.3 +/- 5.3 min of infusion. In the ECG, sinus bradycardia followed by AV-dissociation and an escape rhythm originating from the AV-node or the bundle of His occurred. The survival time of nifedipine-infused rats increased by 100% and more upon additional infusion with calcium chloride, calcium gluconate, isoproterenol or dopamine and by 50% after prenalterol. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin amide and the plasma expander polygeline were ineffective in this respect. All drugs prolonging the survival time elevated the cardiac output. Ca++ and dopamine also increased the blood pressure whereas isoproterenol accelerated the escape rhythm. Similar cardiovascular changes as in rats occurred in rabbits infused with 0.2 mg/kg X min nifedipine, the survival time without antidotal treatment amounting to 46.3 +/- 7.9 min. Calcium chloride more than doubled the survival time in rabbits, too, but isoproterenol and dopamine proved to be ineffective. Excess calcium did not overcome the inhibitory effects of nifedipine on pacemaker activity, atrioventricular conduction and peripheral resistance. The antidotal efficacy of calcium appears to be attributable to a reversal of the negative inotropic activity of nifedipine. In conclusion, Ca++ seems to be the drug of choice for the antidotal treatment of nifedipine intoxication.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Errors in measurements of CO2 with the use of drying agents.

To assess the errors in measurements of CO2 concentration that arise from the widespread use of drying agents in clinical and physiological studies, continuous measurements of CO2 concentration were made with an infra-red analyser before and after standard gas mixtures were passed through a tube containing one of several drying agents: calcium chloride; calcium sulphate (Drierite); alumina; silica gel; and magnesium perchlorate. The response time of the infra-red analyser was independent of the concentration of CO2 used (0-1%), but it was related to flow rate, dead space and the amount and drying agent used. At a low rate of 1 litre/min, alumina (145 g anhydrous weight) trapped virtually all the CO2 (0.8% in air) passing over it; silica gel (145 g anhydrous weight, mesh 6-20) adsorbed approximately 2 mmol CO2 (38% of total) over a period of 15 min; calcium sulphate (Drierite) absorbed a variable amount, depending on the bath; and calcium chloride adsorbed virtually no CO2. Increasing hydration of the drying agents reduced their capacity to adsorb CO2. Nitrogen was found to elute CO2 from the drying agents at about the same rate as it had been adsorbed. It is concluded that awareness of these adsorption/elution phenomena by drying agents should prevent errors from being made in the calibration of CO2 analysers, in the analysis of CO2, and in the measurement of specific activity or isotopic enrichment of CO2.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2002

Cytogenetic damage in shallot ( Allium cepa) root meristems induced by oil industry "high-density brines".

Saturated water solutions of calcium chloride, calcium bromide (densities 1.30 kg x dm(-3) and 1.61 kg x dm(-3), respectively) and their 1:1 mixture have been commonly used as oil industry "high-density brines." In our experiment they were added to tap water in amounts appropriate to achieve concentrations of 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 mol x dm(-3) to study their cytotoxic effect on the root tip cells of shallot ( Allium cepa L. var. ascalonicum). All tested solutions in concentrations of 0.075 and 0.1 mol x dm(-3) caused significant inhibition of shallot root growth. CaBr (2) showed this effect in concentration 0.05 mol x dm(-3). The investigated solutions in all concentrations applied decreased mitotic activity in root tip cells. The most of mitotic abnormalities were the consequence of spindle failure and chromosome stickiness. Furthermore, the cell microtubules were investigated by indirect immunofluorescence to confirm that most abnormalities observed were the consequence of spindle failure. The present study, as well as previously done Lemna tests and Chlorella tests showed that investigated samples have certain effects on plants, so constant control of their presence in the environment is needed.

Bromides↗
PubMed1991

[An apparatus for olfactory isolation of small mammals for the study of chemocommunication].

Olfactory isolation of individual experimental and control animals seems to be necessary to investigate the role of chemosignals in the biology of small rodents. Each cage was isolated in a polyethylene bag and applied with purified air drawn through wash bottles containing concentrated sulphuric acid. Sulphuric acid aerosols were bound with saturated calcium chloride. Calcium chloride served also to humidify the air. Possible improvements to the apparatus are discussed.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1975

Duodenal control of gastric emptying in the milk-fed calf.

1. It has been ascertained experimentally that an open duodenal cannula does not cause any marked variation in emptying of the abomasum when compared to the rate of emptying of the normal viscus or when the cannulae are closed. 2. Duodenal re-entrant cannulae provide a preparation whereby it is possible to infuse the duodenum via the distal cannula and to collect simultaneously the effluent fluid of the abomasum from the proximal arm of the cannula (Fig. 1). 3. With this preparation the duodenal infusate is not contaminated by the gastric effluent and thus the duodenal stimulus can be restricted to the single non-varying effect of the infusate. 4. In the milk-fed calf using this preparation the following facts have been established. (a) On infusion into the duodenum, hypotonic and isotonic solutions of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate increase abomasal emptying; bicarbonate being the more effective stimulus. (b) Potassium chloride, calcium chloride, glucose and hydrochloric acid inhibit gastric emptying when infused into the duodenum. (c) Ammonium chloride, urea, lactose and acetic acid have little effect. (d) Hypertonic solutions of all substances tested were inhibitory to gastric emptying when infused into the duodenum. 5. It has been demonstrated unequivocally that it is the effect of the infusate in the duodenum which controls gastric emptying for when the stomach is isolated from the duodenum, gastric emptying can be manipulated from the duodenum whatever the stomach contents may be. 6. Our results bring firm experimental confirmation of the views discussed by Hunt & Knox (1968) that gastric outflow is regulated by mechanisms initiated from receptors situated in the duodenum.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1973

The effect of some molecules and ions on gastric function in the milk-fed calf.

1. The abomasum of the milk-fed calf has been examined using an adaptation of the Serial Test Meal method devised by Hunt & Spurrell (1951). The emptying process, acid secretion and pepsin secretion were studied.2. Using serial test meals of simple solutions instilled into the abomasum via a cannula, our investigation leaves no doubt that the osmolarity of the abomasal contents significantly modifies the rate of abomasal emptying.3. Hypotonic and isotonic solutions of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate increase abomasal emptying but bicarbonate is most effective.4. Increasing the concentration of solutes in the abomasal contents slows abomasal emptying. Sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride and urea do not delay abomasal emptying until hypertonic concentrations are attained. Hypotonic solutions of potassium chloride, calcium chloride, glucose, lactose, hydrochloric acid and acetic acid delay abomasal emptying.5. The results obtained in the calf show that the abomasum is under restraint probably from duodenal receptors as is the simple stomach (Hunt & Knox, 1968) and that an osmoreceptor as postulated by Hunt (1956) is an important factor in this mechanism.6. Acid secretion is inhibited when hypertonic solutions are instilled into the abomasum.7. Pepsin secretion is not affected by simple solutions in the abomasum.8. Gastric function in the milk-fed calf appears to be controlled by mechanisms essentially similar to those already demonstrated in the simple stomach.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1978

Intropin (dopamine hydrochloride) intravenous admixture compatibility, Part 3: stability with miscellaneous additives.

The compatibility of dopamine hydrochloride (Intropin) with various additives in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, was studied. Dopamine hydrochloride stability for 24 hours in the admixture was established by colorimetric and thin-layer chromatographic procedures. Dopamine hydrochloride solutions are generally stable at an acidic pH and all admixtures produced a slightly acidic solution. Additives tested and found stable for 24 hours in the presence of Intropin included heparin sodium, lidocaine hydrochloride, neutral cephalothin sodium, oxacillin sodium and gentamicin sulfate. The chemical stability of methylprednisolone sodium succinate and hydrocortisone sodium succinate was not established. Potassium chloride, calcium chloride and calcium gluceptate may be assumed to be stable in the presence of Intropin. Above pH 5.0, the calcium gluceptate-Intropin admixture exhibited a color change indicating physical incompatibility. The pH and physical compatibility of all admixtures were established. In order to avoid a fixed combination of potent drugs, it is recommended that a "piggyback" administration set or administration into a second injection site be employed when another drug is to be administered with Intropin.

Dopamine↗
PubMed1998

Sheep oocyte activation after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).

The effect of calcium concentration on fertilization and activation was examined in oocytes injected in vitro with sperm. Oocytes were subjected to sperm injection, to sham injection or remained uninjected, and were then cultured for 19 h in bicarbonate-buffered synthetic oviduct fluid (BSOF) without calcium, or containing either calcium chloride or calcium ionophore. There was no difference in fertilization rates after ICSI when oocytes were cultured in vitro in media containing calcium chloride or calcium ionophore but the rate was lower in calcium-free media. There was also no difference in the fertilization rate after ICSI when oocytes were cultured in vivo compared with that observed in vitro in media containing calcium chloride or calcium ionophore. In calcium chloride-treated oocytes, activation was induced by mechanical injection, and in calcium ionophore-treated oocytes, by the ionophore. In uninjected oocytes, calcium itself did not cause oocyte activation. It is concluded that it is possible to induce activation by the injection process, but that manipulation alone is inadequate to cause proper oocyte activation unless calcium is also present. No difference in oocyte activation between ICSI and sham injection was found, indicating that the sperm may play no role in the early events of oocyte activation.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of de-icing salt on ground water characteristics.

The effect of "road salt" on the characteristics of Massachusetts drinking water supplies has been significant and cumulative rather than transient or seasonal. De-icing salt is essentially all sodium chloride. Calcium chloride accounted for only three percent of the total salt used. However, hardness content, as well as sodium ion concentration, has increased greatly in ground waters in the past decade. The changing composition of our water supplies has agricultural, economic, and public health implications. This study attempts to quantify the stoichiometry of these changes in concentration, which are in part due to an ion-exchange mechanism in the soil.

Agriculture↗