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PubMed2000

Cortical activity related to cue-invariant shape perception in humans.

We used magnetoencephalography to search spatio-temporally for cortical activity related to the perception of shape defined by various visual cues in humans. The visual stimuli were three kinds of two-dimensional figures: two had fixed shapes (Diamond and Cross), the other did not (Noise). These figures were defined by three visual cues: difference of flicker, texture or luminance between the foreground and the background in the random dot pattern. Using this stimulus, we recorded the magnetic responses from the temporo-occipital regions of nine healthy subjects. Additionally, we measured the reaction time for the subjects to detect the figure by button-pressing. A magnetic component was identified in the responses. The properties of the first magnetic component differed for stimulus condition. The peak latency of the first magnetic component was different for the cues (270 ms for flicker, 360 ms for texture and 250 ms for luminance), but not for the figures. In contrast, the peak amplitude of the first magnetic component was different for the figures (96-144 fT for Diamond or Cross and 52-80 fT for Noise), but not for the cues. The signal source of the first magnetic component was estimated to lie on the ventral side of the extrastriate cortex: In the posterior part of the inferior temporal cortex, probably in the fusiform gyrus in four subjects, and in the lateral part of the occipital cortex which was outside of the primary visual cortex (visual area 1) in one subject. The signal source location was different inter-individually, but almost the same within each subject. Reaction time was 471 ms for flicker, 569 ms for texture and 426 ms for luminance, but the interval between the reaction time and the peak latency was constant (about 200 ms) for each cue. The first magnetic component was more clearly recorded from the right hemisphere than from the left.We found that the shape defined by the different visual cues activates the same localized site in the lateral extrastriate cortex. This spatial convergence suggests that there is a restricted locus that processes the visual shape regardless of the difference of the visual cue. The correspondence between the peak latency and the reaction time suggests that the activity of the area is responsible for the perception of visual shape. The inter-hemispheric difference suggests a dominance of the right hemisphere in visual shape processing.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Blurring of the senses: common cues for distance perception in diverse sensory systems.

Distance perception is an essential task of sensory systems. Our visual systems effectively use binocular visual cues to determine an object's distance. Other visual, but monocular, cues are also available for distance perception. Visual contrast and image blur are two such cues [O'Shea et al., 1994. Vis. Res. 34, 1595-1604; O'Shea et al., 1997. Perception 26, 599-612; Mather, 1997. Perception 26, 1147-1158]. We show the effects of combining these cues using a simple psychophysical test. The novelty in our approach is that our exact choice of visual stimuli allows us to show a direct parallel between visual distance perception and distance perception using an entirely different sense, the electric sense of weakly electric fish. We discuss previous work on electrosensory psychophysics [von der Emde et al., 1998. Nature 395, 890-894] and show that cues used for electrosensory distance perception are analogous to visual contrast and blur. We also suggest that analogous cues are involved in auditory distance perception. The utilization of analogous cues implies that these diverse sensory systems perform similar computations for distance perception.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Social cue perception in Japanese schizophrenic patients.

Although abnormal social cue perception in schizophrenia is thought to be a factor in impairing the acquisition of social skills, there have been no studies on social cue perception in Japanese schizophrenics. In order to clarify the characteristics of social cue perception in Japanese schizophrenic patients, 46 schizophrenics and 41 normal controls were presented 12 videotaped vignettes of interpersonal situations, and then they were asked true-false questions about the interaction viewed. Additionally, schizophrenics were administered the Bech version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. The results showed that the schizophrenic group showed a poorer performance on the cue recognition task than the normal group, and in particular, schizophrenics exhibiting false alarm errors were seen more often than schizophrenics exhibiting omission errors. This suggests that false recognition of information that does not actually exist in social situation is an important characteristic of social cue perception in schizophrenic patients. The false alarm rates on the cue recognition task in schizophrenics were related to the severity of positive-thought disorder, but not to that of negative symptoms. There was no significant relationship between the omission error rates and the two symptom scores in schizophrenics. Faulty cue recognition and positive-thought disorder may be due to a common factor.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Differential motivational responses to food and pleasurable cues in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a startle reflex paradigm.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal perceptions of food and shape underpin the cognitive behavioural model of eating disorders (EDs). The aim of this study was to investigate motivational processing of disorder-specific and standard emotional cues in anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) using startle eyeblink modulation (SEM). SEM was used because it is sensitive to motivational states of approach (appetitive response) and withdrawal (aversive response), which are independent of conscious intentional control. METHOD: Acoustically elicited SEM and subjective anxiety ratings were measured in 30 female patients with an ED (n=15 AN, n=15 BN) and 30 female control subjects while they viewed ED-relevant stimuli (food, female bodies) and standardized emotional pictures. RESULTS: BN subjects showed an appetitive response (startle inhibition) to food relative to neutral cues that differed significantly from AN subjects. By contrast, self-reports indicated significantly increased anxiety related to food cues across both ED groups. To female body picture (relative to neutral) cues, no significant between-group differences were found for SEM. ED subjects unexpectedly showed an aversive response (startle potentiation) to positive cues, in contrast to controls, who showed the established startle attenuation. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest that BN patients demonstrated an exaggerated appetitive response to food but not to standardized positive cues, whereas SEM in AN patients points to a generalized failure to activate the appetitive motivational system. Differences in motivational salience to food cues are in line with distinctions between AN and BN in eating behaviour and food consumption and support differential treatment requirements.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A retrieval cue for extinction attenuates spontaneous recovery.

Four experiments with rats in an appetitive conditioned magazine entry preparation examined spontaneous recovery after extinction. Spontaneous recovery was obtained 6 days but not 5 hr following extinction; recovery depended on the passage of time but not on the removal of a cue that was featured in extinction or on the reintroduction of early-session cues. A cue featured in extinction attenuated recovery when presented on the test. The attenuation effect depended on the cue's correlation with extinction; a cue featured in conditioning did not attenuate recovery. The extinction cue did not evoke responding on its own, suggesting that it was not a conditioned excitor. Retardation tests and a summation test did not reveal that it was a conditioned inhibitor. The cue might work by retrieving a memory of extinction. Spontaneous recovery thus occurs because the subject fails to retrieve an extinction memory. Other accounts of spontaneous recovery are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Ontogeny of spatial navigation behaviors in the rat: dissociation of "proximal"- and "distal"-cue-based behaviors.

Rats can use both "proximal" and "distal" cues to locate goal objects in their environments (Morris, 1981). In the proximal-cue situation, local stimuli that spatially co-occur with the goal are available to guide behavior. In the distal-cue situation, there are no cues that co-occur with the goal object; thus to directly locate the goal, the rat must learn about the spatial location of the goal relative to distal cues. Using the Morris water maze, we found that these two navigation behaviors are dissociated during ontogeny. Rats only 17-days-old are capable of using proximal cues to locate a safe platform. It was not until the rats were 20-days-old, however, that they began to display minimal evidence of distal-cue utilization. Control experiments indicated that the 17-day-old subjects' failure on the distal problem was likely due to their inadequate spatial learning skills. These results were interpreted within a Jacksonian perspective of brain-behavior relations.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

The human startle reflex and alcohol cue reactivity: effects of early versus late abstinence.

This study investigated the human eyeblink startle reflex as a measure of alcohol cue reactivity. Alcohol-dependent participants early (n = 36) and late (n = 34) in abstinence received presentations of alcohol and water cues. Consistent with previous research, greater salivation and higher ratings of urge to drink occurred in response to the alcohol cues. Differential salivary and urge responding to alcohol versus water cues did not vary as a function of abstinence duration. Of special interest was the finding that startle response magnitudes were relatively elevated to alcohol cues, but only in individuals early in abstinence. Affective ratings of alcohol cues suggested that alcohol cues were perceived as aversive. Methodological and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Proactive interference between cues trained with a common outcome in first-order Pavlovian conditioning.

The nature of interference between cues (X, A) trained apart with a common outcome (O; an unconditioned stimulus) was explored by assessing proactive interference in first-order Pavlovian conditioning (i.e., A-O, X-O, resulting in attenuated responding to X). Three lick-suppression studies were conducted with water-deprived rats. Posttraining extinction of the interfering cue (A) attenuated proactive interference (Experiment 1), which mirrors the observation that extinction of the competing cue can reduce competition between cues trained together (e.g., recovery from overshadowing). Proactive interference was also attenuated with manipulations known to attenuate interference between outcomes trained apart (e.g., counterconditioning), namely reminder cues (Experiment 2) and renewal (Experiment 3). The findings suggest that similar processes underlie interference between cues trained apart, between cues trained together, and between outcomes trained apart.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Differential effects of cue changes and task changes on task-set selection costs.

A task-switching paradigm with a 2:1 mapping between cues and tasks was used to separate cue-switching processes (indexed through pure cue-switch costs) from actual task-switching processes (indexed through additional costs in case of cue and task changes). A large portion of total switch costs was due to cue changes (Experiments 1 and 2), and cue-switch costs but not task-switch costs were sensitive to effects of practice (Experiment 1) and preparation (Experiment 2). In contrast, task-switch costs were particularly sensitive to response-priming effects (Experiments 1 and 2) and task-set inhibition (Experiment 3). Results suggest two processing stages relevant during task-set selection: cue-driven retrieval of task rules from long-term memory and the automatic application of rules to a particular stimulus situation.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2006

Environments as cues to smoke: implications for human extinction-based research and treatment.

Animal research has shown that the environments, or contexts, in which drug use occurs can play a key role in how animals respond to drug-related cues. Less is known about the role of environmental contexts in human drug-dependence research. Traditionally, cue-based studies and treatments focus on conditioned cues most proximal to drug administration (e.g., lit cigarettes, pictorial stimuli of drug paraphernalia). However, there is reason to believe that more distal cues, such as the environments in which drugs were previously used, might similarly gain associative control over human responding. This article describes a body of systematic research aimed at identifying and studying the impact of environmental contexts on smokers' cue reactivity in the laboratory. Overall, results of this program of research demonstrate that exposure to environments associated with smoking, but completely devoid of proximal smoking cues, can function as conditioned stimuli capable of evoking strong subjective responding from abstinent smokers. Furthermore, more robust reactivity can be achieved if environmental context cues are personalized using novel techniques described in this article.

Cues↗
PubMed2006

Mecamylamine attenuates cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats.

Mecamylamine, a noncompetitive nicotinic cholinergic antagonist, inhibits nicotine self-administration in animals and may attenuate tobacco smoking in humans trying to quit. Our preliminary data suggested that this agent, at a dose of 2 mg/kg (subcutaneous (s.c.)), also attenuates cue-induced relapse to nicotine-seeking behavior in rats. This study determined whether mecamylamine-induced attenuation can be obtained at doses lower than the high 2 mg/kg dose used in the first study, and whether it is specific to nicotine-associated cues. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to intravenously self-administer nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion) on a fixed-ratio 5 schedule. Each infusion was accompanied by a visual cue (1 s onset of a lever light followed by offset of a house light for 20 s during which time no infusions could be obtained). After the nicotine-maintained responding was extinguished by withholding the delivery of nicotine (saline substitution) and its associated cue, reinstatement tests were conducted. Response-contingent re-presentation of the cue without further availability of nicotine significantly reinstated extinguished responding at the previously nicotine-reinforced lever. Pretreatment with mecamylamine (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg, s.c.) dose-dependently attenuated the cue-induced reinstatement of lever responding. Mecamylamine did not change food-taking and -seeking responses, whereas the highest dose (2 mg/kg) decreased nicotine self-administration behavior. The results confirm previous findings that stimuli conditioned to nicotine self-administration effectively elicit reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior after extinction and demonstrate that mecamylamine, besides suppressing self-administration of nicotine, effectively attenuates cue-induced nicotine-seeking behavior. These findings suggest that the response-reinstatement procedures used in this study may be useful for studying neurobiological mechanisms of nicotine-seeking behavior and that mecamylamine-like drugs may be potential candidates for pharmacological treatment and prevention of relapse to tobacco smoking in abstinent smokers.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

The effect of clinical experience on cue trading for the /r-w/ contrast.

Although the ability of clinicians to perceptually process speech sound productions is a key ingredient in the evaluation and remediation of articulatory disorders, very little attention has been given to this important skill. This study explored the potential of a perceptual task, known as cue trading, to assess perceptual skill among students with varying clinical experience. A cue-trading paradigm for the /r-w/ contrast was used in which a temporal-spectral cue on F2 was balanced against a spectral cue on F3. Results indicated a trading relationship for all students. However, students without clinical experience demonstrated reduced sensitivity to the acoustic cues for /w/ and identification functions that were less clearly separated compared to students with clinical experience. Furthermore, the magnitude of the difference between functions (the trading relationship) was significantly smaller for students without practicum experience: They showed weaker phonetic percepts for /r/ and /w/ than did the students with practicum experience. Preliminary results suggest that a task based on cue trading could be useful in assessing perceptual sensitivity to the acoustic cues representative of misarticulated /r/.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Aided and unaided speech supplementation strategies: effect of alphabet cues and iconic hand gestures on dysarthric speech.

PURPOSE: This study compared the influence of speaker-implemented iconic hand gestures and alphabet cues on speech intelligibility scores and strategy helpfulness ratings for 3 adults with cerebral palsy and dysarthria who differed from one another in their overall motor abilities. METHOD: A total of 144 listeners (48 per speaker) orthographically transcribed sentences spoken with alphabet cues (aided), iconic hand gestures (unaided), and a habitual speech control condition; scores were compared within audio-visual and audio-only listening formats. RESULTS: When listeners were presented with simultaneous audio and visual information, both alphabet cues and hand gestures resulted in higher intelligibility scores and higher helpfulness ratings than the no-cues control condition for each of the 3 speakers. When listeners were presented with only the audio signal, alphabet cues and gestures again resulted in higher intelligibility scores than no cues for 2 of the 3 speakers. Temporal acoustic analyses showed that alphabet cues had consistent effects on speech production, including reduced speech rate, reduced articulation rate, and increased frequency and duration of pauses. Findings for gestures were less consistent, with marked differences noted among speakers. CONCLUSIONS: Results illustrate that individual differences play an important role in the value of supplemental augmentative and alternative communication strategies and that aided and unaided strategies can have similar positive effects on the communication of speakers with global motor impairment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Lexical, syntactic, and stress-pattern cues for speech segmentation.

Many sources of segmentation information are available in speech. Previous research has shown that one or another segmentation cue is used by listeners under certain circumstances. However, it has also been shown that none of the cues are absolutely reliable. Therefore, it is likely that people use a combination of segmentation cues when listening to normal speech. This study addresses the issue of how young adults use multiple segmentation cues (lexical, syntactic, and stress-pattern) in combination to break up continuous speech. Evidence that people use more than one cue at a time was found. Furthermore, the results suggest that people can use segmentation cues flexibly such that remaining cues are relied upon more heavily when other information is missing.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Desire for alcohol and outcome expectancies as measures of alcohol cue-reactivity in social drinkers.

AIMS: To assess the responsiveness of questionnaire measures of desire to drink and alcohol outcome expectancies. DESIGN: A subjective alcohol cue-reactivity paradigm (alcohol cue: sight, smell, taste) was used with a 2 x 2 between-subject design (n = 88), drink type (soft/alcoholic) and order of assessment (desire-expectancy/expectancy-desire). Covariance analysis controlled for quantity of recent alcohol consumption. SETTING: A quiet alcohol research suite. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-eight male and female social drinking students, recruited for a 'taste preference' survey. MEASURES: Three composite measures using questionnaire totals and subscales: of desire (DAQ), positive expectancy (AEQ) and negative expectancy (NAEQ). Timeline Follow-back procedure for recent consumption. FINDINGS: Subjective cue-reactivity was found for the DAQ total score and the subscales 'strong intentions and desires' and 'negative reinforcement'. Expectancies did not demonstrate alcohol cue-reactivity. CONCLUSION: The DAQ and subscales are sensitive measures of alcohol cue-reactivity in social drinkers. Potential uses of the subjective cue-reactivity procedure with multi-factorial representations of cue reaction are identified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Applying extinction research and theory to cue-exposure addiction treatments.

AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy of cue-exposure addiction treatment and review modern animal learning research to generate recommendations for substantially enhancing the effectiveness of this treatment. DESIGN: Meta-analysis of cue-exposure addiction treatment outcome studies (N=9), review of animal extinction research and theory, and evaluation of whether major principles from this literature are addressed adequately in cue-exposure treatments. FINDINGS: The meta-analytical review showed that there is no consistent evidence for the efficacy of cue-exposure treatment as currently implemented. Moreover, procedures derived from the animal learning literature that should maximize the potential of extinction training are rarely used in cue-exposure treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Given what is known from animal extinction theory and research about extinguishing learned behavior, it is not surprising that cue-exposure treatments so often fail. This paper reviews current animal research regarding the most salient threats to the development and maintenance of extinction, and suggests several major procedures for increasing the efficacy of cue-exposure addiction treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Single-letter retrieval cues for anagram solution.

Anagram solution, as related to single-letter retrieval cues and first letter of the solution word (consonant or vowel), was examined. In Experiment 1, college-aged solvers were presented both types of 5-letter words and either the first letter of the solution word as a cue, or no cue. In Experiment 2, the effects of four types of retrieval cues (first, middle, or last letter or no cue) upon solving consonant-beginning words was examined. Finally, Experiment 3 examined the solution of both types of solution words as related to the preceding four types of retrieval cues. The results of all 3 experiments showed that a single letter can be an effective cue. For consonant-beginning words, the middle and last letters were as effective as the first letter. For vowel-beginning words, the first letter was more effective than either the middle or last letter. It was concluded that solvers select one letter of the anagram, typically a consonant, to serve as the first letter of the solution word, and then rearrange the remaining letters.

Cognition↗
PubMed2005

Sex differences in eye gaze and symbolic cueing of attention.

Observing a face with averted eyes results in a reflexive shift of attention to the gazed-at location. Here we present results that show that this effect is weaker in males than in females (Experiment 1). This result is predicted by the 'extreme male brain' theory of autism (Baron-Cohen, 2003), which suggests that males in the normal population should display more autism-like traits than females (e.g., poor joint attention). Indeed, participants' scores on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Stott, Bolton, & Goodyear, 2001) negatively correlated with cueing magnitude. Furthermore, exogenous orienting did not differ between the sexes in two peripheral cueing experiments (Experiments 2a and 2b). However, a final experiment showed that using nonpredictive arrows instead of eyes as a central cue also revealed a large gender difference. This demonstrates that reduced orienting from central cues in males generalizes beyond gaze cues. These results show that while peripheral cueing is equivalent in the male and female brains, the attention systems of the two sexes treat noninformative symbolic cues very differently.

Adolescent↗